Understand how radioactive isotopes are used in dating fossilsSo.pdf
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Understand how radioactive isotopes are used in dating fossils Solution The remains or impreression of a prehostorical plnt or animal embedded in rock and preserved in petrified form is fossil. Dating a fossil mean determinate the aporoximate age of fossil . to determinate the age of fossil radioactive datind of igneous rocks found near the fossil is done. Radioactive dating cannot be used directly on fossils since they don\'t contain the unstable radioactive used in dating process To determine a fosil age igneous rock layer beneath the fossil and above it are dated . foe example when lava cool it has no lead content but it does contain some radioactive uranium . Over time the unstable radioactive uranium decays into Lead 207 at a constant know rate its half life . by comparing the amount of uranium235 and lead 207 the age of ignious rock cn be determined .Potassium 40 is also used to date fossils .He half life of cabon 14 is 5568 years . that means the half of carbon 14 decays into nitrigen 14 in 5568 years C14 dating is usefulfor dating items up to about 50000 to 60000 years ago ..
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Radimatric dating112121123121242342134125125.ppt
This document discusses radiometric dating techniques used to determine the absolute ages of rocks, minerals, and fossils. It explains that radioactive elements decay at consistent rates, allowing scientists to measure the proportions of parent and daughter isotopes to calculate age. Examples are given of potassium-argon dating, uranium-lead dating, and radiocarbon dating, along with their applicable time ranges. The production of carbon-14 in the atmosphere and its incorporation into living things is also summarized.
What type of rock can be dated with radiometric methodsSolution.pdf
What type of rock can be dated with radiometric methods?
Solution
the metamorphic rock and Igneous rock & melt, all are vey slowly cooling and we can measure
radioactivity decay unless or until it cool down below it’s the closure temperature.and more
frequently used radiometric dating technique are depending on breakdown of the Potassium
[40K] to -argon [40Ar]. sharp measurement of 40K to-- 40Ar amount in the igneous rock can tell
you the real amount of time has been passed since this rock crystallized.for the sedimentary
rocks we used Carbon-14 method for young rock( >50,00 years old rock) . This method is
depend upon uptake of the naturally occured radioactive isotope like carbon-14,when living
organism dead than stop accumulating carbon-14 atomes in body,over a time dead living things
incorprated into the sedimentary rock, and geo-scientist calculate radiometric dating by using
this carbon-14 atoms.this method used to measure the age of meteorites, Earth , ages of fossils,
Moon, also early man, ages of mineral deposits, timing of glaciations, recurrence the rates of
volcanic, earthquakes & eruptions Geologists scientist use this radiometric dating method to
estimate or determine that how long ago back rocks were formed, & give information of ages of
the fossils that contained within rocks.
Naturally occurring various radioactive elements in the universe, and we know that Radioactive
atoms are generally inherently unstable ,in radioactive \"large atoms\" decay into the stable small
daughter atoms.in general When the molten rock cool & forming rock are know as igneous rocks
a lot of radioactive atom were trapped inside the rock. than they starte decaying at the perticular
expected rate. By determine the number of unstable atoms are left in rock & compare to the
number of stable molecule of daughter atoms in a rock, geologist can be estimated the amount of
the time is over since the perticularly rock formed.but the Fossils are frequently found in
sedimentary rock,& not in the igneous rock. Sedimentary rocks can be use to dated a
radioactively,carbon, but the problem is carbon decays vey quickly, this method can only work
for the younger rocks age about 50 thousand years. So that in order to measure or date rock &
older fossils, geologist scientists used layer of the volcanic ash & igneous rock below and above
the fossil.geo- Scientists date the igneous rock by using elements which slow to decay, like
uranium & potassium..
Uranium lead method of rock dating
This document discusses radiometric dating techniques used by geologists to determine the age of rocks. It introduces radiometric dating, the concept of half-life, and commonly dated minerals like zircon and monazite. Methods like uranium-lead dating are explained in detail. Instruments used for dating like laser ablation-ICPMS and electron microprobe are also mentioned. The document concludes that radiometric dating, especially uranium-lead dating of zircon, is a reliable method for determining the age of rocks and major geological events.
Yes, we should be very suspicious of the bones authenticity. This .pdf
Yes, we should be very suspicious of the bone\'s authenticity. This is mainly because carbon
dating cannot be used to determine the age of dinosaur bones. Radiocarbon dating measures the
life of the isotope of carbon which is C-14. This isotope decays with time. The half life of C-14
isotope is around 5,730 years, so it can be effectively used to determine ages of samples of
around 50,000 years old and not of older samples. And dinosaur bones are around million years
old and their ages cannot be determined by Carbon dating. To determine ages of rock samples of
million years old, we can use radioactive dating of other isotopes that have a very long half-life.
Some of these isotopes are of Uranium (U-235 and U-238) and Potassium (K-40), which have
half-life of more than a million years but even these isotopes are not found in the bones of
dinosaurs or even in the sedimentary rocks containing these dinosaur bones. The dating of these
dinosaur fossils is therefore done in a much more complex way. We need to find igneous rocks
which are buried as deep as the sedimentary rocks containing dinosaur fossils. These igneous
rocks do contain uranium isotopes and their ages can be found by radioactive dating, and can
give a key to the ages of dinosaur bones. Thus, we can safely say that Carbon dating cannot be
used to date dinosaur bones.
One more reason to doubt the claims of the seller is that dinosaurs first appeared in the \"Triassic
period\", roughly 225 million years ago. So how could a dinosaur bone be 400 million years old.
Solution
Yes, we should be very suspicious of the bone\'s authenticity. This is mainly because carbon
dating cannot be used to determine the age of dinosaur bones. Radiocarbon dating measures the
life of the isotope of carbon which is C-14. This isotope decays with time. The half life of C-14
isotope is around 5,730 years, so it can be effectively used to determine ages of samples of
around 50,000 years old and not of older samples. And dinosaur bones are around million years
old and their ages cannot be determined by Carbon dating. To determine ages of rock samples of
million years old, we can use radioactive dating of other isotopes that have a very long half-life.
Some of these isotopes are of Uranium (U-235 and U-238) and Potassium (K-40), which have
half-life of more than a million years but even these isotopes are not found in the bones of
dinosaurs or even in the sedimentary rocks containing these dinosaur bones. The dating of these
dinosaur fossils is therefore done in a much more complex way. We need to find igneous rocks
which are buried as deep as the sedimentary rocks containing dinosaur fossils. These igneous
rocks do contain uranium isotopes and their ages can be found by radioactive dating, and can
give a key to the ages of dinosaur bones. Thus, we can safely say that Carbon dating cannot be
used to date dinosaur bones.
One more reason to doubt the claims of the seller is that dinosaurs first appeared in the \"Tr.
Radiometric methods for age determination
This document discusses radiometric dating methods used to determine the age of materials such as rocks. It describes four common radiometric dating techniques: 1) Uranium-Lead dating which analyzes the decay of uranium isotopes into lead isotopes, 2) Potassium-Argon dating which analyzes the decay of potassium-40 into argon-40, 3) Rubidium-Strontium dating which analyzes the decay of rubidium-87 into strontium-87, and 4) Carbon-14 dating which is only applicable to once-living materials by analyzing the decay of carbon-14 into nitrogen-14. The document provides details on the radioactive isotopes, daughter products, and half-
RADIOACTIVE DATING (U-Pb) 2.pptx
Geologists use radiometric dating techniques like uranium-lead dating to determine the age of rocks and fossils. Uranium-lead dating relies on the radioactive decay of uranium isotopes U-238 and U-235 into lead isotopes over millions to billions of years. The technique can date materials from 1 million to over 4.5 billion years old with high precision, but works best with minerals like zircon that fully retain the uranium and lead. While very accurate when applied properly, uranium-lead dating of zircon can sometimes produce confusing results requiring special treatment of the zircon samples.
Determining Geologic Time Scale using Absolute and Relative Dating Earth Scie...
The document discusses methods for determining the geologic time scale and dating geological features. It describes the four eons the geologic time scale is divided into and explains both relative and absolute dating techniques. Relative dating looks at relationships between geological features, while absolute dating uses measurements of radioactive isotopes in rocks and minerals to calculate their precise ages. Examples provided include William Smith's work identifying distinctive fossil sequences to correlate rock layers and the potassium-argon dating method.
