Communication panel

1. THEORY PRESENTATION
ON
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
SUBMITTED TO:-
MR. SAMUEL FERNANDIS, PRESENTED BY:
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, MR. TONDE PANDURANG.
L,
SCON, PUNE. FIRST M.Sc. NURSING,
SCON, PUNE
PRESENTED ON: 15 /04 /2017
INTRODUCTION

2. Name of the subject : Advance Nursing Practice.
Name of the topic : Transactional Model of Communication.
Name of teacher : Mr. Samuel Fernandis.
Name of the student : Mr. Tonde Pandurang laxman.
Date of presentation : 15/04/2017.
Area of presentation : Classroom (M. Sc. 1st
year).
Time of presentation : 10-11 pm.
Students participated : 1st
year M. Sc. Nursing students.
A V aids : Black board, ppt
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
General Objectives:

3. “At the end of the theory presentation group will be gain depth knowledge
regarding Transactional model of communication and this knowledge will be apply in
teaching or clinical side.”
Specific Objectives:
1. State the meaning of transactional model of communication.
2. Define transactional model of communication.
3. Discuss the concept of communication.
4. Enlist elements of communication.
5. Explain purposes of communication.
6. Describe various principles of communication.
7. Explain various types of communication.
8. Discuss barriers of communication.
9. Enlist various methods to overcome communication
10. Explain techniques of communication.
COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION:

4.  Communication is the exchange of ideas, facts, feelings, thoughts, opinions and
information which is vital in facilitating human interaction through (Written or spoken)
words, symbols or actions.
 Communication is essential for progress of any individual and it is the back bone in
establishing good interpersonal human relationships.
 To adapt, to change or to develop the abilities, an individual incorporates the spirit and
artful skills of communication into every step of his plan of activities.
MEANING:
The word communication originates from ‘communis’, a Greek word, meaning ‘to
make common’. It is the transmission and receiving information, feelings and or attitudes
with the overall purpose of having understood producing a response. It is the process of
passing messages, ideas, facts, opinions, attitudes, information and understanding from one
person to another.
DEFINITION:-
“Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between
individuals through a common system of symbols and signs of behaviour”. - Webster’s
Dictionary.
OR
“Communication is a two way process of sharing and transmitting ideas, information and
messages between two or more individuals”.
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION:
Transactional model of communication is the exchange of messages between sender
and receiver where each take turns to send or receive messages. Here, both "sender" and
"receiver" are known as "communicators" and their role reverses each time in the
communication process as both processes of sending and receiving occurs at the same time.
DEFINITION:
“Transactional model of communication is the exchange of messages between sender
and receiver where each take turns to send or receive messages”.
Transactional Model Concept & Example:
 Transactional model is the process of continuous change and transformation where every
component is changing such as the people, their environments and the medium used.

5.  Due to this, it assumes the communicators to be independent and act any way they want.
 Since both sender and receiver are necessary to keep the communication alive in
transactional model, the communicators are also interdependent to each other.
 For example, transactional communication is not possible if the receiver is not listening to
sender.
 The transactional model is the most general model of communication.
 Everyday talk and interactions are also a form of transactional model communication.
 It is more efficient for communicators with similar environment and individual aspects.
 For instance, communication between people who know each other is more efficient
as they share same social system.
 In transactional model, efficiency and reliability of communicated message also depends
on the medium used.
 For example, the same message might not be perceived by a person the same way when it
is send through a phone and when it is provided face to face.
 It is because of possible loss of message on a phone call or absence of gestures.
ELEMENT:
1. SOURCE/SENDER:
The person who intends to convey the message with the intention of passing
information and ideas to others is known as sender.
2. MESSAGE:
Message is the set of ideas, facts, feelings or information which the sender sends to
his audience/ receiver. It is in form of words, figure, pictures or signs.
3. ENCODING:
This is the process of transferring the information you want to communicate into a
form that can be sent and correctly decoded at the other end. Your success in
encoding depends partly on your ability to convey information clearly and simply.
4. CHANNEL:
Channel of communication refers to the medium by which the message is send. It
implies the ‘physical bridge’ between the sender and the receiver. Message are
conveyed through channels, with verbal channels including face to face meetings,
telephone and videoconferencing and written channels including letters, emails,
memos and reports.
5. DECODING:

