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will also explain why samples mast be carefully chosen to avuide eich. help you answer the following questions. 1. Aboat how many half-lives of the uranism-235 to Jead-207 decay pair kusie elipged it the ziscoc erynals? 2. What is the numerical age of the lava flow based con is ziceac ery taks? Explnis bow you antived at your answer. 3. What ean you say aboat the age of the rock layers above the lava fine? 4. What can you say about the age of the rock layen beneath the lava flow? B Astronomers think that Earth probobly formed at the same time as all of the oher rocily materials in our solar system, including the oldest meteorites. The oldest meteorites ever found on Earth contain nearly equal amounts of both uranium-238 and lead-206. Based on Fig. 8.14, what is Earth's approximate age? Explais your reasoning. C The fadioactive iso4ope casbon-14 ( C 14 ) is continuously replenished in organisms while they are alive. When an organism dies, it is no longer able to take in new C-14, and so the amount of C 14 decreases as is decays to its stable daughter product: nitrogen-14 ( N 14 ) . 1. The carbon in a baried peat bed has aboat 6% of the C 14 of modern shells. When we plants that now form the buried peat were alive, they absorted C 14 and probably had about the sume anount of C 14 as modem shells, so about 945 of the peat's original C 14 has decayed. What is a reasonable initial estimute of the age of the peat bed? Explain. 2. In sampling the peat bed, you must be careful to avoid any young plant roos ot old limectone. Why? D Zircon ( ZrSiO 4 ) forns in magma as it cooks into igneous rock. It is alwo wefal for numencal dating (Fig. 8.14). 1. If you walk on a modern New Jersey beach, then you will walk on some ziroon sand grins, Yet if you determine the numerical age of the zircons, it does not indicate a modern age (zero years) for the beach. Why? 2. Suggest a rule that geologists should follow when they dute rocks based on the radionetnic ages of mineral grains inside the rocks. E REFLECT \& DISCUSS An "authentic dinosaur bone" is being offered for sale on the Internet. The seller claims that he had it analyzed by scientists who confirned that it is a dinossur bone and used carbon dating to determine that it is 400 million years old. Discuss the seller's claims with a parther or in a small group. Should you be suspicious of this bone's authenticity? Explain. (See Figs. 8.13 and 8.14.) help you answer the following questions: P = 71/160 = 0.71 n = 10910.71 = 0.4941 1. About how many half-ives of the uranium-235 to lead- 207 decay pair have elapsed in the zircon crystals? 0.4941 2. What is the numerical age of the lava flow based on its zircon erystals? Explain how you arrived at your answer. 3. What can you say about the age of the rock layers above the lava flow? 4. What can you say about the age of the rock layers beneath the lava flow? B Astronomers think that Earth probably formed at the same time as all of the other rocky materials in our s.
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Unit 13a Fossil record and geologic time scale
The document discusses how fossils form and how their ages are determined. It explains that fossils only form under specific conditions, such as rapid burial. Relative dating compares fossil placement in rock layers, while radiometric dating measures radioactive decay to estimate ages. The geologic time scale organizes Earth's history into eras and periods lasting tens to hundreds of millions of years each. Determining fossil ages relies on methods like relative dating, radiometric techniques, and analyzing placement near index fossils.
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This document contains several "Do Now" questions about watershed drainage, the location of Earth's freshwater, and the causes of upwelling in oceans. It also provides the codes for students to take a pre-test and post-test on Study Island about adaptation. The questions are meant to be answered by students without using their notes in order to assess their understanding of key concepts.
Yes, we should be very suspicious of the bones authenticity. This .pdf
Yes, we should be very suspicious of the bone\'s authenticity. This is mainly because carbon
dating cannot be used to determine the age of dinosaur bones. Radiocarbon dating measures the
life of the isotope of carbon which is C-14. This isotope decays with time. The half life of C-14
isotope is around 5,730 years, so it can be effectively used to determine ages of samples of
around 50,000 years old and not of older samples. And dinosaur bones are around million years
old and their ages cannot be determined by Carbon dating. To determine ages of rock samples of
million years old, we can use radioactive dating of other isotopes that have a very long half-life.