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Radimatric dating112121123121242342134125125.ppt
This document discusses radiometric dating techniques used to determine the absolute ages of rocks, minerals, and fossils. It explains that radioactive elements decay at consistent rates, allowing scientists to measure the proportions of parent and daughter isotopes to calculate age. Examples are given of potassium-argon dating, uranium-lead dating, and radiocarbon dating, along with their applicable time ranges. The production of carbon-14 in the atmosphere and its incorporation into living things is also summarized.
What type of rock can be dated with radiometric methodsSolution.pdf
What type of rock can be dated with radiometric methods?
Solution
the metamorphic rock and Igneous rock & melt, all are vey slowly cooling and we can measure
radioactivity decay unless or until it cool down below it’s the closure temperature.and more
frequently used radiometric dating technique are depending on breakdown of the Potassium
[40K] to -argon [40Ar]. sharp measurement of 40K to-- 40Ar amount in the igneous rock can tell
you the real amount of time has been passed since this rock crystallized.for the sedimentary
rocks we used Carbon-14 method for young rock( >50,00 years old rock) . This method is
depend upon uptake of the naturally occured radioactive isotope like carbon-14,when living
organism dead than stop accumulating carbon-14 atomes in body,over a time dead living things
incorprated into the sedimentary rock, and geo-scientist calculate radiometric dating by using
this carbon-14 atoms.this method used to measure the age of meteorites, Earth , ages of fossils,
Moon, also early man, ages of mineral deposits, timing of glaciations, recurrence the rates of
volcanic, earthquakes & eruptions Geologists scientist use this radiometric dating method to
estimate or determine that how long ago back rocks were formed, & give information of ages of
the fossils that contained within rocks.
Naturally occurring various radioactive elements in the universe, and we know that Radioactive
atoms are generally inherently unstable ,in radioactive \"large atoms\" decay into the stable small
daughter atoms.in general When the molten rock cool & forming rock are know as igneous rocks
a lot of radioactive atom were trapped inside the rock. than they starte decaying at the perticular
expected rate. By determine the number of unstable atoms are left in rock & compare to the
number of stable molecule of daughter atoms in a rock, geologist can be estimated the amount of
the time is over since the perticularly rock formed.but the Fossils are frequently found in
sedimentary rock,& not in the igneous rock. Sedimentary rocks can be use to dated a
radioactively,carbon, but the problem is carbon decays vey quickly, this method can only work
for the younger rocks age about 50 thousand years. So that in order to measure or date rock &
older fossils, geologist scientists used layer of the volcanic ash & igneous rock below and above
the fossil.geo- Scientists date the igneous rock by using elements which slow to decay, like
uranium & potassium..
Uranium lead method of rock dating
This document discusses radiometric dating techniques used by geologists to determine the age of rocks. It introduces radiometric dating, the concept of half-life, and commonly dated minerals like zircon and monazite. Methods like uranium-lead dating are explained in detail. Instruments used for dating like laser ablation-ICPMS and electron microprobe are also mentioned. The document concludes that radiometric dating, especially uranium-lead dating of zircon, is a reliable method for determining the age of rocks and major geological events.
Yes, we should be very suspicious of the bones authenticity. This .pdf
Yes, we should be very suspicious of the bone\'s authenticity. This is mainly because carbon
dating cannot be used to determine the age of dinosaur bones. Radiocarbon dating measures the
life of the isotope of carbon which is C-14. This isotope decays with time. The half life of C-14
isotope is around 5,730 years, so it can be effectively used to determine ages of samples of
around 50,000 years old and not of older samples. And dinosaur bones are around million years
old and their ages cannot be determined by Carbon dating. To determine ages of rock samples of
million years old, we can use radioactive dating of other isotopes that have a very long half-life.
Some of these isotopes are of Uranium (U-235 and U-238) and Potassium (K-40), which have
half-life of more than a million years but even these isotopes are not found in the bones of
dinosaurs or even in the sedimentary rocks containing these dinosaur bones. The dating of these
dinosaur fossils is therefore done in a much more complex way. We need to find igneous rocks
which are buried as deep as the sedimentary rocks containing dinosaur fossils. These igneous
rocks do contain uranium isotopes and their ages can be found by radioactive dating, and can
give a key to the ages of dinosaur bones. Thus, we can safely say that Carbon dating cannot be
used to date dinosaur bones.
One more reason to doubt the claims of the seller is that dinosaurs first appeared in the \"Triassic
period\", roughly 225 million years ago. So how could a dinosaur bone be 400 million years old.
Solution
Yes, we should be very suspicious of the bone\'s authenticity. This is mainly because carbon
dating cannot be used to determine the age of dinosaur bones. Radiocarbon dating measures the
life of the isotope of carbon which is C-14. This isotope decays with time. The half life of C-14
isotope is around 5,730 years, so it can be effectively used to determine ages of samples of
around 50,000 years old and not of older samples. And dinosaur bones are around million years
old and their ages cannot be determined by Carbon dating. To determine ages of rock samples of
million years old, we can use radioactive dating of other isotopes that have a very long half-life.
Some of these isotopes are of Uranium (U-235 and U-238) and Potassium (K-40), which have
half-life of more than a million years but even these isotopes are not found in the bones of
dinosaurs or even in the sedimentary rocks containing these dinosaur bones. The dating of these
dinosaur fossils is therefore done in a much more complex way. We need to find igneous rocks
which are buried as deep as the sedimentary rocks containing dinosaur fossils. These igneous
rocks do contain uranium isotopes and their ages can be found by radioactive dating, and can
give a key to the ages of dinosaur bones. Thus, we can safely say that Carbon dating cannot be
used to date dinosaur bones.
One more reason to doubt the claims of the seller is that dinosaurs first appeared in the \"Tr.
Radiometric methods for age determination
This document discusses radiometric dating methods used to determine the age of materials such as rocks. It describes four common radiometric dating techniques: 1) Uranium-Lead dating which analyzes the decay of uranium isotopes into lead isotopes, 2) Potassium-Argon dating which analyzes the decay of potassium-40 into argon-40, 3) Rubidium-Strontium dating which analyzes the decay of rubidium-87 into strontium-87, and 4) Carbon-14 dating which is only applicable to once-living materials by analyzing the decay of carbon-14 into nitrogen-14. The document provides details on the radioactive isotopes, daughter products, and half-
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Geologists use radiometric dating techniques like uranium-lead dating to determine the age of rocks and fossils. Uranium-lead dating relies on the radioactive decay of uranium isotopes U-238 and U-235 into lead isotopes over millions to billions of years. The technique can date materials from 1 million to over 4.5 billion years old with high precision, but works best with minerals like zircon that fully retain the uranium and lead. While very accurate when applied properly, uranium-lead dating of zircon can sometimes produce confusing results requiring special treatment of the zircon samples.
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The document discusses methods for determining the geologic time scale and dating geological features. It describes the four eons the geologic time scale is divided into and explains both relative and absolute dating techniques. Relative dating looks at relationships between geological features, while absolute dating uses measurements of radioactive isotopes in rocks and minerals to calculate their precise ages. Examples provided include William Smith's work identifying distinctive fossil sequences to correlate rock layers and the potassium-argon dating method.
Evidences for an old earth
The document discusses evidence that supports an old earth, including layers of sedimentary rock, plate tectonics, and radiometric dating techniques. It explains that radiometric dating determines an object's age by measuring radioactive isotopes and decay products. Carbon-14 dating works for objects up to 50,000 years old, while potassium-argon dating can date much older fossils by measuring the isotopes of potassium and argon. The document provides details on how these radiometric dating methods are used to scientifically date fossils and determine that the earth is older than young earth creationist accounts claim.
Each group should plot on graph paper the ½ life of the radioisotope.pdf
Each group should plot on graph paper the ½ life of the radioisotopes using the special graph
paper supplied by the teacher. The y-axis has a log scale and begins at 100% of the parent
radioisotope present; the next point is 100/ 2, or 50% parent radioisotope present; the next point
is 50/2, or 25%; and so on.). For example, if the ratio of C-14 to C-13 is 1:3 than the fossil is
how old? 5600 +5600. Correct? For each of the radioisotopes listed above, make a radiometric
graph going to 3 half-lives. Be sure to make one graph using uranium-lead and potassium-argon
dating to one half life. This will become useful later. Why?