6. The person who receives the message or symbol from the communicator tries to
convert the same in such a way so that he may extract its meaning to his complete
understanding.
6. RECEIVER:
Receiver is the person who receives the message is meant for. It is the receiver who
tries to understand the message in the best possible manner in achieving the desired
objectives.
7. FEEDBACK:
Feedback is the process of ensuring that the receiver has received the message and
understand in the same sense as a sender meant it.
PURPOSES:
 Should be expressed in terms of human behaviour.
 Should be consistent with the ways in which people do communicate.
 To establish nurse-patient relationship.
 To be effective in expressing interest/concern for patient/family.
 To provide health care information.
PRINCIPLES:
a) Communication should have objective and purpose.
b) Should be appropriate to situation.
c) Systematic analysis of the message, i.e., the idea, the thought to be communicated, so
that one is clear about it.
d) Selection and determination of appropriate language and medium of communication
according to its purpose.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION:-
I. Based on the means of delivering the message.
II. Based on the purpose of the communication.
III. Based on the levels of communication.
IV. Based on the patterns of communication.
I. BASED ON THE MEANS OF DELIVERING THE MESSAGE:-
a. Verbal communication:-

7.  It occurs through the medium of spoken or written.
 A combination of several words is used and each words conveys a specific
meaning.
 Some important elements of verbal communication are language, vocabulary,
denotative & connotative meaning, pacing, intonation, clarity, consciousness,
preciseness, comprehension, brevity, timing & relevance.
Sub types of verbal communication:-
 Spoken communication.
 Written communication.
 Telecommunication.
 Electronic communication.
b. Nonverbal communication:-
 This communication can occurs without words; where the five senses & whole
range of body movements, posture, gesture, facial expression & silence are used
for sending and receiving the message.
 Nonverbal communication is a more accurate way of communication because it
convey the true and intended meaning of the message.
 Nonverbal communication may be accomplished by the following means:-
 Touch.
 Eye contact.
 Gait.
 Facial expression.
 Gesture.
 Posture.
 Physical appearance.
 Sound.
 Silence.
II. BASED ON THE PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION:-
a. Formal communication:-
 Formal communication follows line of authority and is generally used in
organization to achieve organizational objectives.
 For example, the nursing superintendent of a hospital will communicate with staff
nurse through assistant nursing superintendents, supervisors and ward in-charge
nurses.
b. Informal communication:-
 Informal communication does not follow line of authority.
 Examples of informal communication are gossip, chitchat and kitty parties.
 It is very fast and usually takes place in social groups like friends, family, peer
groups, etc.
c. Therapeutic communication:-
 Therapeutic communication takes place between a health care personnel and a
patient, with the purpose of the modifying the patient behaviour.

8.  This is accomplished with repeated interaction using certain essential attribute
such as trust, empathy, tenderness, concern and non-judgemental attitude.
III. BASED ON THE LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION:-
a. Intrapersonal communication:-
 It take place within an individual, we may also say it is self-talk.
 It is a crucial because it provides a person with an opportunity to assess self or a
situation, before acting on it, ultimately affecting the person behaviour.
b. Interpersonal communication:-
 It takes place whenever two or more peoples interact and exchange messages or
ideas.
 This is also one of the most common forms of communication in our daily lives.
 Interpersonal communication may further categories into assertive, non-assertive
and aggressive communication.
c. Transpersonal communication:-
 It takes place within a person’s spiritual domain.
 The purpose of transpersonal communication is to realize selfhood, enhance
spirituality and answers question that are spiritual in nature.
d. Small-group communication:-
 An example of a small-group communication is when nurse interact with two or
more individuals face-to-face or use a medium (like a conference call).
 Patient conferences, staff meetings and reports are good examples of small-group
communication.
e. Public communication:-
 Public is generally defined as a large group of people.
 Communication with such a large group of people is known as public
communication.
 Public communication requires essential skills to influence people at large and
media material to reach member of the public clearly and loudly.
f. Organizational communication:-
 It takes place when individuals and groups within an organization communicate
with each other to achieve established organizational goals.
IV. BASED ON THE PATTERN OF COMMUNICATION:-
a. One-way communication:-
 It takes place when message are delivered to the audience from the communicator
only without constant feedback.
 A common example of one-way communication is lecture delivered in a
classroom.
b. Two-way communication:-
 It takes place when both the communicator and audience take part in the process.