Some of these isotopes are of Uranium (U-235 and U-238) and Potassium (K-40), which have
half-life of more than a million years but even these isotopes are not found in the bones of
dinosaurs or even in the sedimentary rocks containing these dinosaur bones. The dating of these
dinosaur fossils is therefore done in a much more complex way. We need to find igneous rocks
which are buried as deep as the sedimentary rocks containing dinosaur fossils. These igneous
rocks do contain uranium isotopes and their ages can be found by radioactive dating, and can
give a key to the ages of dinosaur bones. Thus, we can safely say that Carbon dating cannot be
used to date dinosaur bones.
One more reason to doubt the claims of the seller is that dinosaurs first appeared in the \"Triassic
period\", roughly 225 million years ago. So how could a dinosaur bone be 400 million years old.
Solution
Yes, we should be very suspicious of the bone\'s authenticity. This is mainly because carbon
dating cannot be used to determine the age of dinosaur bones. Radiocarbon dating measures the
life of the isotope of carbon which is C-14. This isotope decays with time. The half life of C-14
isotope is around 5,730 years, so it can be effectively used to determine ages of samples of
around 50,000 years old and not of older samples. And dinosaur bones are around million years
old and their ages cannot be determined by Carbon dating. To determine ages of rock samples of
million years old, we can use radioactive dating of other isotopes that have a very long half-life.
Some of these isotopes are of Uranium (U-235 and U-238) and Potassium (K-40), which have
half-life of more than a million years but even these isotopes are not found in the bones of
dinosaurs or even in the sedimentary rocks containing these dinosaur bones. The dating of these
dinosaur fossils is therefore done in a much more complex way. We need to find igneous rocks
which are buried as deep as the sedimentary rocks containing dinosaur fossils. These igneous
rocks do contain uranium isotopes and their ages can be found by radioactive dating, and can
give a key to the ages of dinosaur bones. Thus, we can safely say that Carbon dating cannot be
used to date dinosaur bones.
One more reason to doubt the claims of the seller is that dinosaurs first appeared in the \"Tr.
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The document discusses geologic time and methods used by geologists to determine the relative and absolute ages of rocks. It provides information on:
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2) Radiometric dating techniques that allow scientists to determine the absolute age of rocks in years by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes.
3) How these methods have been used to develop the geologic time scale which divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods and epochs.
Recommended
Unit 13a Fossil record and geologic time scale
The document discusses how fossils form and how their ages are determined. It explains that fossils only form under specific conditions, such as rapid burial. Relative dating compares fossil placement in rock layers, while radiometric dating measures radioactive decay to estimate ages. The geologic time scale organizes Earth's history into eras and periods lasting tens to hundreds of millions of years each. Determining fossil ages relies on methods like relative dating, radiometric techniques, and analyzing placement near index fossils.
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Yes, we should be very suspicious of the bones authenticity. This .pdf
Yes, we should be very suspicious of the bone\'s authenticity. This is mainly because carbon
dating cannot be used to determine the age of dinosaur bones. Radiocarbon dating measures the
life of the isotope of carbon which is C-14. This isotope decays with time. The half life of C-14
isotope is around 5,730 years, so it can be effectively used to determine ages of samples of
around 50,000 years old and not of older samples. And dinosaur bones are around million years
old and their ages cannot be determined by Carbon dating. To determine ages of rock samples of
million years old, we can use radioactive dating of other isotopes that have a very long half-life.
Some of these isotopes are of Uranium (U-235 and U-238) and Potassium (K-40), which have
half-life of more than a million years but even these isotopes are not found in the bones of
dinosaurs or even in the sedimentary rocks containing these dinosaur bones. The dating of these
dinosaur fossils is therefore done in a much more complex way. We need to find igneous rocks
which are buried as deep as the sedimentary rocks containing dinosaur fossils. These igneous
rocks do contain uranium isotopes and their ages can be found by radioactive dating, and can
give a key to the ages of dinosaur bones. Thus, we can safely say that Carbon dating cannot be
used to date dinosaur bones.