Uranium-Lead dating method
Very careful measurements in laboratories, made on VERY LARGE numbers of U-235 atoms,
have shown that each of the atoms has a 50:50 chance of decaying during about 704,000,000
years. In other words, during 704 million years, half the U-235 atoms that existed at the
beginning of that time will decay to Pb-207. This is known as the half life of U- 235. Many
elements have some isotopes that are unstable, essentially because they have too many neutrons
to be balanced by the number of protons in the nucleus. Each of these unstable isotopes has its
own characteristic half life. Some half lives are several billion years long, and others are as short
as a ten-thousandth of a second.
The uranium-lead radiometric dating scheme has been refined to the point that the error margin
in dates of rocks can be as low as less than two million years in two-and-a-half billion years. An
error margin of 2–5% has been achieved on younger Mesozoic rocks.
One of its great advantages is that any sample provides two clocks, one based on uranium-235\'s
decay to lead-207 with a half-life of about 700 million years, and one based on uranium-238\'s
decay to lead-206 with a half-life of about 4.5 billion years, providing a built-in crosscheck that
allows accurate determination of the age of the sample even if some of the lead has been lost.
Potassium-argon dating method
This involves electron capture or positron decay of potassium-40 to argon-40. Potassium-40 has
a half-life of 1.3 billion years, and so this method is applicable to the oldest rocks. Radioactive
potassium-40 is common in micas, feldspars, and hornblendes, though the closure temperature is
fairly low in these materials, about 125°C (mica) to 450°C (hornblende).
#1-23 meters deep from top of hill (limestone)
#2-18 meters deep from top of hill (limestone/volcanic ash)
#3-34 meters deep from base of hill (sandstone)
#4-39 meters deep from top of hill (sandstone)
#5- 50 meters deep from bottom of hill (slate)
#6-26 meters deep (limestone)
#7-10 meters into hill (basalt)
#8-50 meters deep from base of hill (pegmatite)
#9- 3 meters deep into hill (erosion surface of limestone)
#10-52 meters deep from top of hill (pegmatite)
#11- on bank of stream (in shale)
#12- from base of hill 63 meters deep (in granite)
#13-47 meters deep from base of hill (pegmatite)
#14- 2 meters de.
Review#9 earth's history
Geologists have developed a geologic history of Earth by sequencing past geologic events and determining the relative and absolute ages of fossils and rocks. Relative age refers to the age of a fossil or rock in comparison to another, while absolute age is the real age. Index fossils and volcanic ash, which are widespread and lived or occurred over short time periods, are used to determine relative ages. Radioactive dating determines absolute ages by measuring the decay of radioactive elements like carbon-14 and uranium-238, which have half-lives of 5,700 and 4.5 billion years respectively.
Kuliah geokimia 6a
Radiometric dating uses the natural radioactive decay of isotopes to determine the age of rocks and other materials. Only two measurements are needed: the ratio of parent and daughter isotopes, and the decay constant. Examples given include carbon-14 dating of organic materials and potassium-argon dating of igneous rocks. Difficulties can arise from open systems and metamorphism altering isotope ratios, so only fresh samples are suitable for dating. Radiometric dating has established that geological time spans billions of years.
will also explain why samples mast be carefully chosen to avuide eich-.pdf
will also explain why samples mast be carefully chosen to avuide eich. help you answer the
following questions. 1. Aboat how many half-lives of the uranism-235 to Jead-207 decay pair
kusie elipged it the ziscoc erynals? 2. What is the numerical age of the lava flow based con is
ziceac ery taks? Explnis bow you antived at your answer. 3. What ean you say aboat the age of
the rock layers above the lava fine? 4. What can you say about the age of the rock layen beneath
the lava flow? B Astronomers think that Earth probobly formed at the same time as all of the
oher rocily materials in our solar system, including the oldest meteorites. The oldest meteorites
ever found on Earth contain nearly equal amounts of both uranium-238 and lead-206. Based on
Fig. 8.14, what is Earth's approximate age? Explais your reasoning. C The fadioactive iso4ope
casbon-14 ( C 14 ) is continuously replenished in organisms while they are alive. When an
organism dies, it is no longer able to take in new C-14, and so the amount of C 14 decreases as is
decays to its stable daughter product: nitrogen-14 ( N 14 ) . 1. The carbon in a baried peat bed
has aboat 6% of the C 14 of modern shells. When we plants that now form the buried peat were
alive, they absorted C 14 and probably had about the sume anount of C 14 as modem shells, so
about 945 of the peat's original C 14 has decayed. What is a reasonable initial estimute of the age
of the peat bed? Explain. 2. In sampling the peat bed, you must be careful to avoid any young
plant roos ot old limectone. Why? D Zircon ( ZrSiO 4 ) forns in magma as it cooks into igneous
rock. It is alwo wefal for numencal dating (Fig. 8.14). 1. If you walk on a modern New Jersey
beach, then you will walk on some ziroon sand grins, Yet if you determine the numerical age of
the zircons, it does not indicate a modern age (zero years) for the beach. Why? 2. Suggest a rule
that geologists should follow when they dute rocks based on the radionetnic ages of mineral
grains inside the rocks. E REFLECT \& DISCUSS An "authentic dinosaur bone" is being offered
for sale on the Internet. The seller claims that he had it analyzed by scientists who confirned that
it is a dinossur bone and used carbon dating to determine that it is 400 million years old. Discuss
the seller's claims with a parther or in a small group. Should you be suspicious of this bone's
authenticity? Explain. (See Figs. 8.13 and 8.14.) help you answer the following questions: P =
71/160 = 0.71 n = 10910.71 = 0.4941 1. About how many half-ives of the uranium-235 to lead-
207 decay pair have elapsed in the zircon crystals? 0.4941 2. What is the numerical age of the
lava flow based on its zircon erystals? Explain how you arrived at your answer. 3. What can you
say about the age of the rock layers above the lava flow? 4. What can you say about the age of
the rock layers beneath the lava flow? B Astronomers think that Earth probably formed at the
same time as all of the other rocky materials in our s.
Radiometric dating
Radiometric dating uses the decay of radioactive isotopes like carbon-14 and potassium-40 to date rock layers. Radioactive isotopes break down at a steady rate, allowing scientists to measure the amount remaining in a rock to determine its age by comparing it to the original amount. Different isotopes have different half-lives, such as 1.3 billion years for potassium-40 and 5,730 years for carbon-14, enabling the dating of rocks from thousands to billions of years old.
Carbon dating
This document discusses carbon dating and its uses in determining the age of once-living materials. Carbon dating works by measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining in organic material. It has a half-life of about 5,730 years and can date materials up to 60,000 years old. Examples given where carbon dating has been applied include dating the Dead Sea Scrolls to 250-130 BC, determining the Shroud of Turin originated in the 13th century, and estimating meteorite exposure times on Earth. Archaeology also relies heavily on radiocarbon dating.
Fossils
Radiometric dating uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to determine the age of fossils. Certain atoms, like uranium-238, decay over time into daughter products like lead-206. The half-life is the time it takes for half of the parent material to decay into the daughter product, and decay rates are consistent. By measuring the ratio of parent and daughter isotopes in a sample, its age can be calculated. Fossils are also found in sedimentary rock layers, which can be relatively dated to determine ages. A combination of relative dating and radiometric techniques are commonly used to date most fossils.
Absolute Dating.pptx
This document discusses various absolute dating methods used in archaeology to determine the precise age of artifacts, fossils, and rocks in years. It describes radiocarbon dating, also known as carbon-14 dating, which determines the age of organic materials by measuring the radioactive decay of carbon-14. It also explains thermoluminescence dating to date pottery and other baked clay artifacts by measuring accumulated radiation, potassium-argon dating which dates volcanic rocks based on the decay of potassium-40 into argon gas, and dendrochronology which dates wood by comparing patterns of tree ring growth variations.
