Types of communication, formal, informal, verbal, non-verbal, in an organization structure, johari window, shannon weaver model, David burlo, schramm model, Entropy and Redundancy, feedback in communication, transactional models in classroom, mass communication, channels of mass media feed-forward

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Goalfinder Classes: CBSE NET 2016 - Paper 1
Total number of Pages: 115
Portion covered till CBSE NET December 2015
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Communication
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Table of Content
THE BASIC STEPS OF COMMUNICATION
Two major types of communication:
Classification of Interpersonal Communication
A- On the basis of the number of participants.
Dyadic Communication
Small Group Communication
Public Communication
Mass Communication
B - On the basis of organisation structure
Organizational Communication
Formal Communication
Informal Communication (Grapevine)
C - On the Basis of Direction of Flow
Downward Communication:
Upward Communication
Crosswise (Diagonal) Communication
Horizontal/Literal communication:
D - On the basis of way of expression
E - On the basis of Objective
F - On the basis of environment of the firm
G - Types of communication based on the communication channels used
1. Verbal Communication
2. Non-verbal (Non-vocal) Communication
Intrapersonal Communication
The Johari Window
Self-Disclosure
Process of interpersonal communication:
Early Linear Models
1. The Shannon-Weaver Mathematical Model, 1949
2. David Berlo Model
3. Schramm’s Interactive Model, 1954

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4. The transactional model (Wood, 2009)
Concept of Feedback
Concept of Feed-Forward
Terms in Communication
Short Circuiting
Concept of Entropy and Redundancy
Barriers to Communication
Communication in classroom
Students’ Preferred Learning Modes
Effective Classroom Communication
Measurement of communication
Barriers to Effective Classroom Communication
Edutainment and infotainment
Mass Communication
Surveillance, Interpretation etc
Communication and Reasoning Skills
Assertiveness, Interpersonal, Interaction Skills, etc
Mass Media for Mass communication
Channels of Mass Media
Print
Broadcasting
TV
Films
Outdoor media
New Age Media
Practice Questions with Solutions
Detailed Solution to Questions

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Sample - Communication
Communication means transferring messages from one to another through any medium.
 Communication is sending and receiving information between two or more people.
 The person sending the message is referred to as the sender, while the person receiving the
information is called the receiver.
 The information conveyed can include facts, ideas, concepts, opinions, beliefs, attitudes, instructions
and even emotions.
The basic steps of communication
They are the forming of
1. Communicative intent,
2. Message composition,
3. Message encoding,
4. Transmission of signal,
5. Reception of signal,
6. Message decoding and
7. Finally interpretation of the message by the recipient.
There are various levels in communication like
 Intrapersonal communication,
 Interpersonal communication,
 Group communication and
 Mass communication.
Mass communication plays the vital role because it reaches very large number of audience. Basically Mass
communication has two forms one is Interpersonal communication and another one is media communication.
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Spoken or Verbal Communication: face-to-face, telephone, radio or television and other media.
Non-Verbal Communication: body language, gestures, how we dress or act - even our scent.
Written Communication: letters, e-mails, books, magazines, the Internet or via other media.
Visualizations: graphs and charts, maps, logos and other visualizations can communicate messages.
Two major types of communication:
1. Interpersonal Communication
 Dyadic Communication
 Small Group Communication
 Public Communication
 Mass Communication
 Organizational Communication
2. Intrapersonal Communication
Classification of Interpersonal Communication
A. The number of participants
B. Organisation structure
C. Direction of Flow
D. Way of expression
E. Objective
F. Environment of the firm
G. Type of communication channel used
A- On the basis of the number of participants.
This classification of communication is based on 'either a man communicate with himself, or two men
communicate with each other, or more than two men are indulged in this act.'
1. Intra-personal Communication: When a man communicates with himself to develop useful ideas. (dealt
later)
2. Interpersonal (Dyadic -as a group of two people, the smallest possible social group) Communication: When a
person communicate his thoughts to another person.
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B - On the basis of organisation structure
On the basis of the structure of an organisation, the communication can be classified in two major groups.
Organizational Communication
Formal
 Taking part in meetings or conferences
 Sales counters
 Job interviews
Informal
 Private discussions with friends or family members
 Corridor discussions
 Conversation in canteens or restaurants
Formal Communication
In formal communication, certain rules, conventions and principles are followed while communicating
message.
 Formal communication occurs in formal and official style. Usually professional settings,
corporate meetings, conferences undergoes in formal pattern.