One more reason to doubt the claims of the seller is that dinosaurs first appeared in the \"Triassic
period\", roughly 225 million years ago. So how could a dinosaur bone be 400 million years old.
Solution
Yes, we should be very suspicious of the bone\'s authenticity. This is mainly because carbon
dating cannot be used to determine the age of dinosaur bones. Radiocarbon dating measures the
life of the isotope of carbon which is C-14. This isotope decays with time. The half life of C-14
isotope is around 5,730 years, so it can be effectively used to determine ages of samples of
around 50,000 years old and not of older samples. And dinosaur bones are around million years
old and their ages cannot be determined by Carbon dating. To determine ages of rock samples of
million years old, we can use radioactive dating of other isotopes that have a very long half-life.
Some of these isotopes are of Uranium (U-235 and U-238) and Potassium (K-40), which have
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A paleontologist is studying the history of group of stratigraphic fossils the arthropods. Use the
diagram below to answer the questions. The pictures of the organisms represent of two different
species that your research team has assigned to the various stratigraphic layers. Which of the
fossils has been assigned to the wrong layer? The paleontologist\'s graduate student was unsure
which rock layer was the most in important to date so she dated all of them with the results as
follows: A: 100 mya, B: 50 mya, C: 10 mya, D: 300 mya When did species 1 go extinct? When
did species 2 go extinct? If found a non-fossilized organic sample in the soil above the rock
layers, how might my approach to determining its age be different than for the fossilized
remains?
Solution
a) Species in the igneous rock has been assigned to the wrong layer.
Because, Igneous rocks do not contain fossils as they form from the molten rocks. These rocks
form when the molten rocks become cools and eventually solidify.
Instead of this, fossils are generally found in sedimentary rocks which is formed in layers by the
depositing and pressing of sediments on top of each other.
b) i) species 1 went extinct after 100 million years.
ii) Species 2 went extinct after 50 million years.
c) If I found a non-fossilized organic sample in the soil above the rock layers then I can use
carbon dating or radiometric dating. It is the process of determining the percentage of the
radioactive isotope in the sample and using the half life data to ultimately determine the age of
the sample.
Basic data of radiocarbon dating-
Carbon 14 is an isotope of carbon which is naturally formed in the atmosphere. All plants and
animals when they are alive, have regular intake carbon. When an animal or plant dies it no
longer takes in carbon of any form. That plant or animal most often decays and its constituent
parts break down and are eaten by scavengers, or they decay, or are washed away etc. Instead of
these events if the animal or plant is encased in some sediment, or frozen, or desiccated, or
otherwise preserved quickly so that its structure and constituent parts are preserved. Scientists
have ways of counting the carbon 14 atoms in a sample and then they find out the total number
of carbon atoms and figure out how old the material is.
In this way fairly new organic material’s age is also determined..
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Question 6
Briefly explain the difference between a democratic form of government and an authoritarian form of government.
Your response should be at least 75 words in length.
Question 7
There are four characteristic attitudes and behaviors of political culture within democratic societies. Explain each of the four characteristics. How does the U.S. measure up to these four key characteristics?
Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
Question 8
There have been three waves of democratization around the world. Explain these three waves. Next, explain the three reasons for these waves of democratic expansion.
Your response should be at least 500 words in length.
Content
Uniformitarianism
Relative dating
The assumptions of relative dating
Kelvin was wrong about the age of earth.
Radiometric Dating & absolute age
A changed earth
climate
Surface figuration: the continents and seas
An ancient earth!
1
The Bible, the Genesis, & the Archbishop Ussher
Archbishop of Armagh
Primate of All Ireland
Vice-Chancellor of Trinity College in Dublin
Highly respected in his day as a churchman and as a scholar
Treatise on chronology.
Incorporated into an authorized version of the Bible printed in 1701, as much unquestioning reverence as the Bible itself.
According to the Archbishop,
The first day of creation was Sun, Oct 23, 4004 BC.