Geol162 geologic time
Geological time is extremely long, spanning billions of years. To conceptualize this vast timespan, one frame in a movie representing 100 years would show major events like the Declaration of Independence occurring only 1/16 of a second into a 6 hour movie depicting Earth's history. Relative dating methods like superposition and cross-cutting relationships are used to sequence geological events. Absolute dating using radioactive isotopes provides specific numerical ages by measuring decay of elements with known half-lives. Together, relative and absolute dating techniques allow geologists to construct detailed timescales showing the entire history of Earth.
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The document discusses how fossils form and how their ages are determined. It explains that fossils only form under specific conditions, such as rapid burial. Relative dating compares fossil placement in rock layers, while radiometric dating measures radioactive decay to estimate ages. The geologic time scale organizes Earth's history into eras and periods lasting tens to hundreds of millions of years each. Determining fossil ages relies on methods like relative dating, radiometric techniques, and analyzing placement near index fossils.
Fossils
There are three main types of fossils: actual remains, imprints, and petrification. Actual remains include bones, teeth, shells, amber, or organisms frozen in ice. Imprints are molds or casts left in sediment that turn to stone. Petrification occurs when minerals replace the organic material and harden it to stone. Most fossils are preserved in sedimentary rock, as sediments bury and compress dead organisms over time. Relative dating places fossils in temporal sequence based on the layers they are found in, while radiometric dating uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to determine a fossil's absolute age in years.
Geological dating
Relative dating determines the age of objects based on their position, using the principle of superposition that states younger rock layers are above older layers. Absolute dating determines the actual age using radioactive decay which occurs at known rates measured by half-lives. Index fossils are used to date rock layers as they lived during a short, well-defined period, such as Trilobites that lived 400 million years ago.
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The document discusses different methods that were used to determine the age of the Earth prior to radiometric dating. These included estimating ages based on the history of organic evolution (1 billion years), the rate of sedimentation (500 million years), and the salinity of oceans (120 million years). It also describes how Lord Kelvin calculated the age to be between 20-40 million years based on the Earth's cooling rate. Modern radiometric dating methods, such as uranium-lead and potassium-argon dating, are now used and have determined the age of the Earth to be approximately 4600 million years.
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5_Q2-Earth-Science-Lesson-Dating-the-Earth-5.pptx
1. The document discusses methods for dating rocks, including relative dating techniques based on stratigraphy and principles like superposition, as well as absolute dating using radiometric methods like radiocarbon, potassium-argon, and uranium-lead dating.
2. It explains key concepts in stratigraphy like how stratified rocks are formed through deposition of sediments in horizontal layers. The principles of superposition, original horizontality, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, and fossil succession allow geologists to determine the relative ages of stratified rocks.
3. Absolute dating methods like radiocarbon, potassium-argon, uranium-lead, and rubidium-strontium dating determine the numerical ages of rocks by measuring the decay of
16.4
Radiometric dating and carbon dating are two methods used to determine the age of rocks and fossils. Radiometric dating relies on measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes in rocks, while carbon dating can determine the age of recent fossils by measuring the decay of carbon-14. Studying the fossil record provides clues about evolution, as certain whale ancestors were found to have characteristics of land animals, such as ankle bones similar to artiodactyls, indicating whales evolved from land mammals over millions of years.
Wilde Century PMD-CRC 2006
This document summarizes research into the geochemical aspects of ore deposition and hydrothermal alteration at the Century Zn deposit in Australia. Key points include:
1) The Century deposit is hosted by deep-water sedimentary rocks of the McNamara Group, including carbonaceous shales and sideritic siltstones within the Lawn Hill Formation.
2) Geochemical modelling suggests ore formation involved interaction of oxidized brine with carbon-bearing shale, resulting in reduction and metal deposition.
3) Alteration zones beyond the pit are uncertain due to limited drilling, but mineralogical anomalies suggest a more extensive hydrothermal footprint than indicated by bulk geochemistry alone.
For each NADH that supplies electrons to the electron transport syst.pdf
For each NADH that supplies electrons to the electron transport system, ________ ATP(s) is/are
synthesized. For each FADH2 that supplies electrons to the electron transport system, ________
ATP(s) is/are synthesized.
Question options:
1)
2; 32
2)
3; 2
3)
1; 3
4)
32; 2
5)
2; 3
1)
2; 32
2)
3; 2
3)
1; 3
4)
32; 2
5)
2; 3
Solution
For each NADH that supplies electrons to the electron transport system, three ATPs are
synthesized. For each FADH2 that supplies electrons to the electron transport system, two ATPs
are synthesized.
Since NADH provides its electron to the complex I of electron transport system, then complex
III and then complex IV of the ETS, while FADH2 provide its electron to the complex II instead
of complex I of the ETS.
Complex I have more power to pump the proton than the complex II, so NADH produce 3 ATP
while FADH produce 2 ATP..
Biology II . Please answer all of these questions only if you are su.pdf
Biology II . Please answer all of these questions only if you are sure about it. Be detailed.
1) _________________ is a type of horizontal gene transfer during which genetic information is
transferred from one bacterium to another via a pilus.
Transfer
Conduction
Conjugation
Transduction
E. Transformation
2) A young graduate student is trying to identify new species of bacteria based on Mayr\'s
biological species concept. She is having a lot of trouble with this method, and then suddenly
realizes that she can\'t use Mayr\'s definition of a species when it comes to bacteria. Why?
(Select all correct choices.
Bacteria do not reproduce sexually and/or do not undergo meiosis.
DNA can be passed between bacteria of different species via horizontal gene transfer.
DNA is never passed between bacteria of different species.
D. Bacteria form pili and, as a result, reproduce sexually.
3) Archaea and bacteria used to be grouped in the same category. How were archaea first
distinguished from other prokaryotes?
through the observation that archaea can live in extreme environments
through the lack of horizontal gene transfer in archaeons
through differences in cell size and shape
through the fact that archaeons have linear and not circular chromosomes
E. through differences in their genomic sequences
4) Bacterial genetic diversity can arise from which of the following? Select all correct choices.
random mutation.
binary fission.
horizontal gene transfer.
meiotic recombination.
E. sexual reproduction.
5) Which of the following is not a basic feature of a prokaryotic cell? Select all taht apply.
Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Ribosomes
DNA
RNA
A system for generating ATP
A nucleusA.
TransferB.
ConductionC.
ConjugationD.
Transduction
E. Transformation
2) A young graduate student is trying to identify new species of bacteria based on Mayr\'s
biological species concept. She is having a lot of trouble with this method, and then suddenly
realizes that she can\'t use Mayr\'s definition of a species when it comes to bacteria. Why?
(Select all correct choices.A.
Bacteria do not reproduce sexually and/or do not undergo meiosis.B.
DNA can be passed between bacteria of different species via horizontal gene transfer.C.
DNA is never passed between bacteria of different species.
D. Bacteria form pili and, as a result, reproduce sexually.
3) Archaea and bacteria used to be grouped in the same category. How were archaea first
distinguished from other prokaryotes?A.
through the observation that archaea can live in extreme environmentsB.
through the lack of horizontal gene transfer in archaeonsC.
through differences in cell size and shapeD.
through the fact that archaeons have linear and not circular chromosomes
E. through differences in their genomic sequences
4) Bacterial genetic diversity can arise from which of the following? Select all correct
choices.A.
random mutation.B.
binary fission.C.
horizontal gene transfer.D.
meiotic recombination.
E. sexual reproduction.
5) Which of the .
More Related Content
Similar to Understand how radioactive isotopes are used in dating fossilsSo.pdf
Each group should plot on graph paper the ½ life of the radioisotope.pdf
Each group should plot on graph paper the ½ life of the radioisotopes using the special graph
paper supplied by the teacher. The y-axis has a log scale and begins at 100% of the parent
radioisotope present; the next point is 100/ 2, or 50% parent radioisotope present; the next point
is 50/2, or 25%; and so on.). For example, if the ratio of C-14 to C-13 is 1:3 than the fossil is
how old? 5600 +5600. Correct? For each of the radioisotopes listed above, make a radiometric
graph going to 3 half-lives. Be sure to make one graph using uranium-lead and potassium-argon
dating to one half life. This will become useful later. Why?
