A common symptom of pharyngitis is swelling of the. interior cervical.pdf
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A common symptom of pharyngitis is swelling of the. interior cervical lymph nodes. Why might lymph nodes swell in the presence of an infection? What else may cause swollen lymph nodes? (What part of the immune response causes swelling?) Explain why conditions that cause destruction of B lymphocytes and/or T lymphocytes cause malfunctioning of both the specific and nonspecific immune responses. You are running an ELISA on a sample to test for the presence of antigens from the influenza A virus. When it comes time to add the antibody, you realize that you only have antibodies for the influenza B virus. Would these antibodies give you accurate results? Why or why not? Solution 4. lymph nodes contain clusters of immune cells.Lymph nodes act as filters ,removing infectious germs or foreign cells bought to them via the lymphatic vessels. Swelling occurs in lymph nodes when the number of white blood cells increase due to an infection. The number of immune cells increases rapidly which causes pressure and swelling inside the lymph nodes.In case of pharyngitis,there is inflammation of the pharynx which is in the back of the throat therefore it cause inflammation of the anterior cervical lymph nodes which are present in the neck. The causative agent of pharngitits is mostly group A streptococcus,so it is filtered in the anterior cervical lymph nodes. Lymph node sweliing also takes place in a case of cancer. For example in case lymphoma which is cancer of the lymph node,leukaemia,melanoma.Lmph node swelling also occurs in autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis,systemic lupus erytematosus(SLE). 5. The T and B lymphocytes are involved in the recognition of specific antigens. Once the antigen is recognized ,The function of B cells is to produce antibodies which help in the neutralization of pathogens.On the other hand T cells are involved in production of cytokines,which functions by activating the immune cells.B and T lymphocytes are also involved in many inflammatory responses which come under non specific defenses. Therefore destruction of B and T lymphocytes will cause malfunctioning of both specific and nonspecific immnune responses. 6. While perfoming ELISA antibodies from influenza b virus cannot be used fo detection of antigens of inflenza a virus.Antibody specific to antigens of infuenza A virus will only give positive results for ELISA .ELISA test is based on specif antigen antibody interaction therefore inorder to detect antigen of Infuenza A antibody specific for inflenza a virus will be needed..
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4 A common symptom of pharyngitis is swelling of the anterior cervica.pdf
4 A common symptom of pharyngitis is swelling of the anterior cervical lymph nodes. Why
might lymph nodes swell in the presence of an infection? What else may cause swollen lymph
nodes? (Hint: What part of the immune response causes swelling?) 5 Explain why conditions that
cause destruction of B lymphocytes and/or T lymphocytes cause malfunctioning of both the
specific and nonspecific immune responses. 6 You are running an ELISA on a sample to test for
the presence of antigens from the influenza A virus. When i time to add the realize that you only
have antibodies for the influenza B virus. Would these antibodies give you accurate results? Why
or why not?
Solution
Answer 1:
You can live without a spleen. But spleen plays a crucial role in
Undergoing a spleen removal leaves you with a compromised, or weakened, immune system.
Spleen has many lymphoid tissues which screen the blood for presence of bacteria and initiate
humoral (antibody based) immune response. Living without the spleen makes you more likely to
develop infections, especially severe pneumonia, meningitis, and other serious infections. When
the spleen is removed, patients need to be vaccinated against these infections along with regular
intake of antibiotics.
Answer 2:
DiGeorge Syndrome causes an absence of the parathyroid glands and thymus. Absence of the
parathyroid glands causes low levels of parathyroid hormone and this congenital
hypoparathyroidism leads to low calcium levels in children. Whereas, absence of the thymus
affects the cell mediated immune response of the body, that means T-Cells cannot mature and the
low levels of T-Cells leads to susceptibility for viral and Candida infections. Absence of mature
T-lymphocytes also unable B-lymphocytes to develop into antibody producing plasma cells.
Answer 3:
The lymphatic system is made up of lymph nodes and vessels that drain fluids from your body’s
tissues. These fluids carry toxins and other waste products to our lymph nodes before your body
eliminates them. Any blockage in lymph vessels or its removal leads to the condition of localized
fluid retention and causes tissues to become swollen with lymphatic fluid. This is called
lymphedema. It results in swelling in your arms or legs..
immunobiology of hiv virus human immunodeficeincy virus
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Central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms exist to prevent immune responses against self-antigens. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus through clonal deletion of self-reactive T cells. Peripheral tolerance can occur through clonal anergy, where T cells are not activated due to lack of co-stimulation, or clonal ignorance, where self-reactive T cells do not encounter self-antigens. B cell tolerance occurs through clonal deletion in the bone marrow or clonal anergy in the periphery.