Adam & Eve out of Paradise on Mon, Nov 10, 4004 BC.
Noah's ark touched down on Mt Ararat on a Wed., May 5, 2348 BC
Archbishop James Ussher (1581-1656)
Hutton, James, 1726–97
Changes on the earth's surface that occurred in past geologic time and those occurring now are caused by the same causes
Uniformitarianism
Relative dating and its assumptions
1. Principle of Superposition: younger rocks are formed on top of older ones as layers of sediments build up
Relative dating & its assumptions
2. Principle of Original Horizontality:
Lava & sedimentary rocks were originally laid down horizontally. So any bending or tipping must be younger event
The Age of Earth
Relative dating & its assumptions
3. Principle of Cross-cutting relationship:
Intruding rocks are younger than host rocks
http://www.king5.com/pix/news/
http://clasticdetritus.com/2007/03/
An igneous dike (B) cuts a series of metamorphic rocks (A): the dike (B) must be younger than rock A.
4. Principle of inclusions
Boulders, cobbles, or other fragments found in a body of rock are older than the host rock
e.g.
A rock (1) was there
Sediments accumulate
Surround it
Hardens into a new rock (2)
Bogs & Bog Mummies
Bogs of Northern Europe are filled with a natural enbalming fluid, acidic water, low in oxygen and rich with tannins. Over time dead vegetation turns into peat. They were believed by the Celts and their kin 2000 years ago to be entrance to the realm of the gods.
Press & Siever (1994)
5. Principle of faunal succession
Specific groups of animals have followed, or succeeded, one another in a definite sequen ...
Ch11_Geologic_Time_students
1) Geologic time seeks to determine the age of Earth and its history. Radiometric dating assigns numerical ages by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes, with each isotope having a unique half-life.
2) The oldest rocks on Earth are approximately 3.2 billion years old, yet we know Earth is older because the planet must have existed before the first rocks formed.
3) Relative dating methods like the principle of superposition allow rocks to be sequenced in chronological order without specific numerical ages, aiding in reconstruction of geologic history.
With calculations- pls.pdf
This document does not contain enough information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. The entire text simply states "With calculations, pls" which provides no context or details about the topic being discussed.
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With activities (A through G ) and their expected times (in days) given by the nodes/circles in
the following project diagram, the critical path for this project is: E F G A C D G A B G A E F G
None of the above.
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Similar to will also explain why samples mast be carefully chosen to avuide eich-.pdf
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This document outlines an introductory science lesson on evolution and biodiversity. It includes:
1. An opening prayer, introduction and video clip to introduce the topic of evolution.
2. Two classroom activities where students draw fossils in their proper eras/periods and determine fossil ages using carbon dating. This assess students' understanding of the geologic timescale and dating fossils.
3. A discussion of key concepts like the fossil record, comparative anatomy and genetic evidence for evolution, how fossils are formed and dated, and the geologic timescale.
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This document discusses human evolution and provides learning objectives related to dating methods, major anatomical features of primates, and trends in hominid evolution. It describes how radioactive dating of rocks and fossils can determine ages and discusses isotopes like carbon-14, potassium-40, and uranium that are used. Key anatomical primate features include grasping limbs and stereoscopic vision. Major hominid lineages discussed include Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and various Homo species. The incompleteness of the fossil record results in uncertainties about the exact relationships between hominid species.
NATSCI-CH for high school students in everyday
This document provides an overview of geologic time and how geologists determine the age of rocks. It discusses key concepts like relative dating, which determines if a rock is older or younger than another rock, and absolute dating using radiometric techniques to determine a rock's exact age in years. It also explains principles of stratigraphy, unconformities, key figures in the development of geology like James Hutton, and how scientists developed the geologic time scale based on dating rock layers.
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Appendix | Dunbeg, Co. Kerry | Radiocarbon Dating. Blogsp...
