Graphs A and B despite two ways of determining how molecules (in this case, molecules (X, Y,
Z) can gain entry into a cell: Increase the extracellular concentration (Co) of the molecule and
measure flux and keep Co constant and measure the intracellular concentration (Ci) of the
molecule over time until equilibrium is reached. Which of the molecules enters by facilitated
diffusion? explain? Which molecule enters by active transport? explain?
Solution
Answer (A) In graph A, transport of molecule Z does not show saturation, which is consistent
with diffusion.
Answer (B)
In graph A, the rate of transport (flux) of molecules X and Y saturate, which is consistent with
mediated transport (facilitated diffusion).
Answer (C)
In graph B, molecules X and Z reach equilibrium (Ci>Co) indicating active transport.
For further read the theory of simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
DIFFUSION
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from one location to another by random thermal motion.
The net flux between two compartments always proceeds from higher to lower concentration of
the diffusing substance.
Diffusion equilibrium is reached when the concentrations in the two compartments become
equal, resulting in zero net flux.
The magnitude of the net flux F across a plasma membrane is directly proportional to the
concentration difference across the membrane C - C, the surface area of the membrane A, and
the membrane permeability constant k.
Non-polar molecules diffuse through the lipid portions of membranes much more rapidly than
do polar or ionized molecules because nonpolar molecules can dissolve in the non-polar lipids in
the membrane.
Mineral ions diffuse across membranes by passing through ion channels formed by integral
membrane proteins.
The net diffusion of ions across a membrane depends on both the concentration gradient and the
membrane potential.
The flux of ions across a membrane can be altered by opening or closing ion channels.
MEDIATED-TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
The mediated transport of molecules or ions across a membrane involves binding of the
transported solute to a transporter in the membrane. Changes in the conformation of the
transporter move the binding site to the opposite side of the membrane, where the solute
dissociates from the protein.
The binding sites on transporters exhibit chemical specificity, affinity and saturation.
The magnitude of the flux through a mediated-transport system depends on the degree of
transporter saturation, the number of transporters in the membrane, and the rate at which the
conformational change in the transporter occurs.
Facilitated diffusion is a mediated-transport process that moves molecules from higher to lower
concentration across a membrane by means of a transporter until the two concentrations become
equal. Metabolic energy is not required for this process.
Active transport is a mediated-transport process that moves molecules against an electro-
chemical difference across a membrane by means of a transp.
This Lecture is presented by our volunteer Md Faheem Shahriar, he is from Bangladesh, he is currently perusing BS in pharmacy from China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing and, his current topic is Cell membrane transport in this video presentation. Youtube link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TxBwdwLJ8E
This Lecture is presented by our volunteer Md Faheem Shahriar, he is from Bangladesh, he is currently perusing BS in pharmacy from China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing and, his current topic is Cell membrane transport in this video presentation. Youtube link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TxBwdwLJ8E
Cell Membrane Transport/Factors/Transport of SubstancesPharmacy Universe
The gradient consists of two parts, the electrical potential and a difference in the chemical concentration across a membrane.
In biological processes, the direction an ion moves by diffusion or active transport across a membrane is determined by the electrochemical gradient.
Generally compound moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration (or concentration gradient). All compounds permeable to the phospholipid bilayer will move this way.
The main difference between passive and active transport is the spec.pdfarjunhassan8
The main difference between passive and active transport is the specificity of the target
molecule involved. the requirement for ATP. various gradient and osmotic pressures within the
cell. the ability to maintain voltage across the membrane. diffusion versus membrane protein
mediated transport. Co-transport occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives
transport of another solute. 2 ions are transported in opposite directions across the membrane. a
proton pump makes ATP. the voltage across the membrane suddenly changes. only during
photosynthesis in plants. Match the following terms Phagocytosis Cell pooping. (_____)
Pinocytosis Ingesting big particles. (_____) Exocytosis Cell sipping. (_____)
Solution
Answers :
Question number 6 : The correct answer is B ( The requirement of ATP)
Explanation : Passive transport is a type of transport in which ions or molecule move across a
membrane down the concentration gradient. It doesnot uses any metabolic energy for this
purpose. There are three types of passive transport which includes osmosis, simple diffusion and
facilitated diffusion. In contrast to passive transport, active transport uses metabolic energy such
as ATP to move an ion or a molecule against their concentration gradient (from a region of lower
concentration to regions of higher concentration). Example of active transporter : Na+ K+
ATPase pump..
Answer the following questions about molecule movement across a membr.pdfarihantcomputersddn
Answer the following questions about molecule movement across a membrane. a. How is
osmosis similar to simple diffusion of CO_2 across a membrane? How is it different? If an
aquaporin is involved, how does this change your answer? b. Compare and contrast carrier
proteins and channel proteins. Include information about both structure and mechanism of
transport. c. Compare and contrast indirect and direct active transport. Give a specific example
for each type of transport.