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A common symptom of pharyngitis is swelling of the anterior cervi.pdf
A common symptom of pharyngitis is swelling of the anterior cervical lymph nodes. Why might
lymph nodes swell in the presence of an infection? What else may cause swollen lymph nodes?
Explain why conditions that cause destruction of B lymphocytes and/or T lymphocytes cause
malfunctioning of both the specific and nonspecific immune responses.
Solution
Lymph node swelling occurs in infection because they dikter lymph whuch circulates in the body
through lymphatic system . Now whenever any foreign antigen enters into the body, rhe number
of white blood cells increase in response to that antigen. They attack bacteria, virus, whoever
enters into the body . And while this fighting occurs body makes more of these cells taht causes
swelling.
Lymph nodes directly come into contact with lot of germs inside the body, so they can get
swollen even then.
The other causes could be lymphoma tumour, cancer, tuberculosis, any problem with immune
system, leukemia etc
Inflammatory response occurs when tissues are attacked by pathogens such as virus, bacteria etc.
The damaged cells release chemicals such as bradykinin, prostaglandin, histamine, which cause
vessels to leak fluid into tissues causing swelling.
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The document summarizes key concepts about the immune system, including innate immunity, acquired immunity, lymphocytes, antibodies, phagocytosis, and the roles of B cells, T cells, and macrophages. Innate immunity provides nonspecific defenses like skin, mucus, and antimicrobial proteins. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to antigens and produces targeted responses like antibodies. Lymphocytes include B and T cells that carry out humoral and cellular immunity.
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The document summarizes key concepts about the immune system, including innate immunity, acquired immunity, lymphocytes, antibodies, phagocytosis, and the roles of B cells, T cells, and macrophages. Innate immunity provides nonspecific defenses like skin, mucus, and antimicrobial proteins. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to antigens and produces targeted responses like antibodies. Lymphocytes include B and T cells that carry out humoral and cellular immunity.
Recommended
4 A common symptom of pharyngitis is swelling of the anterior cervica.pdf
4 A common symptom of pharyngitis is swelling of the anterior cervical lymph nodes. Why
might lymph nodes swell in the presence of an infection? What else may cause swollen lymph
nodes? (Hint: What part of the immune response causes swelling?) 5 Explain why conditions that
cause destruction of B lymphocytes and/or T lymphocytes cause malfunctioning of both the
specific and nonspecific immune responses. 6 You are running an ELISA on a sample to test for
the presence of antigens from the influenza A virus. When i time to add the realize that you only
have antibodies for the influenza B virus. Would these antibodies give you accurate results? Why
or why not?
Solution
Answer 1:
You can live without a spleen. But spleen plays a crucial role in
Undergoing a spleen removal leaves you with a compromised, or weakened, immune system.
Spleen has many lymphoid tissues which screen the blood for presence of bacteria and initiate
humoral (antibody based) immune response. Living without the spleen makes you more likely to
develop infections, especially severe pneumonia, meningitis, and other serious infections. When
the spleen is removed, patients need to be vaccinated against these infections along with regular
intake of antibiotics.
Answer 2:
DiGeorge Syndrome causes an absence of the parathyroid glands and thymus. Absence of the
parathyroid glands causes low levels of parathyroid hormone and this congenital
hypoparathyroidism leads to low calcium levels in children. Whereas, absence of the thymus
affects the cell mediated immune response of the body, that means T-Cells cannot mature and the
low levels of T-Cells leads to susceptibility for viral and Candida infections. Absence of mature
T-lymphocytes also unable B-lymphocytes to develop into antibody producing plasma cells.
Answer 3:
The lymphatic system is made up of lymph nodes and vessels that drain fluids from your body’s
tissues. These fluids carry toxins and other waste products to our lymph nodes before your body
eliminates them. Any blockage in lymph vessels or its removal leads to the condition of localized
fluid retention and causes tissues to become swollen with lymphatic fluid. This is called
lymphedema. It results in swelling in your arms or legs..
immunobiology of hiv virus human immunodeficeincy virus
HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system and leading to AIDS. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, or from mother to child. While some can suppress the virus for many years, treatment aims to control progression, as there is no cure. HIV evades immunity through antigenic mutations and hiding from antibodies, exploiting the immune system it evolved to overcome. Immunotherapy and antiretroviral drugs target different stages of the viral lifecycle, but combination treatment is required to suppress HIV long-term.