Uranium-Lead dating method
Very careful measurements in laboratories, made on VERY LARGE numbers of U-235 atoms,
have shown that each of the atoms has a 50:50 chance of decaying during about 704,000,000
years. In other words, during 704 million years, half the U-235 atoms that existed at the
beginning of that time will decay to Pb-207. This is known as the half life of U- 235. Many
elements have some isotopes that are unstable, essentially because they have too many neutrons
to be balanced by the number of protons in the nucleus. Each of these unstable isotopes has its
own characteristic half life. Some half lives are several billion years long, and others are as short
as a ten-thousandth of a second.
The uranium-lead radiometric dating scheme has been refined to the point that the error margin
in dates of rocks can be as low as less than two million years in two-and-a-half billion years. An
error margin of 2–5% has been achieved on younger Mesozoic rocks.
One of its great advantages is that any sample provides two clocks, one based on uranium-235\'s
decay to lead-207 with a half-life of about 700 million years, and one based on uranium-238\'s
decay to lead-206 with a half-life of about 4.5 billion years, providing a built-in crosscheck that
allows accurate determination of the age of the sample even if some of the lead has been lost.
Potassium-argon dating method
This involves electron capture or positron decay of potassium-40 to argon-40. Potassium-40 has
a half-life of 1.3 billion years, and so this method is applicable to the oldest rocks. Radioactive
potassium-40 is common in micas, feldspars, and hornblendes, though the closure temperature is
fairly low in these materials, about 125°C (mica) to 450°C (hornblende).
#1-23 meters deep from top of hill (limestone)
#2-18 meters deep from top of hill (limestone/volcanic ash)
#3-34 meters deep from base of hill (sandstone)
#4-39 meters deep from top of hill (sandstone)
#5- 50 meters deep from bottom of hill (slate)
#6-26 meters deep (limestone)
#7-10 meters into hill (basalt)
#8-50 meters deep from base of hill (pegmatite)
#9- 3 meters deep into hill (erosion surface of limestone)
#10-52 meters deep from top of hill (pegmatite)
#11- on bank of stream (in shale)
#12- from base of hill 63 meters deep (in granite)
#13-47 meters deep from base of hill (pegmatite)
#14- 2 meters de.
Review#9 earth's history
Geologists have developed a geologic history of Earth by sequencing past geologic events and determining the relative and absolute ages of fossils and rocks. Relative age refers to the age of a fossil or rock in comparison to another, while absolute age is the real age. Index fossils and volcanic ash, which are widespread and lived or occurred over short time periods, are used to determine relative ages. Radioactive dating determines absolute ages by measuring the decay of radioactive elements like carbon-14 and uranium-238, which have half-lives of 5,700 and 4.5 billion years respectively.
Kuliah geokimia 6a
Radiometric dating uses the natural radioactive decay of isotopes to determine the age of rocks and other materials. Only two measurements are needed: the ratio of parent and daughter isotopes, and the decay constant. Examples given include carbon-14 dating of organic materials and potassium-argon dating of igneous rocks. Difficulties can arise from open systems and metamorphism altering isotope ratios, so only fresh samples are suitable for dating. Radiometric dating has established that geological time spans billions of years.
will also explain why samples mast be carefully chosen to avuide eich-.pdf
will also explain why samples mast be carefully chosen to avuide eich. help you answer the
following questions. 1. Aboat how many half-lives of the uranism-235 to Jead-207 decay pair
kusie elipged it the ziscoc erynals? 2. What is the numerical age of the lava flow based con is
ziceac ery taks? Explnis bow you antived at your answer. 3. What ean you say aboat the age of
the rock layers above the lava fine? 4. What can you say about the age of the rock layen beneath
the lava flow? B Astronomers think that Earth probobly formed at the same time as all of the
oher rocily materials in our solar system, including the oldest meteorites. The oldest meteorites
ever found on Earth contain nearly equal amounts of both uranium-238 and lead-206. Based on
Fig. 8.14, what is Earth's approximate age? Explais your reasoning. C The fadioactive iso4ope
casbon-14 ( C 14 ) is continuously replenished in organisms while they are alive. When an
organism dies, it is no longer able to take in new C-14, and so the amount of C 14 decreases as is
decays to its stable daughter product: nitrogen-14 ( N 14 ) . 1. The carbon in a baried peat bed
has aboat 6% of the C 14 of modern shells. When we plants that now form the buried peat were
alive, they absorted C 14 and probably had about the sume anount of C 14 as modem shells, so
about 945 of the peat's original C 14 has decayed. What is a reasonable initial estimute of the age
of the peat bed? Explain. 2. In sampling the peat bed, you must be careful to avoid any young
plant roos ot old limectone. Why? D Zircon ( ZrSiO 4 ) forns in magma as it cooks into igneous
rock. It is alwo wefal for numencal dating (Fig. 8.14). 1. If you walk on a modern New Jersey
beach, then you will walk on some ziroon sand grins, Yet if you determine the numerical age of
the zircons, it does not indicate a modern age (zero years) for the beach. Why? 2. Suggest a rule
that geologists should follow when they dute rocks based on the radionetnic ages of mineral
grains inside the rocks. E REFLECT \& DISCUSS An "authentic dinosaur bone" is being offered
for sale on the Internet. The seller claims that he had it analyzed by scientists who confirned that
it is a dinossur bone and used carbon dating to determine that it is 400 million years old. Discuss
the seller's claims with a parther or in a small group. Should you be suspicious of this bone's
authenticity? Explain. (See Figs. 8.13 and 8.14.) help you answer the following questions: P =
71/160 = 0.71 n = 10910.71 = 0.4941 1. About how many half-ives of the uranium-235 to lead-
207 decay pair have elapsed in the zircon crystals? 0.4941 2. What is the numerical age of the
lava flow based on its zircon erystals? Explain how you arrived at your answer. 3. What can you
say about the age of the rock layers above the lava flow? 4. What can you say about the age of
the rock layers beneath the lava flow? B Astronomers think that Earth probably formed at the
same time as all of the other rocky materials in our s.
Radiometric dating
Radiometric dating uses the decay of radioactive isotopes like carbon-14 and potassium-40 to date rock layers. Radioactive isotopes break down at a steady rate, allowing scientists to measure the amount remaining in a rock to determine its age by comparing it to the original amount. Different isotopes have different half-lives, such as 1.3 billion years for potassium-40 and 5,730 years for carbon-14, enabling the dating of rocks from thousands to billions of years old.
Carbon dating
This document discusses carbon dating and its uses in determining the age of once-living materials. Carbon dating works by measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining in organic material. It has a half-life of about 5,730 years and can date materials up to 60,000 years old. Examples given where carbon dating has been applied include dating the Dead Sea Scrolls to 250-130 BC, determining the Shroud of Turin originated in the 13th century, and estimating meteorite exposure times on Earth. Archaeology also relies heavily on radiocarbon dating.
Fossils
Radiometric dating uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to determine the age of fossils. Certain atoms, like uranium-238, decay over time into daughter products like lead-206. The half-life is the time it takes for half of the parent material to decay into the daughter product, and decay rates are consistent. By measuring the ratio of parent and daughter isotopes in a sample, its age can be calculated. Fossils are also found in sedimentary rock layers, which can be relatively dated to determine ages. A combination of relative dating and radiometric techniques are commonly used to date most fossils.
Absolute Dating.pptx
This document discusses various absolute dating methods used in archaeology to determine the precise age of artifacts, fossils, and rocks in years. It describes radiocarbon dating, also known as carbon-14 dating, which determines the age of organic materials by measuring the radioactive decay of carbon-14. It also explains thermoluminescence dating to date pottery and other baked clay artifacts by measuring accumulated radiation, potassium-argon dating which dates volcanic rocks based on the decay of potassium-40 into argon gas, and dendrochronology which dates wood by comparing patterns of tree ring growth variations.
Geol162 geologic time
Geological time is extremely long, spanning billions of years. To conceptualize this vast timespan, one frame in a movie representing 100 years would show major events like the Declaration of Independence occurring only 1/16 of a second into a 6 hour movie depicting Earth's history. Relative dating methods like superposition and cross-cutting relationships are used to sequence geological events. Absolute dating using radioactive isotopes provides specific numerical ages by measuring decay of elements with known half-lives. Together, relative and absolute dating techniques allow geologists to construct detailed timescales showing the entire history of Earth.