Solution
5a: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules down the concentration gradiant through a
semipermeable membrane. Both osmosis and simple diffusion of CO2 across a membrane occur
down the concentration gradiant and are passive transport. However, osmosis transports
hydrophilic water molecules while simple diffusion transports hydrophobic non polar CO2
molecules. If an aquaporin is involved, the proces would be called as facililated diffusion which
refers to transport of polar, charged, hydrophilic molecules down the concentration gradiant with
the help of membrane transport proteins.
5b: Carrier proteins are the transporter proteins that are actually the integral membrane proteins
serving in transport of ions across the membrane. These proteins have ion binding sites and
exhibit changes in shape to transport the ions. Channel proteins are the integral membrane
proteins that form the hydrophilic channels for transport of polar, charged and hydrophilic
substances across the membrane. They do not undergo the shape change.
5c: Direct active transport couples the exergonic chemical reaction for increasing the solute/ion
concentration on one side of the membrane. The indirect active transport includes coupling of
favorable downhill movement of one solute to the unfavorable uphill movement of other
substance. For ex: sodium potassium pump couples ATP hydrolysis with uphill movement of
sodium (direct active transport). Downhill movement of sodium coupled with uphill movement
of glucose (indirect active transport)..
Describe the cellular circumstances of membrane proteins, concentrat.pdfarshiartpalace
Describe the cellular circumstances of membrane proteins, concentration and charge differences
that allow diffusion or require active transport.
Solution
Answer:
Diffusion: it is going to takes place as per differences of solute concentrations on both sides of a
cell
For example: Normally glucose enters into the cell by passive facilitated diffusion via GLUT 4
membrane protein channels (muscle or adipose cells) or via GLUT-2 (brain, kidney, pancreatic
beta cells) and will be converted to glucose -6-phosphate (by enzyme glucokinase) later by
oxidation process
The amphipathic nature of cell membrane allows the selective permeability through the cell
membrane. Cell membrane is further embedded with many ion channels and receptor membrane
proteins that participate in a variety of transport mechanisms used by cell. The transport is going
to takes place as per charge differences across the cell either \"down the concentration gradient
or against the concentration gradient\". Cells control the movement of substances across the cell
membrane through,
1. Passive transport or gradient diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. Active transport
Cell performs the above mechanisms to regulate the movement of substances through lipid
bilayer, ion channels and membrane transporters (trnasmembrane proteins).
Simple diffusion does not require energy but primarily relies upon the membrane solubility of
the solute to promote free diffusion into the cells & rate of transport will be doubled if the
concentration is increased. Ex. Aquaporins.
Active transport: Active transport needs energy require ATPases, and it help to move ions
against their concentration gradients. The concentration of some of the ions is more inside the
cell and some is more outside the cell. For example, the concentration of sodium ions is more
outside the cell due to charge differences across the cells. Still, the sodium ions move from the
inside of cell to outside through ion channels, by means of active transport.
Facilitated diffusion:
Facilitated diffusion is a passive process and uses \"carrier proteins(integral membrane
transport)\" to move specific solutes molecules down the concentration gradient. This type of
transport does not require energy to transport a molecule across the membrane. Its rate is higher
than that of simple diffusion of the molecule finally attain a plateau or saturable stage until the
concentration attains equilibrium.
Facilitated diffusion involves the transport of transport of molecules using the membrane bound
proteins. For example, ion channels allow the transport of ions into and out of the cell, which are
otherwise, cannot pass through cell membrane. Glucose binds to the carrier molecule present on
the cell membrane, and enter into the cell; this process is facilitated by insulin.
Passive transport: It does not need energy source but the driving force is concentration gradient.
Both active transport and facilitated diffusion use carrier molecules for the transpo.
An event and its complement are mutually exclusive. True False.pdffashiondesignerporur
An event and its complement are mutually exclusive. True / False
Solution
Yes, it is true. [answer]
Mutually exclusive events don\'t have anything in common. The complement of an event is
everything that is not in that event. Thus, they have nothing in common.
Hence, TRUE: THEY ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE..
Assume that the repulsive potential energy of an ion-pair in an ioni.pdffashiondesignerporur
Assume that the repulsive potential energy of an ion-pair in an ionic crystal arises because of the
action of the pauli exclusion principle and that it can be expressed as
Urep = B/ rn where r is the separation between the ions of opposit sign, n is a large number and
B is a constant of the crystal.
Solution
Please define the problem..
More Related Content
Similar to Graphs A and B despite two ways of determining how molecules (in this.pdf
Cell Membrane Transport/Factors/Transport of SubstancesPharmacy Universe
The gradient consists of two parts, the electrical potential and a difference in the chemical concentration across a membrane.