This document summarizes the results of radiocarbon dating from an excavation at Dunbeg Promontory Fort in County Kerry, Ireland. Four radiocarbon dates were obtained: one from the Late Bronze Age (2530±35 BP), and three from the Early Christian period between the 8th-11th centuries AD. While limited in number, these dates provide valuable chronological evidence given the lack of diagnostic artifacts. They indicate the site was in use from the Late Bronze Age through the Early Christian period. The author calls for further dating to better understand the site's full chronology and landscape context.
fossils group4final.pptx
Marine Fossils, In this PowerPointmarine, we will talk about fossils underwater and how it is related to all science subjects which are biology, and chemistry. physics, and computer science.
101520191Geologic TimeChapter 8Contents1. .docx
This document provides an overview of geologic time concepts including:
1. The development of relative dating principles like superposition, cross-cutting relationships, and inclusion which helped establish the relative order of rock layers and events.
2. How the concept of numerical dating using radioactive isotopes allowed geologists to determine absolute ages of rocks and events, calibrating the geologic timescale to around 4.6 billion years.
3. Key events in the development of life through the Phanerozoic eon such as the Cambrian explosion of complex life and multiple mass extinction events.
ELScie-Dating-of-Rocks-and-Geologic-Time.pptx
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konstantinou et al., 2014
This document discusses the provenance of quartz arenite sandstones from the early Paleozoic midcontinent region of the USA. The authors present new detrital zircon geochronology data from 15 Cambrian and Ordovician quartz arenite samples. They compare this to existing data from older sedimentary basins in the region, including the Huron basin and midcontinent rift deposits. Mixing models using the older basin zircon populations indicate the early Paleozoic sandstones represent mixtures derived primarily from erosion of these two source areas.
Relative and absolute dating
The document discusses methods for dating geological materials and events. Relative dating methods, like the law of superposition and index fossils, are used to determine the sequence of events but not calculate specific ages. Absolute dating methods, such as radiocarbon dating, are used to determine specific numerical ages by measuring radioactive decay. Radiocarbon dating works by comparing the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in once-living materials, as carbon-14 decays at a known rate. Together, relative and absolute dating methods provide information about the timing of geological events and processes.
attachment_1 (1).pptx
This document outlines instructions for an archaeological project involving carbon dating assignments. It explains that students will complete prep assignments on carbon dating and half-life, and a final assignment involving an archaeological dig. Students can only edit certain parts of the assignment pages outlined in red. They must show or photograph their work and insert it on the appropriate pages.
generalgeologygeochronolgyandageofearth-171230100743 (1).pdf
This document provides information about geochronology and dating the age of the Earth. It discusses how the Earth is estimated to be 4.6 billion years old based on dating of meteorites and the oldest Earth rocks. It describes the principles of relative dating methods like superposition and cross-cutting relationships. It also explains numerical dating techniques using radioactive isotopes like potassium-argon and uranium-lead dating to assign absolute ages to rocks in millions or billions of years. Finally, it briefly discusses isostatic adjustment and two hypotheses about isostasy proposed by J.H. Pratt and G.B. Airy.
geochronolgy and age of earth
This document provides information about geochronology and dating the age of the Earth. It discusses how the Earth is estimated to be 4.6 billion years old based on dating of meteorites and the oldest Earth rocks. It describes the principles of relative dating methods like superposition and cross-cutting relationships. It also explains numerical dating techniques using radioactive isotopes like potassium-argon and uranium-lead dating to assign absolute ages to rocks in millions or billions of years. Finally, it briefly discusses isostatic adjustment and two hypotheses about isostasy proposed by J.H. Pratt and G.B. Airy.
Radioactive Isotopes
The document discusses the use of radioactive isotopes in geology and forensics. It describes the components of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. Isotopes are variants of the same element that differ in their number of neutrons. Unstable isotopes decay over time, while stable isotopes can be used for radiometric dating. Examples are given of carbon-14 dating of artifacts like the Dead Sea Scrolls and Stonehenge. Forensic cases show how carbon-14 has been used to date things like the Shroud of Turin and nuclear test fallout in teeth.