Unit 13a Fossil record and geologic time scale
The document discusses how fossils form and how their ages are determined. It explains that fossils only form under specific conditions, such as rapid burial. Relative dating compares fossil placement in rock layers, while radiometric dating measures radioactive decay to estimate ages. The geologic time scale organizes Earth's history into eras and periods lasting tens to hundreds of millions of years each. Determining fossil ages relies on methods like relative dating, radiometric techniques, and analyzing placement near index fossils.
Fossils
There are three main types of fossils: actual remains, imprints, and petrification. Actual remains include bones, teeth, shells, amber, or organisms frozen in ice. Imprints are molds or casts left in sediment that turn to stone. Petrification occurs when minerals replace the organic material and harden it to stone. Most fossils are preserved in sedimentary rock, as sediments bury and compress dead organisms over time. Relative dating places fossils in temporal sequence based on the layers they are found in, while radiometric dating uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to determine a fossil's absolute age in years.
Geological dating
Relative dating determines the age of objects based on their position, using the principle of superposition that states younger rock layers are above older layers. Absolute dating determines the actual age using radioactive decay which occurs at known rates measured by half-lives. Index fossils are used to date rock layers as they lived during a short, well-defined period, such as Trilobites that lived 400 million years ago.
Nit raipur
The document discusses different methods that were used to determine the age of the Earth prior to radiometric dating. These included estimating ages based on the history of organic evolution (1 billion years), the rate of sedimentation (500 million years), and the salinity of oceans (120 million years). It also describes how Lord Kelvin calculated the age to be between 20-40 million years based on the Earth's cooling rate. Modern radiometric dating methods, such as uranium-lead and potassium-argon dating, are now used and have determined the age of the Earth to be approximately 4600 million years.
geotime.pptx
The document discusses geologic time and methods used by geologists to determine the relative and absolute ages of rocks. It provides information on:
1) Principles of relative dating used to determine the ordering of rock layers, such as superposition and cross-cutting relationships.
2) Radiometric dating techniques that allow scientists to determine the absolute age of rocks in years by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes.
3) How these methods have been used to develop the geologic time scale which divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods and epochs.
Mathur2012
The copper isotope ratios were measured in 42 mineral separates from the Cañariaco Norte porphyry copper deposit in northern Peru. Isotopic ratios ranged from -8.42‰ to 0.61‰, with near-surface iron oxides having the most depleted values and deeper chalcocite, covellite, and chalcopyrite having more typical hypogene ratios. The data indicate that most of the chalcocite and covellite formed from high-temperature hypogene processes, with only a minor portion resulting from supergene enrichment. The lack of an enriched isotopic signature suggests little potential for an extensive supergene enrichment blanket at depth due to the weathering history.
fossils group4final.pptx
Marine Fossils, In this PowerPointmarine, we will talk about fossils underwater and how it is related to all science subjects which are biology, and chemistry. physics, and computer science.
Fossils and the Rock Record acloutier copyright 2011 February
This document summarizes key concepts about measuring geological time and dating rocks and fossils. It explains that Earth's history is divided into eons, eras, periods, and epochs on the geologic time scale (GTS). It describes the major eras - Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic - and the distribution of life over time. The document also discusses relative dating methods based on principles like superposition and cross-cutting relationships, and absolute dating using radioactive isotopes to determine the precise ages of rocks and fossils.
5_Q2-Earth-Science-Lesson-Dating-the-Earth-5.pptx
1. The document discusses methods for dating rocks, including relative dating techniques based on stratigraphy and principles like superposition, as well as absolute dating using radiometric methods like radiocarbon, potassium-argon, and uranium-lead dating.
2. It explains key concepts in stratigraphy like how stratified rocks are formed through deposition of sediments in horizontal layers. The principles of superposition, original horizontality, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, and fossil succession allow geologists to determine the relative ages of stratified rocks.
3. Absolute dating methods like radiocarbon, potassium-argon, uranium-lead, and rubidium-strontium dating determine the numerical ages of rocks by measuring the decay of
16.4
Radiometric dating and carbon dating are two methods used to determine the age of rocks and fossils. Radiometric dating relies on measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes in rocks, while carbon dating can determine the age of recent fossils by measuring the decay of carbon-14. Studying the fossil record provides clues about evolution, as certain whale ancestors were found to have characteristics of land animals, such as ankle bones similar to artiodactyls, indicating whales evolved from land mammals over millions of years.
Wilde Century PMD-CRC 2006
This document summarizes research into the geochemical aspects of ore deposition and hydrothermal alteration at the Century Zn deposit in Australia. Key points include:
1) The Century deposit is hosted by deep-water sedimentary rocks of the McNamara Group, including carbonaceous shales and sideritic siltstones within the Lawn Hill Formation.
2) Geochemical modelling suggests ore formation involved interaction of oxidized brine with carbon-bearing shale, resulting in reduction and metal deposition.
3) Alteration zones beyond the pit are uncertain due to limited drilling, but mineralogical anomalies suggest a more extensive hydrothermal footprint than indicated by bulk geochemistry alone.
Similar to Understand how radioactive isotopes are used in dating fossilsSo.pdf (20)
Each group should plot on graph paper the ½ life of the radioisotope.pdf
Each group should plot on graph paper the ½ life of the radioisotope.pdf
will also explain why samples mast be carefully chosen to avuide eich-.pdf
will also explain why samples mast be carefully chosen to avuide eich-.pdf
Fossils and the Rock Record acloutier copyright 2011 February
Fossils and the Rock Record acloutier copyright 2011 February
More from arsmobiles
For each NADH that supplies electrons to the electron transport syst.pdf
For each NADH that supplies electrons to the electron transport system, ________ ATP(s) is/are
synthesized. For each FADH2 that supplies electrons to the electron transport system, ________
ATP(s) is/are synthesized.
Question options:
1)
2; 32
2)
3; 2
3)
1; 3
4)
32; 2
5)
2; 3
1)
2; 32
2)
3; 2
3)
1; 3
4)
32; 2
5)
2; 3
Solution
For each NADH that supplies electrons to the electron transport system, three ATPs are
synthesized. For each FADH2 that supplies electrons to the electron transport system, two ATPs
are synthesized.
Since NADH provides its electron to the complex I of electron transport system, then complex
III and then complex IV of the ETS, while FADH2 provide its electron to the complex II instead
of complex I of the ETS.
Complex I have more power to pump the proton than the complex II, so NADH produce 3 ATP
while FADH produce 2 ATP..
Biology II . Please answer all of these questions only if you are su.pdf
Biology II . Please answer all of these questions only if you are sure about it. Be detailed.
1) _________________ is a type of horizontal gene transfer during which genetic information is
transferred from one bacterium to another via a pilus.
Transfer
Conduction
Conjugation
Transduction
E. Transformation
2) A young graduate student is trying to identify new species of bacteria based on Mayr\'s
biological species concept. She is having a lot of trouble with this method, and then suddenly
realizes that she can\'t use Mayr\'s definition of a species when it comes to bacteria. Why?
(Select all correct choices.
Bacteria do not reproduce sexually and/or do not undergo meiosis.
DNA can be passed between bacteria of different species via horizontal gene transfer.
DNA is never passed between bacteria of different species.
D. Bacteria form pili and, as a result, reproduce sexually.
3) Archaea and bacteria used to be grouped in the same category. How were archaea first
distinguished from other prokaryotes?
through the observation that archaea can live in extreme environments
through the lack of horizontal gene transfer in archaeons
through differences in cell size and shape
through the fact that archaeons have linear and not circular chromosomes
E. through differences in their genomic sequences
4) Bacterial genetic diversity can arise from which of the following? Select all correct choices.
random mutation.
binary fission.
horizontal gene transfer.
meiotic recombination.
E. sexual reproduction.
5) Which of the following is not a basic feature of a prokaryotic cell? Select all taht apply.
Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Ribosomes
DNA
RNA
A system for generating ATP
A nucleusA.
TransferB.
ConductionC.
ConjugationD.