9.  The audience may raise question and add information, ideas and opinions on the
subjects.
c. One-to-one communication:-
 Communication between one sender and one recipient at one time is termed as
one-to-one communication.
 A nurse providing information to a patient is an example of one-to-one
communication.
d. One-to-many communication:-
 Where one person communicates with many people at the same time, it is termed
as one-to-many communication.
 A nurse providing health education to a community is an example of one-to-many
communication.
e. Many-to-one communication:-
 Many-to-one communication takes place when several people communicate with
one person at the same time.
 A panel of expert taking an interview is an example of many-to-one
communication.
BARRERS OF COMMUNICATION:
A. Physiological Barriers:
 Poor retention due to memory problem.
 Lack of attention.
 Discomfort due to illness.
 Poor sensory perception.
 Hearing problems.
 Poor listening skills.
 Information overloaded.
 Gender physiological differences.
B. Environmental Barriers:
 Loud background noise.
 Poor lighting.
 Uncomfortable setting.
 Unhygienic surrounding and bad odour.
 Very hot and very cold room.
 Distance.
C. Psychological Barriers:
 Psychotic or neurotic illness.
 Misperception and misunderstanding.
 Distrust and unhappy emotions.
 Emotional disturbances.
 Worry and emotional disturbances.
 Fear, anxiety and confused thinking.
D. Social Barriers:

10.  Diffidence in social norms, values and behaviour.
 Social taboos.
 Different social strata.
E. Cultural Barriers:
 Ethnic, religious and cultural differences.
 Cultural tradition, values and behaviour.
F. Semantic Barriers:
 Language barriers.
 Faulty language translation.
 Individual differences in expression and perception.
 Past experiences of an individual failure to listen.
G. Organizational Barriers:
 Organizational policy, rules and regulation.
 Technical failure.
 Time pressure.
 Complexity of organization structure due to hierarchy.
 Size of the organization.
H. Communication Process-Related Barriers:
 Unclear and conflicting message.
 Stereotypical approach.
 Inappropriate channels.
 Lack of poor feedback.
METHODS TO OVERCOME BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION:
a) Methods to overcome physiological barriers:
 Keep in each other’s retention and recollection abilities.
 Pay attention during the sharing of information ensure each other comfort.
 Ensure each other comfort.
 Ensure the intactness of sensory perception.
 The limitation of hearing abilities must keep in mind.
 Active listening.
 Information overload must avoid.
b) Methods to overcome environmental barriers:
 Good lighting must be ensured to facilitate nonverbal communication.
 A comfortable seating arrangement.
 A hygienic and odour-free environment.
c) Methods to overcome psychological barriers:
 Happy and trustworthy manner.
 Should not harbour negative emotions.
 Avoid feeling of prejudice, resentment and antagonism.
 Free from fear, anxiety and confusion.
d) Methods to overcome social barriers:
 The difference in social norms, values and behaviour must be give consideration.

11.  Social beliefs must be kept in mind.
e) Methods to overcome cultural barriers:
 Consider cultural differences.
 Consider cultural traditions, values and behaviour.
f) Methods to overcome semantic barriers:
 Use the same language.
 Considered difference in the expression and perception of message.
g) Methods to overcome organizational barriers:
 Considered organizational policy, rules and regulation.
 Organization structure must be simple and noncomplex.
 Large organization must divided into smaller subset.
h) Methods to overcome communication process-related barriers:
 An appropriate channel must be used.
 A stereotypical approach must be avoided in communication.
 The message must be clear and no conflicting.
 Proper feedback must be ensured by the recipient.
TECHNIQUES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
I. Conversational skills:-
 Focusing.
 Paraphrasing.
 Sharing information.
 Providing information.
 Asking relevant.
 Question.
 Clarifying and summarizing.
 Sharing humour.
II. Listening skills:-
 Active listening.
 Using silence.
 Listening with purpose.
 Acknowledgement of message.
 Giving feedback.
III. Technical skills:-
 Using touch.
 Using nonverbal cues.
 Sharing feeling.
 Sharing observations.
 Sharing hopes.
 Presenting reality.
 Sharing empathy.

12. CONCLUSION
As a part of curriculum advance nursing practice subject in theory presentation I
meet the topic Transactional model of communication in that I gain the overall
knowledge regarding the topic in that I learn, introduction, definition, meaning
and elements of communication and purposes, principles, various types and
barriers and also discuss the methods to overcome barriers and techniques of
communication skills and this knowledge apply in clinical as well as teaching
practice.

13. SUMMARY
At the end of the class…..
 Introduction.
 Meaning.
 Definition.
 Elements.
 Purposes.
 Types.
 Barriers.
 Methods to overcome barriers.
 Techniques.

14. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Shebeer P Basheer. “A Concise Book of Advance Nursing Practice”.
Emmess Medical Publishers, page no: 551-560.
2. D. Elakkuvana Bhaskar Raj, “Text book of Nursing Education”.
Emmess medical publishers, page no:
3. Lakhwinder Kaur, “A textbook of Nursing Foundations”.
S. vikas & company publishers, page no 71-77.
4. www.google.communication.
5.www.slideshare.com.