Geol162 geologic time
Geological time is extremely long, spanning billions of years. To conceptualize this vast timespan, one frame in a movie representing 100 years would show major events like the Declaration of Independence occurring only 1/16 of a second into a 6 hour movie depicting Earth's history. Relative dating methods like superposition and cross-cutting relationships are used to sequence geological events. Absolute dating using radioactive isotopes provides specific numerical ages by measuring decay of elements with known half-lives. Together, relative and absolute dating techniques allow geologists to construct detailed timescales showing the entire history of Earth.
What is the Age of the Earth?
The document discusses methods that scientists use to determine the age of the Earth. It explains that radiometric dating is used to measure the decay of radioactive isotopes in rocks and minerals to estimate their age. While this provides a means to directly date some igneous rocks, most rocks cannot be directly dated and must be bracketed between dated materials. The document reviews several examples of dated rocks and materials. Though radiometric dating provides a framework, determining the exact age of the Earth remains an ongoing effort as techniques are refined.
Paper 1 (IESO 2014)
Charles Darwin was passionate about both biology and geology. As a young man, he studied with leading geologists and served as secretary of the Geological Society of London. His opportunity to travel aboard the HMS Beagle as a naturalist allowed him to extensively explore and make important geological observations around the world, though some phenomena remained unexplained given the knowledge of his time. During the voyage, Darwin amassed geological evidence that would later contribute to his theory of evolution by natural selection.
Els history of the earth for learner
This document provides an overview of key concepts in understanding Earth's history through studying rock layers and fossils. It describes how geologists use relative dating principles like superposition and cross-cutting relationships to determine the relative ages of stratified rocks. Absolute dating techniques like radiometric dating using radioactive isotopes are also discussed. Together, these methods were used to construct the geologic time scale which divides Earth's history into standardized eons, eras, periods, and epochs. Marker fossils are important for identifying specific time periods. Examples of past Earth environments, organisms, and geological changes are shown for different eras.
A paleontologist is studying the history of group of stratigraphic fo.pdf
A paleontologist is studying the history of group of stratigraphic fossils the arthropods. Use the
diagram below to answer the questions. The pictures of the organisms represent of two different
species that your research team has assigned to the various stratigraphic layers. Which of the
fossils has been assigned to the wrong layer? The paleontologist\'s graduate student was unsure
which rock layer was the most in important to date so she dated all of them with the results as
follows: A: 100 mya, B: 50 mya, C: 10 mya, D: 300 mya When did species 1 go extinct? When
did species 2 go extinct? If found a non-fossilized organic sample in the soil above the rock
layers, how might my approach to determining its age be different than for the fossilized
remains?
Solution
a) Species in the igneous rock has been assigned to the wrong layer.
Because, Igneous rocks do not contain fossils as they form from the molten rocks. These rocks
form when the molten rocks become cools and eventually solidify.
Instead of this, fossils are generally found in sedimentary rocks which is formed in layers by the
depositing and pressing of sediments on top of each other.
b) i) species 1 went extinct after 100 million years.
ii) Species 2 went extinct after 50 million years.
c) If I found a non-fossilized organic sample in the soil above the rock layers then I can use
carbon dating or radiometric dating. It is the process of determining the percentage of the
radioactive isotope in the sample and using the half life data to ultimately determine the age of
the sample.
Basic data of radiocarbon dating-
Carbon 14 is an isotope of carbon which is naturally formed in the atmosphere. All plants and
animals when they are alive, have regular intake carbon. When an animal or plant dies it no
longer takes in carbon of any form. That plant or animal most often decays and its constituent
parts break down and are eaten by scavengers, or they decay, or are washed away etc. Instead of
these events if the animal or plant is encased in some sediment, or frozen, or desiccated, or
otherwise preserved quickly so that its structure and constituent parts are preserved. Scientists
have ways of counting the carbon 14 atoms in a sample and then they find out the total number
of carbon atoms and figure out how old the material is.
In this way fairly new organic material’s age is also determined..
Question 6Briefly explain the difference between a democratic fo.docx
Question 6
Briefly explain the difference between a democratic form of government and an authoritarian form of government.
Your response should be at least 75 words in length.