Transduction
E. Transformation
2) A young graduate student is trying to identify new species of bacteria based on Mayr\'s
biological species concept. She is having a lot of trouble with this method, and then suddenly
realizes that she can\'t use Mayr\'s definition of a species when it comes to bacteria. Why?
(Select all correct choices.A.
Bacteria do not reproduce sexually and/or do not undergo meiosis.B.
DNA can be passed between bacteria of different species via horizontal gene transfer.C.
DNA is never passed between bacteria of different species.
D. Bacteria form pili and, as a result, reproduce sexually.
3) Archaea and bacteria used to be grouped in the same category. How were archaea first
distinguished from other prokaryotes?A.
through the observation that archaea can live in extreme environmentsB.
through the lack of horizontal gene transfer in archaeonsC.
through differences in cell size and shapeD.
through the fact that archaeons have linear and not circular chromosomes
E. through differences in their genomic sequences
4) Bacterial genetic diversity can arise from which of the following? Select all correct
choices.A.
random mutation.B.
binary fission.C.
horizontal gene transfer.D.
meiotic recombination.
E. sexual reproduction.
5) Which of the .
During spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules, the position of .pdf
During spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules, the position of a developing spermatogonia
can be correlated with its maturity. Discuss how the structure of the seminiferous tubule is
related to its function is sperm production. Can a similar relationship be established for a
structure in the ovary?
Solution
Seminiferous tubules are observed in testes which are the male reproductive organs.
Testes contains the tough, white fibrous connective tissue that is tunica albuginea that surrounds
the testes and it extends inward to form septa that makes the organ into lobules.
Each lobule contains the 1 to 4 seminiferous tubules and all these converge to form a single
straight tubule and that leads to the rete testis.
Each seminiefrous tubules contain the interstitial cells or leydig cells that produce the male sex
hormones, these are exit from testis through efferent ducts.
From the efferent ducts, they enter into epididymis, ducts of deferens, ejaculatory duct and
reaches the urethra and ejected out through penis.
During this process, accessory glands like seminal vesicles and prostate glands provides energy
and enhance the motility of the sperms by producing fructose and thin milky coloured viscous
fluid respectively.
Seminiferous tubules contain the cells and between these large cells are present called sertoli
cells that support and nourish the other cells. Sperms are produced by the process
spermatogenesis.
So, the structure of the seminiferous tubules is related to its function is sperm production.
Ovaries are the female reproductive organs and ova or egg released from one of the ovaries at
random menstrual cycles. The process of production of ova from ovaries is called ovulation.
Female reproductive system contains the fallopian tubes, two ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina.
Ovaries releases the ova and these are carried to fallopian tubes and these are carried to the
uterus. Uterus is attached to the cervix and then to vagina.
Ovulation process occurs by the hormones follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
and after the formation of the follicles and ova get releases which is stimulated by the estrogen
hormone.
So the structure of the seminiferous tubules is related to its function is sperm production and the
same relation is established with structure of ovary.
A model of a system is best characterized by the following statement.pdf
A model of a system is best characterized by the following statement: a. A model captures all
attributes of the represented entity b. A model is an abstraction of some phenomena that is of
interest to someone c. A model is only from the user\'s perspective. d. As hierarchical system of
components that implement the functional Specification.
Solution
(d) the model of system is characterized as hierachical system of components that implement the
functional specification.
4- what is the link between asset diversification and the liquidit.pdf
4- what is the link between asset diversification and the liquidity of the deposit contracts?
4- what is the link between asset diversification and the liquidity of the deposit contracts?
Solution
Diversification- It is the art of diversify the risk so that return can be balanced. Diversification
means, investing the money into different asset class.
It makes the FI able to analyze the risk and return of a portfolio so that promise can be fulfilled
to provide highly liquid claims with very less price risk..
A book by Nozick. The experience machine. “what does matter to us in.pdf
A book by Nozick. The experience machine. “what does matter to us in addition to our
experiences? Plugging into a the machine is kind of suicide Plugging into an experience machine
limits us to a man-made reality.
Solution
The following matters are important in addition to our experiences:
Creating things: People want to do things but they don’t have any experience of doing.
Specific mentality: Each one has his/her own mentality or way. Personal thinking differs,
causing not plugging in.
Reality: The limiting factor is man-made reality. Some people keep themselves open for
learning, indicating greater significance. Some others don’t have such self believe..
any one has knowladge in C unix opreating system .. please help Desc.pdf
A process can send payload data with a signal by:
1. Using pipes or sockets for inter-process communication instead of signals which are not intended for excessive data transfer.
2. Alternatively, sharing a pipe between processes and writing data to the pipe in one process before sending a signal to the other process, which then reads the data from the pipe upon receiving the signal.
3. When using sigaction(), include the SA_SIGINFO flag so the signal handler receives a siginfo_t pointer containing a union sigval that holds an int or pointer payload.
A common symptom of pharyngitis is swelling of the. interior cervical.pdf
A common symptom of pharyngitis is swelling of the. interior cervical lymph nodes. Why might
lymph nodes swell in the presence of an infection? What else may cause swollen lymph nodes?
(What part of the immune response causes swelling?) Explain why conditions that cause
destruction of B lymphocytes and/or T lymphocytes cause malfunctioning of both the specific
and nonspecific immune responses. You are running an ELISA on a sample to test for the
presence of antigens from the influenza A virus. When it comes time to add the antibody, you
realize that you only have antibodies for the influenza B virus. Would these antibodies give you
accurate results? Why or why not?
Solution
4. lymph nodes contain clusters of immune cells.Lymph nodes act as filters ,removing infectious
germs or foreign cells bought to them via the lymphatic vessels. Swelling occurs in lymph nodes
when the number of white blood cells increase due to an infection. The number of immune cells
increases rapidly which causes pressure and swelling inside the lymph nodes.In case of
pharyngitis,there is inflammation of the pharynx which is in the back of the throat therefore it
cause inflammation of the anterior cervical lymph nodes which are present in the neck. The
causative agent of pharngitits is mostly group A streptococcus,so it is filtered in the anterior
cervical lymph nodes.
Lymph node sweliing also takes place in a case of cancer. For example in case lymphoma which
is cancer of the lymph node,leukaemia,melanoma.Lmph node swelling also occurs in
autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis,systemic lupus erytematosus(SLE).
5. The T and B lymphocytes are involved in the recognition of specific antigens. Once the
antigen is recognized ,The function of B cells is to produce antibodies which help in the
neutralization of pathogens.On the other hand T cells are involved in production of
cytokines,which functions by activating the immune cells.B and T lymphocytes are also involved
in many inflammatory responses which come under non specific defenses. Therefore destruction
of B and T lymphocytes will cause malfunctioning of both specific and nonspecific immnune
responses.
6. While perfoming ELISA antibodies from influenza b virus cannot be used fo detection of
antigens of inflenza a virus.Antibody specific to antigens of infuenza A virus will only give
positive results for ELISA .ELISA test is based on specif antigen antibody interaction therefore
inorder to detect antigen of Infuenza A antibody specific for inflenza a virus will be needed..
Define nonconcordant variation Why does nonconcordant variation mak.pdf
Define nonconcordant variation: Why does nonconcordant variation make creating ‘race’
categories difficult?
Why does clinal variation make creating ‘race’ categories difficult?
Describe how genetic variation is distributed between and within human populations: Why does
this distribution make creating ‘race’ categories difficult?
Solution
Part I
If two pairs of genetically controlled traits are taken, then it is found that the two traits are not
correlated to each other, for e.g. height and skin color are not at all related. Such type of traits is
called as Non-concordant variation.
So, one cannot predict the flow of traits from one race to another. Race categories are always
defined on the basis of genetically related traits and variations between different traits. Now if
there is no correlation, then defining of races will become difficult. For e.g. a tall man as well a
short man or an average heighted man; all can have extremely fair complexion. So, you cannot
associate the races of fair complexion, say Americans, with height. It is not compulsory that all
tall people are fair, or all short people are dark.
Part II
Clinal variation: This is a change related to environmental variation like temperature change,
altitude change, and change in levels of precipitation. If there is a gradual change in all
populations with a particular environmental variation, then the type of variation is called as
‘clinal’ variation. One e.g. is number of counter folds in molar teeth. These changed gradually in
all populations. So, you cannot distinguish one race from another on the basis of a clinal change.