Immunological tolerance
Central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms exist to prevent immune responses against self-antigens. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus through clonal deletion of self-reactive T cells. Peripheral tolerance can occur through clonal anergy, where T cells are not activated due to lack of co-stimulation, or clonal ignorance, where self-reactive T cells do not encounter self-antigens. B cell tolerance occurs through clonal deletion in the bone marrow or clonal anergy in the periphery.
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This document discusses the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases. It begins by explaining how immune tolerance normally prevents immune responses against self-antigens but that this tolerance can break down, leading to autoimmunity. Central and peripheral tolerance are described as mechanisms that normally delete or inactivate self-reactive immune cells. The document then discusses potential factors that can induce autoimmunity, such as exposure to sequestered self-antigens, molecular mimicry with foreign antigens, inappropriate expression of MHC molecules, and polyclonal B cell activation from infections. Common autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis are also summarized, focusing on the role of cytokines, antibodies, and genetic factors in their pathogenesis.
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The document summarizes key information about the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, which includes the influenza viruses that cause flu in humans and other animals. It describes the structure and components of influenza virions, how the viruses replicate and spread infection in the host, symptoms and potential complications, methods of diagnosis, host immune response, and approaches for prevention and treatment, including annual flu vaccines tailored to predicted circulating strains and antiviral drugs that can reduce severity of infection.
A common symptom of pharyngitis is swelling of the anterior cervi.pdf
A common symptom of pharyngitis is swelling of the anterior cervical lymph nodes. Why might
lymph nodes swell in the presence of an infection? What else may cause swollen lymph nodes?
Explain why conditions that cause destruction of B lymphocytes and/or T lymphocytes cause
malfunctioning of both the specific and nonspecific immune responses.
Solution
Lymph node swelling occurs in infection because they dikter lymph whuch circulates in the body
through lymphatic system . Now whenever any foreign antigen enters into the body, rhe number
of white blood cells increase in response to that antigen. They attack bacteria, virus, whoever
enters into the body . And while this fighting occurs body makes more of these cells taht causes
swelling.
Lymph nodes directly come into contact with lot of germs inside the body, so they can get
swollen even then.
The other causes could be lymphoma tumour, cancer, tuberculosis, any problem with immune
system, leukemia etc
Inflammatory response occurs when tissues are attacked by pathogens such as virus, bacteria etc.
The damaged cells release chemicals such as bradykinin, prostaglandin, histamine, which cause
vessels to leak fluid into tissues causing swelling.
Ap+Bio+Hbs+Master
The document summarizes key concepts about the immune system, including innate immunity, acquired immunity, lymphocytes, antibodies, phagocytosis, and the roles of B cells, T cells, and macrophages. Innate immunity provides nonspecific defenses like skin, mucus, and antimicrobial proteins. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to antigens and produces targeted responses like antibodies. Lymphocytes include B and T cells that carry out humoral and cellular immunity.
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For each NADH that supplies electrons to the electron transport syst.pdf
For each NADH that supplies electrons to the electron transport system, ________ ATP(s) is/are
synthesized. For each FADH2 that supplies electrons to the electron transport system, ________
ATP(s) is/are synthesized.
Question options:
1)
2; 32
2)
3; 2
3)
1; 3
4)
32; 2
5)
2; 3
1)
2; 32
2)
3; 2
3)
1; 3
4)
32; 2
5)
2; 3
Solution
For each NADH that supplies electrons to the electron transport system, three ATPs are
synthesized. For each FADH2 that supplies electrons to the electron transport system, two ATPs
are synthesized.
Since NADH provides its electron to the complex I of electron transport system, then complex
III and then complex IV of the ETS, while FADH2 provide its electron to the complex II instead
of complex I of the ETS.
Complex I have more power to pump the proton than the complex II, so NADH produce 3 ATP
while FADH produce 2 ATP..
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Biology II . Please answer all of these questions only if you are sure about it. Be detailed.
1) _________________ is a type of horizontal gene transfer during which genetic information is
transferred from one bacterium to another via a pilus.
Transfer
Conduction
Conjugation
Transduction
E. Transformation
2) A young graduate student is trying to identify new species of bacteria based on Mayr\'s
biological species concept. She is having a lot of trouble with this method, and then suddenly
realizes that she can\'t use Mayr\'s definition of a species when it comes to bacteria. Why?
(Select all correct choices.
Bacteria do not reproduce sexually and/or do not undergo meiosis.
DNA can be passed between bacteria of different species via horizontal gene transfer.
DNA is never passed between bacteria of different species.
D. Bacteria form pili and, as a result, reproduce sexually.
3) Archaea and bacteria used to be grouped in the same category. How were archaea first
distinguished from other prokaryotes?
through the observation that archaea can live in extreme environments
through the lack of horizontal gene transfer in archaeons
through differences in cell size and shape
through the fact that archaeons have linear and not circular chromosomes
E. through differences in their genomic sequences
4) Bacterial genetic diversity can arise from which of the following? Select all correct choices.
random mutation.
binary fission.
horizontal gene transfer.
meiotic recombination.