In biological processes, the direction an ion moves by diffusion or active transport across a membrane is determined by the electrochemical gradient.
Generally compound moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration (or concentration gradient). All compounds permeable to the phospholipid bilayer will move this way.
The main difference between passive and active transport is the spec.pdfarjunhassan8
The main difference between passive and active transport is the specificity of the target
molecule involved. the requirement for ATP. various gradient and osmotic pressures within the
cell. the ability to maintain voltage across the membrane. diffusion versus membrane protein
mediated transport. Co-transport occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives
transport of another solute. 2 ions are transported in opposite directions across the membrane. a
proton pump makes ATP. the voltage across the membrane suddenly changes. only during
photosynthesis in plants. Match the following terms Phagocytosis Cell pooping. (_____)
Pinocytosis Ingesting big particles. (_____) Exocytosis Cell sipping. (_____)
Solution
Answers :
Question number 6 : The correct answer is B ( The requirement of ATP)
Explanation : Passive transport is a type of transport in which ions or molecule move across a
membrane down the concentration gradient. It doesnot uses any metabolic energy for this
purpose. There are three types of passive transport which includes osmosis, simple diffusion and
facilitated diffusion. In contrast to passive transport, active transport uses metabolic energy such
as ATP to move an ion or a molecule against their concentration gradient (from a region of lower
concentration to regions of higher concentration). Example of active transporter : Na+ K+
ATPase pump..
Answer the following questions about molecule movement across a membr.pdfarihantcomputersddn
Answer the following questions about molecule movement across a membrane. a. How is
osmosis similar to simple diffusion of CO_2 across a membrane? How is it different? If an
aquaporin is involved, how does this change your answer? b. Compare and contrast carrier
proteins and channel proteins. Include information about both structure and mechanism of
transport. c. Compare and contrast indirect and direct active transport. Give a specific example
for each type of transport.
Solution
5a: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules down the concentration gradiant through a
semipermeable membrane. Both osmosis and simple diffusion of CO2 across a membrane occur
down the concentration gradiant and are passive transport. However, osmosis transports
hydrophilic water molecules while simple diffusion transports hydrophobic non polar CO2
molecules. If an aquaporin is involved, the proces would be called as facililated diffusion which
refers to transport of polar, charged, hydrophilic molecules down the concentration gradiant with
the help of membrane transport proteins.
5b: Carrier proteins are the transporter proteins that are actually the integral membrane proteins
serving in transport of ions across the membrane. These proteins have ion binding sites and
exhibit changes in shape to transport the ions. Channel proteins are the integral membrane
proteins that form the hydrophilic channels for transport of polar, charged and hydrophilic
substances across the membrane. They do not undergo the shape change.
5c: Direct active transport couples the exergonic chemical reaction for increasing the solute/ion
concentration on one side of the membrane. The indirect active transport includes coupling of
favorable downhill movement of one solute to the unfavorable uphill movement of other
substance. For ex: sodium potassium pump couples ATP hydrolysis with uphill movement of
sodium (direct active transport). Downhill movement of sodium coupled with uphill movement
of glucose (indirect active transport)..
Describe the cellular circumstances of membrane proteins, concentrat.pdfarshiartpalace
Describe the cellular circumstances of membrane proteins, concentration and charge differences
that allow diffusion or require active transport.
Solution
Answer:
Diffusion: it is going to takes place as per differences of solute concentrations on both sides of a
cell
For example: Normally glucose enters into the cell by passive facilitated diffusion via GLUT 4
membrane protein channels (muscle or adipose cells) or via GLUT-2 (brain, kidney, pancreatic
beta cells) and will be converted to glucose -6-phosphate (by enzyme glucokinase) later by
oxidation process
The amphipathic nature of cell membrane allows the selective permeability through the cell
membrane. Cell membrane is further embedded with many ion channels and receptor membrane
proteins that participate in a variety of transport mechanisms used by cell. The transport is going
to takes place as per charge differences across the cell either \"down the concentration gradient
or against the concentration gradient\". Cells control the movement of substances across the cell
membrane through,
1. Passive transport or gradient diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. Active transport
Cell performs the above mechanisms to regulate the movement of substances through lipid
bilayer, ion channels and membrane transporters (trnasmembrane proteins).
Simple diffusion does not require energy but primarily relies upon the membrane solubility of
the solute to promote free diffusion into the cells & rate of transport will be doubled if the
concentration is increased. Ex. Aquaporins.
Active transport: Active transport needs energy require ATPases, and it help to move ions
against their concentration gradients. The concentration of some of the ions is more inside the
cell and some is more outside the cell. For example, the concentration of sodium ions is more
outside the cell due to charge differences across the cells. Still, the sodium ions move from the
inside of cell to outside through ion channels, by means of active transport.