Question 7
There are four characteristic attitudes and behaviors of political culture within democratic societies. Explain each of the four characteristics. How does the U.S. measure up to these four key characteristics?
Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
Question 8
There have been three waves of democratization around the world. Explain these three waves. Next, explain the three reasons for these waves of democratic expansion.
Your response should be at least 500 words in length.
Content
Uniformitarianism
Relative dating
The assumptions of relative dating
Kelvin was wrong about the age of earth.
Radiometric Dating & absolute age
A changed earth
climate
Surface figuration: the continents and seas
An ancient earth!
1
The Bible, the Genesis, & the Archbishop Ussher
Archbishop of Armagh
Primate of All Ireland
Vice-Chancellor of Trinity College in Dublin
Highly respected in his day as a churchman and as a scholar
Treatise on chronology.
Incorporated into an authorized version of the Bible printed in 1701, as much unquestioning reverence as the Bible itself.
According to the Archbishop,
The first day of creation was Sun, Oct 23, 4004 BC.
Adam & Eve out of Paradise on Mon, Nov 10, 4004 BC.
Noah's ark touched down on Mt Ararat on a Wed., May 5, 2348 BC
Archbishop James Ussher (1581-1656)
Hutton, James, 1726–97
Changes on the earth's surface that occurred in past geologic time and those occurring now are caused by the same causes
Uniformitarianism
Relative dating and its assumptions
1. Principle of Superposition: younger rocks are formed on top of older ones as layers of sediments build up
Relative dating & its assumptions
2. Principle of Original Horizontality:
Lava & sedimentary rocks were originally laid down horizontally. So any bending or tipping must be younger event
The Age of Earth
Relative dating & its assumptions
3. Principle of Cross-cutting relationship:
Intruding rocks are younger than host rocks
http://www.king5.com/pix/news/
http://clasticdetritus.com/2007/03/
An igneous dike (B) cuts a series of metamorphic rocks (A): the dike (B) must be younger than rock A.
4. Principle of inclusions
Boulders, cobbles, or other fragments found in a body of rock are older than the host rock
e.g.
A rock (1) was there
Sediments accumulate
Surround it
Hardens into a new rock (2)
Bogs & Bog Mummies
Bogs of Northern Europe are filled with a natural enbalming fluid, acidic water, low in oxygen and rich with tannins. Over time dead vegetation turns into peat. They were believed by the Celts and their kin 2000 years ago to be entrance to the realm of the gods.
Press & Siever (1994)
5. Principle of faunal succession
Specific groups of animals have followed, or succeeded, one another in a definite sequen ...
Ch11_Geologic_Time_students
1) Geologic time seeks to determine the age of Earth and its history. Radiometric dating assigns numerical ages by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes, with each isotope having a unique half-life.
2) The oldest rocks on Earth are approximately 3.2 billion years old, yet we know Earth is older because the planet must have existed before the first rocks formed.
3) Relative dating methods like the principle of superposition allow rocks to be sequenced in chronological order without specific numerical ages, aiding in reconstruction of geologic history.
Similar to will also explain why samples mast be carefully chosen to avuide eich-.pdf (20)
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Appendix | Dunbeg, Co. Kerry | Radiocarbon Dating. Blogsp...
Chapple, R. M. 2014 Appendix | Dunbeg, Co. Kerry | Radiocarbon Dating. Blogsp...