E. sexual reproduction.
5) Which of the following is not a basic feature of a prokaryotic cell? Select all taht apply.
Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Ribosomes
DNA
RNA
A system for generating ATP
A nucleusA.
TransferB.
ConductionC.
ConjugationD.
Transduction
E. Transformation
2) A young graduate student is trying to identify new species of bacteria based on Mayr\'s
biological species concept. She is having a lot of trouble with this method, and then suddenly
realizes that she can\'t use Mayr\'s definition of a species when it comes to bacteria. Why?
(Select all correct choices.A.
Bacteria do not reproduce sexually and/or do not undergo meiosis.B.
DNA can be passed between bacteria of different species via horizontal gene transfer.C.
DNA is never passed between bacteria of different species.
D. Bacteria form pili and, as a result, reproduce sexually.
3) Archaea and bacteria used to be grouped in the same category. How were archaea first
distinguished from other prokaryotes?A.
through the observation that archaea can live in extreme environmentsB.
through the lack of horizontal gene transfer in archaeonsC.
through differences in cell size and shapeD.
through the fact that archaeons have linear and not circular chromosomes
E. through differences in their genomic sequences
4) Bacterial genetic diversity can arise from which of the following? Select all correct
choices.A.
random mutation.B.
binary fission.C.
horizontal gene transfer.D.
meiotic recombination.
E. sexual reproduction.
5) Which of the .
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This document summarizes information about viruses and antiviral drugs. It begins by defining viruses and describing their structure. It then discusses the classification of viruses as DNA or RNA viruses and provides examples of each. The document proceeds to explain virus functions and life cycles. It also covers host-virus interactions, barriers to infection, and the humoral and cellular components involved in antiviral defenses. Finally, it provides information about specific antiviral drugs for herpes viruses, influenza viruses, HIV, and hepatitis viruses, including their mechanisms of action, administration, and adverse effects.
Immunology Lecture day 1 ADDU section D
1. The document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system, including the inflammatory process, anatomy and physiology of the immune system, and different types of immune responses.
2. It discusses the immune system in detail, including the different white blood cells, lymphoid tissues, types of immunity, immune response types, stages of immune response, and immunoglobulins.
3. The document also covers primary and secondary immunodeficiencies like HIV/AIDS, and provides the stages and diagnosis of HIV infection.
Immunology essay
Systemic autoimmune diseases arise when the immune system attacks the body's own cells and tissues. Over 80 autoimmune diseases have been identified so far. Their causes are still being discovered but may include genetic, environmental, and infectious factors. Diagnosis involves testing for autoantibodies against self-antigens through methods like ELISA, immunoblot, and FANA. Additional markers like C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and complement levels provide further evidence, though patterns may differ between diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Continued research aims to discover new autoimmune diseases, improve diagnostic techniques, and develop more effective treatments.
Tolerance Auto-immune Diseases and Tumor Immunity
The document discusses various aspects of tumor immunity and tumor antigens:
1. Tumor antigens are antigens produced by tumor cells that trigger an immune response. They can be used as tumor markers for diagnosis and potentially for cancer therapy.
2. There are two main types of tumor antigens - tumor associated antigens, which increase with tumor growth, and tumor specific transplantation antigens, which develop during tumor development and prevent tumor transplantation between identical hosts.
3. The immune system typically mounts responses against tumor antigens via antibodies and cytotoxic T cells. Understanding tumor antigens is important for cancer immunology and developing immunotherapies to treat cancer.
functioning of immune cells to provide protection of body against foreign par...
it is the third line of defense which activate the T and B lymphocytes of immune system. both cells show adaptive immune response which means that exposure to the antigen or foreign particle is necessary to trigger adaptive immune response.T lymphocytes trigger cell mediated immune response and B lymphocytes trigger humoral immune response.T cells release cytokine and B cells produce antibodies and memory cells.
Immunity against viruses, thebasics and priciples.pptx
This document discusses immunity against viruses. It defines viruses and their properties, including that they are obligate intracellular parasites that replicate inside host cells. It describes the innate immune response to viruses, including interferons that inhibit viral replication, the complement system that recognizes and eliminates viruses, natural killer cells that lyse infected cells, and phagocytosis by macrophages. Adaptive immunity involves antibodies that neutralize viruses and activate complement, and cytotoxic T cells that eliminate intracellular viruses. However, viruses have developed strategies to evade the immune response, such as rapid mutation and suppressing antigen presentation and immune cell function.