Facilitated diffusion:
Facilitated diffusion is a passive process and uses \"carrier proteins(integral membrane
transport)\" to move specific solutes molecules down the concentration gradient. This type of
transport does not require energy to transport a molecule across the membrane. Its rate is higher
than that of simple diffusion of the molecule finally attain a plateau or saturable stage until the
concentration attains equilibrium.
Facilitated diffusion involves the transport of transport of molecules using the membrane bound
proteins. For example, ion channels allow the transport of ions into and out of the cell, which are
otherwise, cannot pass through cell membrane. Glucose binds to the carrier molecule present on
the cell membrane, and enter into the cell; this process is facilitated by insulin.
Passive transport: It does not need energy source but the driving force is concentration gradient.
Both active transport and facilitated diffusion use carrier molecules for the transpo.
An event and its complement are mutually exclusive. True False.pdffashiondesignerporur
An event and its complement are mutually exclusive. True / False
Solution
Yes, it is true. [answer]
Mutually exclusive events don\'t have anything in common. The complement of an event is
everything that is not in that event. Thus, they have nothing in common.
Hence, TRUE: THEY ARE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE..
Assume that the repulsive potential energy of an ion-pair in an ioni.pdffashiondesignerporur
Assume that the repulsive potential energy of an ion-pair in an ionic crystal arises because of the
action of the pauli exclusion principle and that it can be expressed as
Urep = B/ rn where r is the separation between the ions of opposit sign, n is a large number and
B is a constant of the crystal.
Solution
Please define the problem..
A precise definition of globalization is difficult, because globaliz.pdffashiondesignerporur
A precise definition of globalization is difficult, because globalization is a process which
removes economic, social and cultural boundaries of nation states. Discuss this process. Do you
think that globalization is a win-win situation for all countries? You may argue in favor of or
against this view.
Solution
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and
aided by information technology.
Globalization is defined as a process which integrates the world economy. It is a process which
removes economic, social and cultural bindings.
Globalization is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. It is the process of
internationalintegration as a product of exchange of world views, products, ideas and other
aspects of culture in which worldwide exchange of national and cultural resources occurs in the
process.Many factors contributed for the growth of globalization major being advancement
intransportation and communication. The current wave of globalization is nothing but the
resultof Schumpeterian evolution in technology along with interaction of many actors at
differentlevels of the economy. Globalization means different for different people. For some it
createspositive political, economic and technological progress. For few globalization is
hegemonic andantagonist to local and national economies. Globalization has changed situations
in such amanner that power of state is determined by power of firm. If the goal of globalization
wasmore liberal exchange of goods, services, labor, thoughts etc which in later stages would
makeworld uniform, then there is no space for identity.
There are positive aspects for cultural globalization that will foster diversity when there is
aninteraction between boundaries leads to mixing of culture which results in pluralization.
Thereis condensation and differentiation on ideas which brought many unique aspects of
certainculture into lime light. The concept of glocalization has gained popularity which would
help inimproving standards of life, without hampering the local tradition. Diversity itself has
become aglobal value now which is been promoted by international organizations and
movements.
Globalization is not a debate aboutdivergence or convergence, but it is a dialectical process
which can both integrate and fragmentalong with creating both winners and losers.
I do not think that globalization is a win win situation for all countries and even if it is at least
winning amount is different for each country. not all countries are gaining equally from
globalization and some countries especially labour abundant countires like India are at loss as
there is no freedom of human capital transfer in globalization process.
Globalization is thus an ongoing syndrome. Globalization is not only about interplays
betweenlocal, regional, national and global scales, but also about the interconnectedn.
Pnc po,B F2 no,C MO, E Solution BJT in active mode means EB Junc.pdffashiondesignerporur
Pnc po,B F2 no,C MO, E
Solution
BJT in active mode means EB Junction is forward biased and CB juction is reverse biased.
Since EBJ is forward biased, the depletion width is smaller thean CBJ depletion width (which is
reverse biased). Let us consider the electrons injected from the emitter into the base. These
electrons will be minority carrier in the p-type base regrion. Because the base is usually very
thin, in the steady state the excess minority carrier concentration in the base will have an almost
straight-line profile. This tapered minority-carrier concentration profile causes the electrons
injected into the base to diffuse though the base region toward the collector. The Collector-Base
juction is reverse biased so the minority carrier concentration profile can be constant in collector..