generalgeologygeochronolgyandageofearth-171230100743 (1).pdf
generalgeologygeochronolgyandageofearth-171230100743 (1).pdf
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A paleontologist is studying the history of group of stratigraphic fo.pdf
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Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
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will also explain why samples mast be carefully chosen to avuide eich-.pdf
- 1. will also explain why samples mast be carefully chosen to avuide eich. help you answer the following questions. 1. Aboat how many half-lives of the uranism-235 to Jead-207 decay pair kusie elipged it the ziscoc erynals? 2. What is the numerical age of the lava flow based con is ziceac ery taks? Explnis bow you antived at your answer. 3. What ean you say aboat the age of the rock layers above the lava fine? 4. What can you say about the age of the rock layen beneath the lava flow? B Astronomers think that Earth probobly formed at the same time as all of the oher rocily materials in our solar system, including the oldest meteorites. The oldest meteorites ever found on Earth contain nearly equal amounts of both uranium-238 and lead-206. Based on Fig. 8.14, what is Earth's approximate age? Explais your reasoning. C The fadioactive iso4ope casbon-14 ( C 14 ) is continuously replenished in organisms while they are alive. When an organism dies, it is no longer able to take in new C-14, and so the amount of C 14 decreases as is decays to its stable daughter product: nitrogen-14 ( N 14 ) . 1. The carbon in a baried peat bed has aboat 6% of the C 14 of modern shells. When we plants that now form the buried peat were alive, they absorted C 14 and probably had about the sume anount of C 14 as modem shells, so about 945 of the peat's original C 14 has decayed. What is a reasonable initial estimute of the age of the peat bed? Explain. 2. In sampling the peat bed, you must be careful to avoid any young plant roos ot old limectone. Why? D Zircon ( ZrSiO 4 ) forns in magma as it cooks into igneous rock. It is alwo wefal for numencal dating (Fig. 8.14). 1. If you walk on a modern New Jersey beach, then you will walk on some ziroon sand grins, Yet if you determine the numerical age of the zircons, it does not indicate a modern age (zero years) for the beach. Why? 2. Suggest a rule that geologists should follow when they dute rocks based on the radionetnic ages of mineral grains inside the rocks. E REFLECT & DISCUSS An "authentic dinosaur bone" is being offered for sale on the Internet. The seller claims that he had it analyzed by scientists who confirned that it is a dinossur bone and used carbon dating to determine that it is 400 million years old. Discuss the seller's claims with a parther or in a small group. Should you be suspicious of this bone's authenticity? Explain. (See Figs. 8.13 and 8.14.) help you answer the following questions: P = 71/160 = 0.71 n = 10910.71 = 0.4941 1. About how many half-ives of the uranium-235 to lead- 207 decay pair have elapsed in the zircon crystals? 0.4941 2. What is the numerical age of the lava flow based on its zircon erystals? Explain how you arrived at your answer. 3. What can you say about the age of the rock layers above the lava flow? 4. What can you say about the age of the rock layers beneath the lava flow? B Astronomers think that Earth probably formed at the same time as all of the other rocky materials in our solar system, including the oldest meteorites. The oldest meteonites ever found on Earth contain nearly equal amounts of both uranium-238 and lead-206. Based on Fig. 8.14, what is Earth's approximate age? Explain your reasoning C The radioactive isotope carbon-14 ( C 14 ) is continuously replenished in organisms while they are alive. When an organism dies, it is no longer able to take in new C-14, and so the amouat of C 14 decreases as it decays to its stable daughter product: nitrogen-14 (N-14). 1. The carbon in a buried peat bed has about 6% of the C 14 of modern shells. When the plants that now form the buried peat were alive, they absorbed C-14 and probably had about the same amount of C-14 as modern shells, 50 about 94%6 of the peat's original C.14 has decayed. What is a reasonable initial estimate of the age of the peat bed? Explain. 2. In sampling the peat bed, you must be careful to avoid any young plant roots or old limestone. Why? D Zircon ( ZrSiO 4 ) forms in magma as it cools into igneous rock. It is also usefol for numerical dating (Fig. 8.14). 1. If you walk on a modern. New Jersey beach, then you will walk on some zircon sand grains. Yet if you determine the numerical age of the zircons, it does not indicate a modem age (zero years) for the beach. Why? 2. Suggest a rule that geologists should follow when they date rocks based on the
- 2. radiometric ages of mineral grains inside the rocks. E REFLECT & DISCUSS An "authentic dinosaur bone" is being offered for sale on the Internet. The seller claims that he had it analyzed by scientists who confirmed that it is a dinosaur bone and used carbon dating to determine that it is 400 million years old. Discuss the seller's claims with a partner or in a small group. Should you be suspicious of this bone's authenticity? Explain. (See Figs. 8.13 and 8.14.)