Immunitybyasogwainnocentkingsley1 131219110304-phpapp02
The document summarizes immunity and the immune system. It defines immunity as the body's ability to resist harmful microbes and discusses the immune system's role in protecting the body from disease. The immune system uses both innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and inflammatory responses. Acquired immunity allows for specific pathogen recognition through B cells, T cells, and antibodies and provides immunological memory.
Similar to A common symptom of pharyngitis is swelling of the. interior cervical.pdf (20)
functioning of immune cells to provide protection of body against foreign par...
functioning of immune cells to provide protection of body against foreign par...
Immunity against viruses, thebasics and priciples.pptx
Immunity against viruses, thebasics and priciples.pptx
Immunitybyasogwainnocentkingsley1 131219110304-phpapp02
Immunitybyasogwainnocentkingsley1 131219110304-phpapp02
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For each NADH that supplies electrons to the electron transport syst.pdf
For each NADH that supplies electrons to the electron transport system, ________ ATP(s) is/are
synthesized. For each FADH2 that supplies electrons to the electron transport system, ________
ATP(s) is/are synthesized.
Question options:
1)
2; 32
2)
3; 2
3)
1; 3
4)
32; 2
5)
2; 3
1)
2; 32
2)
3; 2
3)
1; 3
4)
32; 2
5)
2; 3
Solution
For each NADH that supplies electrons to the electron transport system, three ATPs are
synthesized. For each FADH2 that supplies electrons to the electron transport system, two ATPs
are synthesized.
Since NADH provides its electron to the complex I of electron transport system, then complex
III and then complex IV of the ETS, while FADH2 provide its electron to the complex II instead
of complex I of the ETS.
Complex I have more power to pump the proton than the complex II, so NADH produce 3 ATP
while FADH produce 2 ATP..
Biology II . Please answer all of these questions only if you are su.pdf
Biology II . Please answer all of these questions only if you are sure about it. Be detailed.
1) _________________ is a type of horizontal gene transfer during which genetic information is
transferred from one bacterium to another via a pilus.
Transfer
Conduction
Conjugation
Transduction
E. Transformation
2) A young graduate student is trying to identify new species of bacteria based on Mayr\'s
biological species concept. She is having a lot of trouble with this method, and then suddenly
realizes that she can\'t use Mayr\'s definition of a species when it comes to bacteria. Why?
(Select all correct choices.
Bacteria do not reproduce sexually and/or do not undergo meiosis.
DNA can be passed between bacteria of different species via horizontal gene transfer.
DNA is never passed between bacteria of different species.
D. Bacteria form pili and, as a result, reproduce sexually.
3) Archaea and bacteria used to be grouped in the same category. How were archaea first
distinguished from other prokaryotes?
through the observation that archaea can live in extreme environments
through the lack of horizontal gene transfer in archaeons
through differences in cell size and shape
through the fact that archaeons have linear and not circular chromosomes
E. through differences in their genomic sequences
4) Bacterial genetic diversity can arise from which of the following? Select all correct choices.
random mutation.
binary fission.
horizontal gene transfer.
meiotic recombination.
E. sexual reproduction.
5) Which of the following is not a basic feature of a prokaryotic cell? Select all taht apply.
Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Ribosomes
DNA
RNA
A system for generating ATP
A nucleusA.
TransferB.
ConductionC.
ConjugationD.
Transduction
E. Transformation
2) A young graduate student is trying to identify new species of bacteria based on Mayr\'s
biological species concept. She is having a lot of trouble with this method, and then suddenly
realizes that she can\'t use Mayr\'s definition of a species when it comes to bacteria. Why?
(Select all correct choices.A.
Bacteria do not reproduce sexually and/or do not undergo meiosis.B.
DNA can be passed between bacteria of different species via horizontal gene transfer.C.
DNA is never passed between bacteria of different species.
D. Bacteria form pili and, as a result, reproduce sexually.
3) Archaea and bacteria used to be grouped in the same category. How were archaea first
distinguished from other prokaryotes?A.
through the observation that archaea can live in extreme environmentsB.
through the lack of horizontal gene transfer in archaeonsC.
through differences in cell size and shapeD.
through the fact that archaeons have linear and not circular chromosomes
E. through differences in their genomic sequences
4) Bacterial genetic diversity can arise from which of the following? Select all correct
choices.A.
random mutation.B.
binary fission.C.
horizontal gene transfer.D.
meiotic recombination.
E. sexual reproduction.
5) Which of the .
During spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules, the position of .pdf
During spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules, the position of a developing spermatogonia
can be correlated with its maturity. Discuss how the structure of the seminiferous tubule is
related to its function is sperm production. Can a similar relationship be established for a
structure in the ovary?
Solution
Seminiferous tubules are observed in testes which are the male reproductive organs.
Testes contains the tough, white fibrous connective tissue that is tunica albuginea that surrounds
the testes and it extends inward to form septa that makes the organ into lobules.
Each lobule contains the 1 to 4 seminiferous tubules and all these converge to form a single
straight tubule and that leads to the rete testis.
Each seminiefrous tubules contain the interstitial cells or leydig cells that produce the male sex
hormones, these are exit from testis through efferent ducts.
From the efferent ducts, they enter into epididymis, ducts of deferens, ejaculatory duct and
reaches the urethra and ejected out through penis.
During this process, accessory glands like seminal vesicles and prostate glands provides energy
and enhance the motility of the sperms by producing fructose and thin milky coloured viscous
fluid respectively.
Seminiferous tubules contain the cells and between these large cells are present called sertoli
cells that support and nourish the other cells. Sperms are produced by the process
spermatogenesis.
So, the structure of the seminiferous tubules is related to its function is sperm production.
Ovaries are the female reproductive organs and ova or egg released from one of the ovaries at
random menstrual cycles. The process of production of ova from ovaries is called ovulation.
Female reproductive system contains the fallopian tubes, two ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina.
Ovaries releases the ova and these are carried to fallopian tubes and these are carried to the
uterus. Uterus is attached to the cervix and then to vagina.
Ovulation process occurs by the hormones follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
and after the formation of the follicles and ova get releases which is stimulated by the estrogen
hormone.
So the structure of the seminiferous tubules is related to its function is sperm production and the
same relation is established with structure of ovary.
A model of a system is best characterized by the following statement.pdf
A model of a system is best characterized by the following statement: a. A model captures all
attributes of the represented entity b. A model is an abstraction of some phenomena that is of
interest to someone c. A model is only from the user\'s perspective. d. As hierarchical system of
components that implement the functional Specification.
Solution
(d) the model of system is characterized as hierachical system of components that implement the
functional specification.
4- what is the link between asset diversification and the liquidit.pdf
4- what is the link between asset diversification and the liquidity of the deposit contracts?
4- what is the link between asset diversification and the liquidity of the deposit contracts?
Solution
Diversification- It is the art of diversify the risk so that return can be balanced. Diversification
means, investing the money into different asset class.
It makes the FI able to analyze the risk and return of a portfolio so that promise can be fulfilled
to provide highly liquid claims with very less price risk..
A book by Nozick. The experience machine. “what does matter to us in.pdf
A book by Nozick. The experience machine. “what does matter to us in addition to our
experiences? Plugging into a the machine is kind of suicide Plugging into an experience machine
limits us to a man-made reality.
Solution
The following matters are important in addition to our experiences:
Creating things: People want to do things but they don’t have any experience of doing.
Specific mentality: Each one has his/her own mentality or way. Personal thinking differs,
causing not plugging in.
Reality: The limiting factor is man-made reality. Some people keep themselves open for
learning, indicating greater significance. Some others don’t have such self believe..
any one has knowladge in C unix opreating system .. please help Desc.pdf
A process can send payload data with a signal by:
1. Using pipes or sockets for inter-process communication instead of signals which are not intended for excessive data transfer.
2. Alternatively, sharing a pipe between processes and writing data to the pipe in one process before sending a signal to the other process, which then reads the data from the pipe upon receiving the signal.
3. When using sigaction(), include the SA_SIGINFO flag so the signal handler receives a siginfo_t pointer containing a union sigval that holds an int or pointer payload.
Define nonconcordant variation Why does nonconcordant variation mak.pdf
Define nonconcordant variation: Why does nonconcordant variation make creating ‘race’
categories difficult?
Why does clinal variation make creating ‘race’ categories difficult?
Describe how genetic variation is distributed between and within human populations: Why does
this distribution make creating ‘race’ categories difficult?
Solution
Part I
If two pairs of genetically controlled traits are taken, then it is found that the two traits are not
correlated to each other, for e.g. height and skin color are not at all related. Such type of traits is
called as Non-concordant variation.
So, one cannot predict the flow of traits from one race to another. Race categories are always
defined on the basis of genetically related traits and variations between different traits. Now if
there is no correlation, then defining of races will become difficult. For e.g. a tall man as well a
short man or an average heighted man; all can have extremely fair complexion. So, you cannot
associate the races of fair complexion, say Americans, with height. It is not compulsory that all
tall people are fair, or all short people are dark.