Which one of the following experiments demonstrates the nature of el.pdffashiondesignerporur
Which one of the following experiments demonstrates the nature of electrons? Which one of the
following experiments demonstrates the wave nature of electrons? a) Small flashes of light can
be observed when electrons strike a special screen. b) Electrons directed through a double slit
can produce an interference pattern. c) The Michelson-Morley experiment confirmed the
existence of electrons and their nature. d) In the photoelectric effect, electrons are observed to
interfere with electrons in metals. e) Electrons are observed to interact with photons (light
particles).
Solution
part B.
a.) Describe a difference between the RNA polymerases of eukaryotes .pdffashiondesignerporur
a.) Describe a difference between the RNA polymerases of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
b.) Which of the following enzymes are known to be involved in the replication of DNA in
bacteria?
Check all that apply.
DNA Polymerase I
RNA Polymerase II
DNA Polymerase II
RNA primase
ligase
Solution
Thanks for the question
Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cell cytoplasm and, in prokaryotes, both transcription and
translation happen simultaneously. Eukaryotic transcription occurs in the cell nucleus and, in
eukaryotes, transcription and translation differ in space and time. RNA polymerases are an
essential requirement for transcription.
Eukaryotic cells are more complex than bacteria in many ways, including in terms of
transcription. Specifically, in eukaryotes, transcription is achieved by three different types of
RNA polymerase (RNA pol I-III).
These polymerases differ in the number and type of subunits they contain, as well as the class of
RNAs they transcribe
RNA pol I transcribes ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs),
RNA pol II transcribes RNAs that will become messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and also small
regulatory RNAs
RNA pol III transcribes small RNAs such as transfer RNAs (tRNAs).
Replication of DNA in bacteria requires
DNA Polymerase I
DNA Polymerase II
RNA primase
ligase
Regards.
In the past several years the number of harmful algal blooms has been.pdffashiondesignerporur
In the past several years the number of harmful algal blooms has been dramatically increasing.
In fact, a recent bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa, known for its secretion of the hepatotoxin
microcystin, has threatened the water supply of Lake Erie cities such as Toledo and Cleveland.
An EPA friend wishes to study this species in order to prevent such blooms, and in so doing,
finds significant heterogeneity in gene expression in clonal algal cells (same species, identical
DNA) in the same environment! There is one order of magnitude of variation in certain
transcription factors and two orders of magnitude of variation in lipid content. Recognizing your
expertise your friend asks you for advice: Is this result reasonable or was this likely due to
experimental error? How would one go about testing and explaining the results? Provide an
answer to your colleague.
Solution
To study gene expression , since a long time, Microarray technology is being used in order to
study more number of genes in a single experiment. This is then interpreted using significance
analysis of transcriptomic data, but the disadvantage here lies that it would ignore gene
dependence structure. Therefore , along with microarray technology for studying heterogeneity,
FAMT would allow to capture gene dependence as a factor of computation of results.
FAMT: Factor Analysis for Multiple Testing (FAMT) : is defined as simultaneous tests under
dependence in high-dimensional data. It takes into account various factors to give high
throughput data and accurate results. In FAMT, effects of the experimental conditions and the
nuisance variability on gene expression, due to technical errors and other known or unknown
effects, can be easily separated. The factors can be distinguished and interpreted using graphics.
I am not aware of what protocol was followed by my colleague. Neither am I aware if the
interfering signals were cancelled by the protocol followed. So rather, I would suggest to
perform microarray for testing gene heterogeneity and interpreting the results using FAMT, so as
to eliminate all sorts of interfering signals/ factors and also handling errors , if some. Results can
be interpreted later after elimination of any error possibilities..
What is the difference between a short and long branchSolution.pdffashiondesignerporur
What is the difference between a short and long branch?
Solution
long branch is a form of systematic error whereby distantly related lineages are incorrectly
inferred to be closely related. LBA arises when the amount of molecular or morphological
change accumulated within a lineage is sufficient to cause that lineage to appear similar (thus
closely related) to another long-branched lineage, solely because they have both undergone a
large amount of change, rather than because they are related by descent. Such bias is more
common when the overall divergence of some taxa results in long branches within a phylogeny.
Long-branches are often attracted to the base of a phylogenetic tree, because the lineage included
to represent an outgroup is often also long-branched. The frequency of true LBA is unclear and
often debated. Although often viewed as a failing of parsimony-based methodology, LBA can
result from a variety of scenarios
Long branch effects distort maximum.
What are the methods, mechanisms, and types of media by which German.pdffashiondesignerporur
What are the methods, mechanisms, and types of media by which Germany youth, including
Heck, are socialized and indoctrinated under National Socialism?
Solution
German peopel resepects their nation much and they believe in their system. they are basically
true lovers of their nation and they works together to achieve national goals. they always give
first priority to national goals and later personal benefits. they thinks that all are equal in the
nation and every one should get the same facilities and same treatment from society or
government also.
there are different types of media where the young people use to promote the national previlage
and priorities. they used social media sites like twitter, facebook and also they use the support of
print media.
the other media is telecast and broad cast media, by using all these types of media German youth
are implementing their national socilism..