‘Clinal’ change is a change which has occurred in all existing populations.
Part III
Genetic variation in humans is very diverse. The variations can occur due to single nucleotide
changes (SNPs) or changes in multiple nucleotides. Let\'s talk about SNPs. There may be two
copies of a single nucleotide at a particular position in one human being. On the other hand, there
may multiple copies of the same nucleotide at the same position in another human being. I mean
to say, in multiple human beings, multiple type of SNPs are found, all related to number of
copies of the single nucleotide; creating variations among all species.
There is no specific pattern of formation of SNP in a particular race, class or tribe. So, on basis
of these SNPs, you will never be able to classify different races.
Overall, there is no single formula to classify a race. Therefore, creating \'race\' categories is
difficult..
Describe the operation of a tubular bowl centrifugeSolutionTub.pdf
Describe the operation of a tubular bowl centrifuge
Solution
Tubular-bowl centrifuges are used for the separation of solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixtures by
sedimentation. In these centrifuges, feed is introduced from the bottom of the bowl. A baffle
assembly in the bowl accelerate the feed to rotor speed. The baffle isolate the feed to two
different layers, i.e. based on the components in the feed introduced; this can be two liquid layers
or liquid-solid layer. The heavier components are present in the outer layer and it becomes
concentrated against the wall, while the light components are present in the inner layer, floating
on the top.
As the feed separates into layers, it travels up the bowl as an annulus. The top is located with
overflow ports through which the liquid is discharged. Solid remains are recovered from the
bowl manually..
Could you help me with this question Thanks so much!Let T be an e.pdf
Could you help me with this question? Thanks so much!
Let T be an exponential random variable with parameter ;let W be a random variable
independent of T, which is±1 with probability 0.5 each; and let X =WT . Show that the density
of X is
fX(x) =(/2)*e^(|x|)
which is called the double exponential density.
Solution.
Briefly discuss Philippa Foot’s contributions to virtue theory.S.pdf
Briefly discuss Philippa Foot’s contributions to virtue theory.
Solution
Philippa foot\'s contribution to virtue theory
Philippa foot is an Oxford-trained British philosopher. She proposed the theory of virtue ethics.
The virtue theory is based on the philosophy of Aristotle that a virtuous person is someone who
has ideal character traits. This theory emphasizes on the importance of character and virtue rather
than duty based or outcome based acts.
Philippa foot’s contribution to virtue theory is elaborated below:
Philippa foot has presented the views of Aristotle in a modernized way. She emphasized on the
fact that goodness should be seen as the natural flourishing of humans as living beings. She also
emphasized that ethics should be focused on making the world a better place to live in. The
virtues of a person should be targeted for the betterment of an individual as well as society..
List for a company you either work or are familiar with, the interna.pdf
List for a company you either work or are familiar with, the internal and external stakeholders
whose interests are directly effected by the organization\'s activities.
Solution
A. The internal stakeholders are people or groups who are serving in the organization and are
directly impacted by
the organizational activities and its well being - some of these are:
a. The Employees
b. The Management
c. Owners
d. Promoters / Investors
B. External stakeholders are groups who are directly not serving the organization but are affected
by the organization\'s activity and well being - some of these are:
a. Shareholders
b. Suppliers and Contractors
c. Customers
d. Creditors
e. The Government
Most of the companies that I have worked for or am aware of, have the above features.
f. Society at large.
Write a C program that uses a recursive function to print a triangle .pdf
Write a C program that uses a recursive function to print a triangle pattern similar to Homework
7 - Using a Static Local Variable. The function will take two integer arguments, the first
argument tells it how many asterisk characters (*) and a space characters that should be printed
by the function directly and the second argument tells it the desired size of the triangle. The
triangle pattern should be largest in the middle row, thus two lines should be printed directly by
functions that make recursive function calls. It may be desired to use another function to print the
lines For example calling the function as shown below, would print the output shown below it.
triangle(l, 5);
Solution
#include \"stdio.h\"
void triangle(int,int);
void printLine(int,int);
int main(void) {
triangle(1,5);
return 0;
}
void triangle(int c,int n){
static int flag=-1;
if(flag<-1){ // base condition to break loop
return;
}
else if(n<0){ // for printing second half
printLine(c,flag--);
triangle(c,n);
}
else{
printLine(c,flag++); // for printing the first half
triangle(c,n-1);
}
}
// print a line of astricks
void printLine(int c,int n){
int i,j;
for(j=0;j.
Which avenue of research is least likely to reveal whether asexual or.pdf
Which avenue of research is least likely to reveal whether asexual organisms form species?
looking into previously undiscovered types of bacteria hybridizing polyploidy plants exploring
various niches in which different populations reside performing genomic research analyzing
whether a cluster of bacteria constitutes a species
Solution
Ans. D
Performing genomic resarch will likely to reveal whether asexual organisms form species..
When testing the difference between two population means, the varian.pdf
When testing the difference between two population means, the variances are pooled whenthe
population standard deviations are known and equal.
Solution
We only pool variances when we know that:
OPTION D: The population standard deviations are ssumed to be equal [anyway], but unknown.
[OPTION D, ANSWER].
IT Project Management1. Please compare and contrast a traditional .pdf
IT Project Management
1. Please compare and contrast a traditional waterfall-type approach to an agile method such as
Scrum.
2. Explain the pros and cons of the differenent methodlogies and when they are best used such as
PRINCE2, Agile methods, RUP framework and Six Sigma.
Solution
[1]Traditional waterfall -type approach
1.It is frequently much cost.
2.less bendable.
3.Risk is also extreme.
4.Unable to perceive the value upto the termination of project.
Agile method such as scrum
1.Risk is not sa much.
2.It mainly targets on returning completely-tested ,individualistic and valuable.
3.Examinig cycle duration of agile is comparitively less.
4.it is known as people-centric procedure.
[2] 1)pros and cons of agile methods
Pros: 1.it is whippy.
2.it is a significant methodology in invention and software projects
Cons: it is much hands-on procedure mostly for the stakeholders and project managers.
2.Pros and cons of six sigma
pros:It recommends upgrade before faults reveals.
Cons:Existing a data-driven assurance the six sigma is very inflexible.
3.Pros and cons of prince2
Pros:In high coorporate bodies ,the reporting needed to a prince2 assists with the perfomance
assesments and also diminishing across some risks.
Cons:If any modification in prince2 project ,it scoops for a team to adjust .since the procedure is
totally clumsy with much documentation which is to modify.
Pros and cons of RUP Framework
Pros:It grabs the top slices of waterfall and assimilate into many computation procedure to
permit the modification.
Cons:It is much weighty process and able to operate on high poderously on stakeholder
feedback.though it is a repetative procedure ,it is much steady for some kinds of projects..
Whats the relationship between DNA and RNA Whats the relat.pdf
What\'s the relationship between DNA and RNA?
What\'s the relationship between DNA and RNA?
Solution
Both of them nucleic acids.apart from that there is a connection between these two in expressing
a gene.as we know that in central dogma of molecular biology both DNA and RNA are related
very closely.in the first step of expression information present in the complementary strand of
DNA has to be copied into m-RNA. It further translates the information to protein sequence with
the help of r- RNA, t-RNA and ribosome..
What does it mean to destroy something at the molecular level in ter.pdf
What does it mean to destroy something at the molecular level in terms of chemical bonds?
Solution
Chemical bonds are broken by the energy that is released during the chemical reaction. This
energy is created by the when electrons move from one molecule to another as they attempt to
achieve a chemical balance. The breaking of chemical bonds can easily be identified because as
are often accompanied by physical changes as the original elements used in the chemical reaction
take on new forms or become new elements..
What is a rain shadow, and why does it happenSolutionThe warm.pdf
What is a rain shadow, and why does it happen?
Solution
The warm and moist air reaches goes up the elevations of the land. When the rain-producing
weather systems hit the mountain, the mountains block it. The moist air is condensed at the tip of
the mountain precipitates out, while the other side of the mountain receives dry air. This is
known as “rain shadow.”.
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