Part II
Clinal variation: This is a change related to environmental variation like temperature change,
altitude change, and change in levels of precipitation. If there is a gradual change in all
populations with a particular environmental variation, then the type of variation is called as
‘clinal’ variation. One e.g. is number of counter folds in molar teeth. These changed gradually in
all populations. So, you cannot distinguish one race from another on the basis of a clinal change.
‘Clinal’ change is a change which has occurred in all existing populations.
Part III
Genetic variation in humans is very diverse. The variations can occur due to single nucleotide
changes (SNPs) or changes in multiple nucleotides. Let\'s talk about SNPs. There may be two
copies of a single nucleotide at a particular position in one human being. On the other hand, there
may multiple copies of the same nucleotide at the same position in another human being. I mean
to say, in multiple human beings, multiple type of SNPs are found, all related to number of
copies of the single nucleotide; creating variations among all species.
There is no specific pattern of formation of SNP in a particular race, class or tribe. So, on basis
of these SNPs, you will never be able to classify different races.
Overall, there is no single formula to classify a race. Therefore, creating \'race\' categories is
difficult..
Describe the operation of a tubular bowl centrifugeSolutionTub.pdf
Describe the operation of a tubular bowl centrifuge
Solution
Tubular-bowl centrifuges are used for the separation of solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixtures by
sedimentation. In these centrifuges, feed is introduced from the bottom of the bowl. A baffle
assembly in the bowl accelerate the feed to rotor speed. The baffle isolate the feed to two
different layers, i.e. based on the components in the feed introduced; this can be two liquid layers
or liquid-solid layer. The heavier components are present in the outer layer and it becomes
concentrated against the wall, while the light components are present in the inner layer, floating
on the top.
As the feed separates into layers, it travels up the bowl as an annulus. The top is located with
overflow ports through which the liquid is discharged. Solid remains are recovered from the
bowl manually..
Could you help me with this question Thanks so much!Let T be an e.pdf
Could you help me with this question? Thanks so much!
Let T be an exponential random variable with parameter ;let W be a random variable
independent of T, which is±1 with probability 0.5 each; and let X =WT . Show that the density
of X is
fX(x) =(/2)*e^(|x|)
which is called the double exponential density.
Solution.
Briefly discuss Philippa Foot’s contributions to virtue theory.S.pdf
Briefly discuss Philippa Foot’s contributions to virtue theory.
Solution
Philippa foot\'s contribution to virtue theory
Philippa foot is an Oxford-trained British philosopher. She proposed the theory of virtue ethics.
The virtue theory is based on the philosophy of Aristotle that a virtuous person is someone who
has ideal character traits. This theory emphasizes on the importance of character and virtue rather
than duty based or outcome based acts.
Philippa foot’s contribution to virtue theory is elaborated below:
Philippa foot has presented the views of Aristotle in a modernized way. She emphasized on the
fact that goodness should be seen as the natural flourishing of humans as living beings. She also
emphasized that ethics should be focused on making the world a better place to live in. The
virtues of a person should be targeted for the betterment of an individual as well as society..
List for a company you either work or are familiar with, the interna.pdf
List for a company you either work or are familiar with, the internal and external stakeholders
whose interests are directly effected by the organization\'s activities.
Solution
A. The internal stakeholders are people or groups who are serving in the organization and are
directly impacted by
the organizational activities and its well being - some of these are:
a. The Employees
b. The Management
c. Owners
d. Promoters / Investors
B. External stakeholders are groups who are directly not serving the organization but are affected
by the organization\'s activity and well being - some of these are:
a. Shareholders
b. Suppliers and Contractors
c. Customers
d. Creditors
e. The Government
Most of the companies that I have worked for or am aware of, have the above features.
f. Society at large.
Write a C program that uses a recursive function to print a triangle .pdf
Write a C program that uses a recursive function to print a triangle pattern similar to Homework
7 - Using a Static Local Variable. The function will take two integer arguments, the first
argument tells it how many asterisk characters (*) and a space characters that should be printed
by the function directly and the second argument tells it the desired size of the triangle. The
triangle pattern should be largest in the middle row, thus two lines should be printed directly by
functions that make recursive function calls. It may be desired to use another function to print the
lines For example calling the function as shown below, would print the output shown below it.
triangle(l, 5);
Solution
#include \"stdio.h\"
void triangle(int,int);
void printLine(int,int);
int main(void) {
triangle(1,5);
return 0;
}
void triangle(int c,int n){
static int flag=-1;
if(flag<-1){ // base condition to break loop
return;
}
else if(n<0){ // for printing second half
printLine(c,flag--);
triangle(c,n);
}
else{
printLine(c,flag++); // for printing the first half
triangle(c,n-1);
}
}
// print a line of astricks
void printLine(int c,int n){
int i,j;
for(j=0;j.