VHDL programming assignmentwrite functions for each of the follow.pdffashiondesignerporur
VHDL programming assignment:
write functions for each of the following purpose:
a function that takes in an array of integers and returns the average of the numbers in that array.
this array has a dynamic size.inside this function u cannot declare any variables or signals and
you are only permitted to use the inputs and the outputs. the function must hold the following
form:
Solution
for ( i=1;i=1to 10;i++)
i = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AVG= (I=1 to 10)
AVG(int i=1.
This is a Physiology qquestion. Describe the two general meanings of.pdffashiondesignerporur
This is a Physiology qquestion. Describe the two general meanings of the term membrane, as
used in biology. Which usage indicates layers of cells and which indicates layers of molecules?
Solution
Answer:
Two general meanings of the term \"membrane\" in biology are to describe the structure of cell
membrane that is permeable to some molecules but not all molecules. Second meaning of a
\"membrane in biological cell\" is to protect inner cytoskeleton with organelles. Membrane is
made of phospholipid bilayer in which one is hydrophilic region and another is hydrophobic
region. The phsopholipid layers indicates layers of lipids and membrane proteins whereas the
layers of cells is mainly due to \"membrane associated cell adhesion molecules\"
These three macromolecules together to form a complex phospholipid bilayer in which
periplasmic proteins are distributed in a mosaic manner. The large fluid mosaic structure is
formed from these macromolecules composed of phospholipid bilayers with protein channels for
the transport of organic & inorganic nutrients including trace metal. Normally, the essential
aspects of these structures composed of \"porins, protein channels, integral proteins” that dictate
their function for the selective permeability, diffusion of nutrients across the membrane into &
out of the cell finally to attain homeostasis
Fluid mosaic model describes that two-dimensional liquid layer of cell membrane where proteins
distributed like mosaic model in the phospholipid bilayer. This model mostly accepted by
biologists Role of the protein molecules in this model cell membrane layers are membrane
extracellular protein domains in connection to the lipid bilayer membrane. Membrane
phospholipids are the molecules with hydrophillic polar heads towards the solvent such as water
whereas hydrophobic tail located towards the center of the layer and this bilayer formed by
micelles, as fatty acids possess one polar associated with another nonpolar head. Cell membrane
possesses a property known as selective permeability. Cell membrane consists of phopholipid
bilayer that also include several of the transmembrane proteins, ion channels etc. Small, non-
polar molecules with hydrophobic nature diffuse more easily into the cell membrane. Similarly,
proteins interact and assemble themselves to form several layers of structures in our body..
Type I hypersensitivity is a Th1 type response Th2 type response T.pdffashiondesignerporur
Type I hypersensitivity is a Th1 type response Th2 type response Th17 type response none of
the above Type III hypersensitivities involve large number of antibody-antigen complexes that
the body is having difficulty clearing up. Which organ is frequently overwhelmed by these
antibody/antigen complexes? liver lymph nodes kidney none the above Mosquito bites can
often result in a swollen skin area around the bite which is red and sore. This reaction is caused
by a saliva protein secreted by the mosquito to avoid clotting of the blood. Which type of
hypersensitivity do mosquitoe bites usually cause? type I type II type III type IV
Solution
13. Answer is Th-2. Type-1 hypersensitivity is a Th-2 response. In this B-lymphocytes are
stimulated by CD4+ or Th-2 cell in response to allergin and produce Ig-E antibodies which bind
to mast cells and execute Type-1 Hypersensitivity
14. Answe is Kidney or Glomarulus. The immune complexs frequently accumulate in Blood
vessels, Joints and kidneys
15. Type-1.
The wide diversity of arthropod body plans can be attributed toQu.pdffashiondesignerporur
The wide diversity of arthropod body plans can be attributed to:
Question 8 options:
flexibility in metabolism that lets them use a variety of carbon and energy sources
small body sizes that allow individuals to colonize many habitats
mutations in genes that regulate the development of limbs, mouthparts, etc.
acquisition of mitochondria through endosymbiosis of proteobacteria
flexibility in metabolism that lets them use a variety of carbon and energy sources
small body sizes that allow individuals to colonize many habitats
mutations in genes that regulate the development of limbs, mouthparts, etc.
acquisition of mitochondria through endosymbiosis of proteobacteria
Solution
The wide diversity of arthropod body plans can be attributed to : mutations in genes that regulate
the development of limbs ,mouthparts etc..
