The main difference between passive and active transport is the spec.pdf

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The main difference between passive and active transport is the specificity of the target molecule involved. the requirement for ATP. various gradient and osmotic pressures within the cell. the ability to maintain voltage across the membrane. diffusion versus membrane protein mediated transport. Co-transport occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of another solute. 2 ions are transported in opposite directions across the membrane. a proton pump makes ATP. the voltage across the membrane suddenly changes. only during photosynthesis in plants. Match the following terms Phagocytosis Cell pooping. (_____) Pinocytosis Ingesting big particles. (_____) Exocytosis Cell sipping. (_____) Solution Answers : Question number 6 : The correct answer is B ( The requirement of ATP) Explanation : Passive transport is a type of transport in which ions or molecule move across a membrane down the concentration gradient. It doesnot uses any metabolic energy for this purpose. There are three types of passive transport which includes osmosis, simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. In contrast to passive transport, active transport uses metabolic energy such as ATP to move an ion or a molecule against their concentration gradient (from a region of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration). Example of active transporter : Na+ K+ ATPase pump..

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Graphs A and B despite two ways of determining how molecules (in this case, molecules (X, Y, Z) can gain entry into a cell: Increase the extracellular concentration (Co) of the molecule and measure flux and keep Co constant and measure the intracellular concentration (Ci) of the molecule over time until equilibrium is reached. Which of the molecules enters by facilitated diffusion? explain? Which molecule enters by active transport? explain? Solution Answer (A) In graph A, transport of molecule Z does not show saturation, which is consistent with diffusion. Answer (B) In graph A, the rate of transport (flux) of molecules X and Y saturate, which is consistent with mediated transport (facilitated diffusion). Answer (C) In graph B, molecules X and Z reach equilibrium (Ci>Co) indicating active transport. For further read the theory of simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. DIFFUSION Diffusion is the movement of molecules from one location to another by random thermal motion. The net flux between two compartments always proceeds from higher to lower concentration of the diffusing substance. Diffusion equilibrium is reached when the concentrations in the two compartments become equal, resulting in zero net flux. The magnitude of the net flux F across a plasma membrane is directly proportional to the concentration difference across the membrane C - C, the surface area of the membrane A, and the membrane permeability constant k. Non-polar molecules diffuse through the lipid portions of membranes much more rapidly than do polar or ionized molecules because nonpolar molecules can dissolve in the non-polar lipids in the membrane. Mineral ions diffuse across membranes by passing through ion channels formed by integral membrane proteins. The net diffusion of ions across a membrane depends on both the concentration gradient and the membrane potential. The flux of ions across a membrane can be altered by opening or closing ion channels. MEDIATED-TRANSPORT SYSTEMS The mediated transport of molecules or ions across a membrane involves binding of the transported solute to a transporter in the membrane. Changes in the conformation of the transporter move the binding site to the opposite side of the membrane, where the solute dissociates from the protein. The binding sites on transporters exhibit chemical specificity, affinity and saturation. The magnitude of the flux through a mediated-transport system depends on the degree of transporter saturation, the number of transporters in the membrane, and the rate at which the conformational change in the transporter occurs. Facilitated diffusion is a mediated-transport process that moves molecules from higher to lower concentration across a membrane by means of a transporter until the two concentrations become equal. Metabolic energy is not required for this process. Active transport is a mediated-transport process that moves molecules against an electrochemical difference across a membrane by means of a transp.

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Describe the cellular circumstances of membrane proteins, concentration and charge differences that allow diffusion or require active transport. Solution Answer: Diffusion: it is going to takes place as per differences of solute concentrations on both sides of a cell For example: Normally glucose enters into the cell by passive facilitated diffusion via GLUT 4 membrane protein channels (muscle or adipose cells) or via GLUT-2 (brain, kidney, pancreatic beta cells) and will be converted to glucose -6-phosphate (by enzyme glucokinase) later by oxidation process The amphipathic nature of cell membrane allows the selective permeability through the cell membrane. Cell membrane is further embedded with many ion channels and receptor membrane proteins that participate in a variety of transport mechanisms used by cell. The transport is going to takes place as per charge differences across the cell either \"down the concentration gradient or against the concentration gradient\". Cells control the movement of substances across the cell membrane through, 1. Passive transport or gradient diffusion 2. Facilitated diffusion 3. Active transport Cell performs the above mechanisms to regulate the movement of substances through lipid bilayer, ion channels and membrane transporters (trnasmembrane proteins). Simple diffusion does not require energy but primarily relies upon the membrane solubility of the solute to promote free diffusion into the cells & rate of transport will be doubled if the concentration is increased. Ex. Aquaporins. Active transport: Active transport needs energy require ATPases, and it help to move ions against their concentration gradients. The concentration of some of the ions is more inside the cell and some is more outside the cell. For example, the concentration of sodium ions is more outside the cell due to charge differences across the cells. Still, the sodium ions move from the inside of cell to outside through ion channels, by means of active transport. Facilitated diffusion: Facilitated diffusion is a passive process and uses \"carrier proteins(integral membrane transport)\" to move specific solutes molecules down the concentration gradient. This type of transport does not require energy to transport a molecule across the membrane. Its rate is higher than that of simple diffusion of the molecule finally attain a plateau or saturable stage until the concentration attains equilibrium. Facilitated diffusion involves the transport of transport of molecules using the membrane bound proteins. For example, ion channels allow the transport of ions into and out of the cell, which are otherwise, cannot pass through cell membrane. Glucose binds to the carrier molecule present on the cell membrane, and enter into the cell; this process is facilitated by insulin. Passive transport: It does not need energy source but the driving force is concentration gradient. Both active transport and facilitated diffusion use carrier molecules for the transpo.

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The gradient consists of two parts, the electrical potential and a difference in the chemical concentration across a membrane. In biological processes, the direction an ion moves by diffusion or active transport across a membrane is determined by the electrochemical gradient. Generally compound moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration (or concentration gradient). All compounds permeable to the phospholipid bilayer will move this way.

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Explain how substances get across membranes and into the cell. Solution The plasma membrane surrounding animal cells is where the exchange of substances inside and outside of cells takes place. Some substances need to move from the extracellular fluid outside cells to the inside of the cell, and some substances need to move from the inside of the cell to the extracellular fluid. the plasma membrane is choosy about what substances can pass through it, it is said to be selectively permeable. Selectively permeable or semipermeable means that only certain substances are able to pass through the membrane. Transporting substances across the plasma membrane can require that the cell use some of its energy. If energy is used, the transport is called active. If molecules can pass through the plasma membrane without using energy, the molecules are using passive transport. ACTIVE TRANSPORT Sometimes, the molecules are just too big to easily flow across the plasma membranes or dissolve in the water so that they can be filtered through the membrane. In these cases, the cells must put out a little energy to help get molecules in or out of the cell. Osmosis osmosis, the concentration of substances in the water is taken into consideration. If a solution is isotonic, that means the concentrations of the substances (solutes) and water (solvent) on both sides of the membrane are equal. If one solution is hypotonic, there is a lower concentration of substances (and more water) in it when compared to another solution. If a solution is hypertonic, there is a higher concentration of substances in it (and less water) when compared to another solution. For example, the blood in your body contains a certain amount of salt. The normal concentration is isotonic. If suddenly there is too high a concentration of salt, the blood becomes hypertonic (too many salt molecules). This excess of salt forces water out of the blood cells in an attempt to even things out. But the effect this action has is actually that of shrinking the blood cells.

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