Which avenue of research is least likely to reveal whether asexual or.pdf
Which avenue of research is least likely to reveal whether asexual organisms form species?
looking into previously undiscovered types of bacteria hybridizing polyploidy plants exploring
various niches in which different populations reside performing genomic research analyzing
whether a cluster of bacteria constitutes a species
Solution
Ans. D
Performing genomic resarch will likely to reveal whether asexual organisms form species..
When testing the difference between two population means, the varian.pdf
When testing the difference between two population means, the variances are pooled whenthe
population standard deviations are known and equal.
Solution
We only pool variances when we know that:
OPTION D: The population standard deviations are ssumed to be equal [anyway], but unknown.
[OPTION D, ANSWER].
IT Project Management1. Please compare and contrast a traditional .pdf
IT Project Management
1. Please compare and contrast a traditional waterfall-type approach to an agile method such as
Scrum.
2. Explain the pros and cons of the differenent methodlogies and when they are best used such as
PRINCE2, Agile methods, RUP framework and Six Sigma.
Solution
[1]Traditional waterfall -type approach
1.It is frequently much cost.
2.less bendable.
3.Risk is also extreme.
4.Unable to perceive the value upto the termination of project.
Agile method such as scrum
1.Risk is not sa much.
2.It mainly targets on returning completely-tested ,individualistic and valuable.
3.Examinig cycle duration of agile is comparitively less.
4.it is known as people-centric procedure.
[2] 1)pros and cons of agile methods
Pros: 1.it is whippy.
2.it is a significant methodology in invention and software projects
Cons: it is much hands-on procedure mostly for the stakeholders and project managers.
2.Pros and cons of six sigma
pros:It recommends upgrade before faults reveals.
Cons:Existing a data-driven assurance the six sigma is very inflexible.
3.Pros and cons of prince2
Pros:In high coorporate bodies ,the reporting needed to a prince2 assists with the perfomance
assesments and also diminishing across some risks.
Cons:If any modification in prince2 project ,it scoops for a team to adjust .since the procedure is
totally clumsy with much documentation which is to modify.
Pros and cons of RUP Framework
Pros:It grabs the top slices of waterfall and assimilate into many computation procedure to
permit the modification.
Cons:It is much weighty process and able to operate on high poderously on stakeholder
feedback.though it is a repetative procedure ,it is much steady for some kinds of projects..
Whats the relationship between DNA and RNA Whats the relat.pdf
What\'s the relationship between DNA and RNA?
What\'s the relationship between DNA and RNA?
Solution
Both of them nucleic acids.apart from that there is a connection between these two in expressing
a gene.as we know that in central dogma of molecular biology both DNA and RNA are related
very closely.in the first step of expression information present in the complementary strand of
DNA has to be copied into m-RNA. It further translates the information to protein sequence with
the help of r- RNA, t-RNA and ribosome..
What does it mean to destroy something at the molecular level in ter.pdf
What does it mean to destroy something at the molecular level in terms of chemical bonds?
Solution
Chemical bonds are broken by the energy that is released during the chemical reaction. This
energy is created by the when electrons move from one molecule to another as they attempt to
achieve a chemical balance. The breaking of chemical bonds can easily be identified because as
are often accompanied by physical changes as the original elements used in the chemical reaction
take on new forms or become new elements..
What is a rain shadow, and why does it happenSolutionThe warm.pdf
What is a rain shadow, and why does it happen?
Solution
The warm and moist air reaches goes up the elevations of the land. When the rain-producing
weather systems hit the mountain, the mountains block it. The moist air is condensed at the tip of
the mountain precipitates out, while the other side of the mountain receives dry air. This is
known as “rain shadow.”.
Use transformations to graph this function. (Do this on paper. Your t.pdf
Use transformations to graph this function. (Do this on paper. Your teacher may ask you to turn
in this graph.) Determine the domain, range, horizontal asymptote, x-intercept, and y-intercept of
the function. (If you need to enter infinity or -infinity type INFINITY or -INFINITY.) f(x) = 1 -
7(6^x) Domain Range Horizontal Asymptote y = x-intercept x-intercept
Solution
Domain is
( - infinity , +infinity)
Range is
(- infinity ,1)
Horizontal asymptotes remains
y=1
x intercept
plug y=0
0= 1-7(6^x)
we get x=-1.086
(-1.086 , 0)
for Y intercept we plug x=0
y=1-7(6^0)
y=1-7
y=-6
(0,-6).
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हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
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"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
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