The sample median is astatisticp-valueresidualparameterA.s.pdffashiondesignerporur
The sample median is a
statistic
p-value
residual
parameterA.
statisticB.
p-valueC.
residualD.
parameter
Solution
Any number describing a sample in general is
OPTION A: statistic [ANSWER]
****************
A parameter is the second closest answer, but it is for a POPULATION, but we have a sample
here.
P value and residual are far off from the point here. Thanks!.
The main advantage of organizing a business as a C Corporation in th.pdffashiondesignerporur
The main advantage of organizing a business as a C Corporation in the U.S. is: A) Limited
Liability B) Separation of ownership and managment C) Double taxation D) The relatively low
costs of incorporation versus the other forms of business E) Tax exemption
Solution
Ans option A
Limited liability is the main advantage of organizing a business as a corporation in US
It reduces the risk in case of default.
Single Source Shortest Path Assume that you have a model of a weight.pdffashiondesignerporur
Single Source Shortest Path Assume that you have a model of a weighted, connected graph made
of balls (representing the vertices) connected by strings (that represent the edges) with lengths
that represent the weighting of that edge. Describe how you can solve the single-source shortest-
path problem with this model.
Solution
-->Hold the ball representing the source in one hand and let the rest of the model hang down.
-->The force of gravity will make the shortest path to each of the other balls be on a straight line
down..
Question 2 Easter Climate Data for Chicago - weather.gov670 × 454Se.pdffashiondesignerporur
Question 2: Easter Climate Data for Chicago - weather.gov670 × 454Search by image
The following statistics comprises 142 years of data. However snowfall data started in 1885 so it
comprises 130 years. Data collection began at the University of Chicago, then at Midway, and
currently at O\'Hare which is now the official station for Chicago. Explain each of the following
4 charts (High, Low, Precipitation, Snowfall). Include rules, formulas, calculations, results and
interpretations of results. Include additional climate data table in your answer. Demonstrate all
quantitative or qualitative results for each chart (i.e, mean, median, mode, probability, deviation,
range, intervals, width, coefficient variation, boundary points, ROC, measure of location,
measure of spread, arithmetic mean, geometric mean, quantiles, etc.)
Easter Day Data:
A. High Temperatures Data: On Easter day: for 4 years it was <30, for 15 years it was 30-39, for
37 years it was 40-49, for 37 years it was 50-59, for 29 years it was 60-69, 13 years it was 70-79,
7 years it was 80>. The total years measured = 142 years.
B. Low Temperature Data: On Easter day: for 0 years it was <10, for 4 years it was 10-19, for 22
years it was 20-29, for 63 years it was 30-39, for 38 years it was 40-49, for 12 years it was 50-59,
for 3 years it was 60>. The total years measured = 142 years.
C. Precipitation Data: On Easter day: 61 years there was 0.00, 22 years there was trace, 7 years
there was 0.01, 32 years there was 0.02 - 0.25, 8 years there was 0.26 - 0.50, 4 years there was
0.51 - 0.75, 4 years there was 0.76 - 1.00, 2 years there was 1.01 - 1.25, 3 years there was 1.26.
Total years measured is 142 years.
D. Snowfall Data: On Easter day: 108 there was 0.0, 11 years there was trace, 8 years there was
0.1 - 0.9, 1 year there was 1.0 - 1.9, 0 years there was 2.0 - 2.9, 0 years there was 3.0 - 3.9, 0
years there was 4.0 - 4.9, 2 years there was 5.0>. Total years measured is 130.
ADDITIONAL EASTER DAY CLIMATE DATA ( * MEANS LAST OCCURRENCE)
MAX TEMP
WARMEST
MIN TEMP
WARMEST
PCPN
WETTEST
SNOW
MOST
85
April 10, 1977
62
April 13, 1941
3.12
March 31, 1929
7.1
March 29, 1964
83
April 11, 1971
61
April 19, 1992
1.49
April 9, 1882
6.4
April 4, 1920
82
April 18,1976 *
60
April 18, 1976
1.43
April 22, 1984
1.5
March 30, 1902
81
April 10, 1955 *
58
April 17, 1927
1.16
March 23, 1913
79
April 20, 2014 *
56
April 17, 1938 *
1.01
March 30, 1902
78
April 19, 1987
55
April 12, 1998
0.91
April 14, 1974
76
March 26, 1989
53
April 22, 1962
0.88
April 16, 2006
74
April 22, 1962
52
April 10, 1887
0.80
April 4, 2010 *
73
April 12, 1998 *
51
March 30, 1986
0.61
April 20, 1930
72
March 31, 1918
50
April 20, 2003
0.60
March 31, 1872
MAX TEMP
COLDEST
MIN TEMP
COLDEST
PCPN
DRIEST
SNOW
LEAST
19
March 25, 1894
11
March 24, 1940
0.00
April 20, 2014 *
0.0
April 20, 2014 *
23
March 24, 1940
13
March 25, 1894
T
March 31, 2013 *
T
April 8, 2007 *
28
March 30, 1975
18
March 29, 1964 *
0.01
March 31, 2002 *
0.1
March 26, 1978 *.