 In this type of communication, information are sent and authenticated by corporate firms,
government departments, NGOs, social service groups etc. that have strict and rigid
procedures to achieve their respective objectives.
 In formal communication, use of slang and foul language is avoided and correct pronunciation
is required. Authority lines are needed to be followed in formal communication.
 Formal communication spreads through newsletters, manuals, emails, memos, staff meetings,
conferences and official notices
Informal Communication (Grapevine)
Informal communication occurs through the grapevine, which is generally word-of-mouth
communication.
 It spreads throughout the organization in a random,
undocumented manner and is open to constant change
with individual interpretation.
 Although unstable, the grapevine carries some
importance to internal business communication.
 It often travels more quickly than other channels and is
usually more direct.
 The grapevine is present within all levels of staff. It exists
because of a natural desire to know things and brings a sense of belonging to employees and
managerial staff alike.
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Intrapersonal Communication
Intrapersonal communication is a communication which happens within yourself. Here both Source (sender)
and receiver is only one. So, the feedback works without any interruption. Example: A person can communicate
himself through pain, thinking, feelings and
emotion etc
Intrapersonal communication takes place
within one person. It is meant to reflect
oneself to clarify something. Even during
those moments of quiet reflection about
ourselves, our goals in life, our beliefs,
values and expectations, we are
communicating with ourselves.
Intrapersonal communication also includes dreams, fantasies, talking out loud to yourself and writing, such as
in a journal.
Talking to oneself - The time when there should be concern is when
talking to oneself occurs outside of socially acceptable situations, it is
a symptom of schizophrenia for example
Not intrapersonal: Speaking aloud as in reading aloud, repeating what
one hears
There are three concept of intrapersonal communication namely as following:
1.Self-conception
It is the one of the concepts of intrapersonal communication because it determines
how he sees himself and which to oriented to others. It is also known as self-
awareness. There are several factors effecting the communication.
The self includes three different dimensions. ①The first is self-esteem, the
②second the ideal self and the ③third is the real self.
Self-esteem means the positivity of a person’s self-concept.
 For example a person who has a low self-esteem thinks that they will not perform well in a certain task.
 Then on the other hand, a person who has a high self-esteem thinks the opposite and might think even
a bit more of themselves.
 Often self-esteem is related into acceptance of others.
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1. The Shannon-Weaver Mathematical Model, 1949
Background : Claude Shannon, an engineer for the Bell Telephone Company, designed the most influential of
all early communication models. His goal was to formulate a theory to guide the efforts of engineers in finding
the most efficient way of transmitting electrical signals from one location to another (Shannon and Weaver,
1949).
The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies and is called
the telephone model of communication
The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the
receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also
recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they
deemed noise. The noise could also mean the absence of signal.
In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication
Later Shannon introduced a mechanism in the receiver which corrected for differences between the
transmitted and received signal; this monitoring or correcting mechanism was the forerunner of the now
widely used concept of feedback (information which a communicator gains from others in response to his own
verbal behavior).
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Effective Classroom Communication
There are the two wheels of effective classroom communication, those are the teachers and the students. A
teacher with a 'blazing character' and freed from commercial taint can be expected to command the respect
and admiration of the pupils and produce the necessary effect on their minds by way of helping them manifest
the perfection that is already in them.
In the modern school system, the teachers teach the pupils by class and not as individuals with their
differences. Like an automation, the teacher enters into the classroom at the appointed time and delivers as
best as he may on his intellectual load. At the stroke of the hour he mechanically walks out. Thus everyday the
teacher-stranger meets the student-strangers only in the classroom.
As a rest of which life does not come in contact with life. Indian tradition proves that education becomes
effective and fruitful only to the extent to which there is personal touch between the teacher and the taught.
While in the classroom, the teacher is a master, off the classroom, he is a companion, while looking after their
personal needs, he plays the role of a matter. He is a playmate on the game field. Such varieties in their
relationship keep the position of teacher high. To the pupil, it is a rare privilege to be with a teacher whom he
observes in various roles.
Therefore, those who work as teachers should have a natural feeling in respect of student-teacher relationship.
Consequently, students become humanized and learn to live and act like normal human beings. They become
thoughtful, concerned, courageous and dedicated men and women in future.
Effective Communication Tips for the Classroom
Communicate Respectfully
Respect is the foundation of effective communication, especially in the classroom. Teachers and students
demonstrate respectful communication in the following ways:
- Use a tone that is honest and tactful, choosing words that are appropriate to the situation and non-
inflammatory.