Make a SPLEEN specimen preparation protocol transmission electron.pdffashiondesignerporur
Make a SPLEEN specimen preparation protocol transmission electron microscope, using the
method of fixation by immersion (human tissue)
Make a SPLEEN specimen preparation protocol transmission electron microscope, using the
method of fixation by immersion (human tissue)
Solution
The prOtocol steps are as below:.
Michelle gets a cup of coffee and a muffin every day. She picks a co.pdffashiondesignerporur
Michelle gets a cup of coffee and a muffin every day. She picks a coffee shop at random and
independently of her choices on other days. The average price for a cup of coffee is $1.45 with a
standard deviation of $.30 and the average price of a muffin is $2.65 with a standard deviation of
$.10 and the two prices are independent of each other at each coffee shop.
What is the standard deviation of the amount she spends on breakfast weekly (7 days)?
Solution.
7. Which of the following statements is truea. Hormone binding to.pdffashiondesignerporur
7. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Hormone binding to nuclear receptors induces their movement from the nucleus to the
nucleolus in order to promote rDNA transcription.
b. Activation domains across eukaryotic species are often rich in basic amino acid residues.
c. The sequence and structure of the linkages between activator and DNA-binding domains in
transcriptional activator proteins are keys for their function.
d. Multiple types of activation domains are activated by the binding of other molecules such as
co-activators and ligands.
Solution
The sequence and structure of the linkages between activator and DNA-binding domains in
transcriptional activator proteins are keys for their function.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Graphs A and B despite two ways of determining how molecules (in this.pdf
1. Graphs A and B despite two ways of determining how molecules (in this case, molecules (X, Y,
Z) can gain entry into a cell: Increase the extracellular concentration (Co) of the molecule and
measure flux and keep Co constant and measure the intracellular concentration (Ci) of the
molecule over time until equilibrium is reached. Which of the molecules enters by facilitated
diffusion? explain? Which molecule enters by active transport? explain?
Solution
Answer (A) In graph A, transport of molecule Z does not show saturation, which is consistent
with diffusion.
Answer (B)
In graph A, the rate of transport (flux) of molecules X and Y saturate, which is consistent with
mediated transport (facilitated diffusion).
Answer (C)
In graph B, molecules X and Z reach equilibrium (Ci>Co) indicating active transport.
For further read the theory of simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
DIFFUSION
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from one location to another by random thermal motion.
The net flux between two compartments always proceeds from higher to lower concentration of
the diffusing substance.
Diffusion equilibrium is reached when the concentrations in the two compartments become
equal, resulting in zero net flux.
The magnitude of the net flux F across a plasma membrane is directly proportional to the
concentration difference across the membrane C - C, the surface area of the membrane A, and
the membrane permeability constant k.
Non-polar molecules diffuse through the lipid portions of membranes much more rapidly than
do polar or ionized molecules because nonpolar molecules can dissolve in the non-polar lipids in
the membrane.
Mineral ions diffuse across membranes by passing through ion channels formed by integral
membrane proteins.
The net diffusion of ions across a membrane depends on both the concentration gradient and the
membrane potential.
The flux of ions across a membrane can be altered by opening or closing ion channels.
MEDIATED-TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
The mediated transport of molecules or ions across a membrane involves binding of the
transported solute to a transporter in the membrane. Changes in the conformation of the
2. transporter move the binding site to the opposite side of the membrane, where the solute
dissociates from the protein.
The binding sites on transporters exhibit chemical specificity, affinity and saturation.
The magnitude of the flux through a mediated-transport system depends on the degree of
transporter saturation, the number of transporters in the membrane, and the rate at which the
conformational change in the transporter occurs.
Facilitated diffusion is a mediated-transport process that moves molecules from higher to lower
concentration across a membrane by means of a transporter until the two concentrations become
equal. Metabolic energy is not required for this process.
Active transport is a mediated-transport process that moves molecules against an electro-
chemical difference across a membrane by means of a transporter and requires an input of
energy.
Active transport is achieved either by altering the affinity of the binding site so that it differs on
the two sides of the membrane or by altering the rate at which the protein changes its
conformation from one side of the membrane to the other.
Primary active transport directly uses the phosphorylation of the transporter by ATP to drive the
transport process.
Secondary active transport uses the binding of ions (often sodium) to the transporter to drive the
transport process.
In secondary active transport the downhill flow of an ion is linked to the uphill movement of a
second solute either in the same direction as the ion (co-transport), or in the opposite direction to
the ion (counter transport).