- When taking on a listening role, make eye contact and focus on the speaker.
- Speak in turn, never interrupting the speaker.
Teachers who model respect with their students have more respectful classrooms overall because students
learn how to communicate respectfully and see its effectiveness.
Repeat Your Message in Different Ways
While most communication in a classroom starts verbally, many students don't take in what they hear the first
time. Effective communication requires using different techniques in communication. When you want to make
a point, consider what visual tools can help you in addition to your verbal communication. For example, if you
are discussing rules of conduct, have a chart handy with graphics to help students remember. In a lecture
situation, offer hand-outs that outline the points you are making. Give the students something to do that
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Leading English Newspapers during British Raj
1780 The Bengal Gazette (Hockey Gazette) 1795 The Bengal Harkaru
1781 The India Gazette 1795 Madras Gazette
1784 The Calcutta Gazette 1799 Calcutta Morning Post
1785 The Madras Courier 1838 The Bombay Times and Journal of
1788 Asiatic Mirror Commerce (Now, The Times of India)
1789 The Bombay Herald 1865 The Pioneer
1789 India Gazette (founded in Allahabad by George Allen)
1791 The Harkaru (Hircarrah) 1882 The Voice of India
1792 The Bombay Gazette 1938 The National Herald
1793 The Oriental Star (founded by Jawaharlal Nehru in Lucknow)
Of the existing publication Bombay Samachar (1822, Gujarati, Mumbai) is the oldest
Terminology of Print Media
ABC
Audit Bureau of Circulation. A service organisation that validates publishers’ circulation claims through
regularly scheduled audits. This was formed by advertisers and publishers in 1914 to establish ground rules for
counting circulation data.
Bleed
Printing to the very edge of the page so that there is no margin around the add. Some publishers charge a 15%
premium for this type of printing since it reduces the speed of the press and creates printed waste material.
Crop
Using the crop function allows you to drag a rectangular shape around an area in your image to cut off the
sides to make it the proper size or to remove unwanted parts
Multi-lingual – News Agency
Hindustan Samachar or Hindusthan Samachar was a multilingual news agency in India. It was set up in 1948 by
S. S. Apte, offering its services in 10 languages: Bengali, Oriya, Assamese, Telugu, Malayalam, Urdu, Punjabi,
Gujarati, Hindi and Marathi. A year after a state of emergency was declared in India in 1975, Hindustan
Samachar was merged with Press Trust of India, United News of India and Samachar Bharati to form the media
monopoly Samachar.
Broadcasting
Radio
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Referential and Critical Framing
‘Reality’, the ‘truth’ of what happened, has been affirmed through the reiteration of certain patterns of
interpretation by media.
 The media create pictures in the head by newsreaders or reporters - that prompt expectations of
similar pictures and explanations in the same mode.
 Having created a set of expectations, the media have then, by the nature of their coverage, “striking
miners, were, in this case, liable to violence”. The pictures proved it and predicted it.
 According to Philo’s research the media, by their own selectivity and emphasis, have the potential to
translate that take-up position to audience perceptions of reality; of what ‘really happened'.
Frames of reference
There are two basic types of framing used by audiences for TV, ①the referential and the ②critical.
 The first connects media with reality: ‘Viewers relate to characters as real people and in turn relate
these real people to their own real worlds.’
 The second, the critical reading, goes beyond assessing the way TV reflects reality' and examines how
this is done:
Referential readings arc probably more emotionally involving; critical readings are more cognitive, dealing as
they do with genres, dynamics of plot, thematic of the story, and so on.
Significant others
It is vital to remind ourselves that audiences have their own lived experience to connect with the mediated
experience derived from reading the papers, listening to radio, watching TV or going to the cinema; and an
important part of that lived experience is other people who make up a context of influences equal to and often
more powerful than those of the media themselves.
 We use media referentially and critically in our everyday exchanges with others and in those exchanges
media messages, media ‘truths’, media influences, undergo modification and reshaping at a personal
or group level.
 The media are forces for social mediation but in turn they are themselves socially mediated.
 When we are in doubt about something, in need of clarifying our views or our feelings, of sorting things
in our minds, in the surveillance mode, we turn to significant others - parents, teachers, work
colleagues, friends, and, in increasing numbers, we consult the Net, visit chat-rooms, hunt down
websites for information, advice and links to others with a common interest.
 We scan weblogs for information and comment not always, and sometimes never, available through
traditional media sites.
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Practice Questions with Solutions
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Detailed Solution to Questions
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