This document discusses various topics related to communication, including definitions, types, and elements of communication. Module II focuses on communication, defining it as the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, and skills through the use of symbols. It discusses the definition, meaning, concept, elements, process, functions and scope of communication. It also covers the different types and forms of communication, including verbal, nonverbal, intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public, and mass communication. Barriers to communication are also mentioned.

1. 13AR1607 ARCHITECTURE JOURNALISM AND PHOTOGRAPHY
L-T-P: 2-0-0
Credits 2
Objective
To create an awareness in architectural journalism and photo journalism.
Module I
Brief account of the origin and development of Architectural Journalism in India.
History of the development of electronic media in India, Radio & TV Introduction,
Scope of journalism in architectural education. Introduction to photo journalism.
Application of photo journalism in architectural reporting.
Module II
Communication: Definition, meaning, concept, elements, process, functions and
scope. Types and forms of communication, Barriers to communication. 7 C‟s of
communication.
Module III
Ethics of architectural reporting, its positive and negative impact on society.
Module IV (Evaluation may done by internal assessment)
An architectural documentation.

2. ARCHITECTURE JOURNALISM AND PHOGRAPHY
13AR1607
Module II

3. Module II
Communication: Definition, meaning, concept, elements,
process, functions and scope. Types and forms of
communication, Barriers to communication. 7 C‟s of
communication.

4. Communication
• Communication (from Latin communis), meaning which means
common, transmission of information to elicit a response
coordinating favorable response between 2 people or more,
sharing information, an idea or an attitude, bringing about a
common set of symbols in the minds of the participants- in short
an understanding.
• Ruben (1984) says that communication is any “information related
behavior.” Dale (1969) says it is the “sharing of ideas and feelings
in a mood of mutuality.”
• Other definitions emphasize the significance of symbols, as in
Berelson and Steiner (1964): “The transmission of information,
ideas, emotions and skills…by the use of symbols,”
• and Theodorson and Theodorson (1969): “the transmission of
information, ideas, attitudes, or emotion from one person or group
to another…primarily through symbols.”

5. • Communication theory is a field of information
theory and mathematics that studies the technical process of
information and the process of human communication.
What is Perception?
Process of filtering and interpreting what your
senses tell you so you can create a
meaningful picture
of the world.

6. DIFFERENT FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
• People communicate with each other in a number of ways that
depend upon the message and its context in which it is being
sent. Types of communication based on the communication
channels used are –
• Verbal Communication
• Nonverbal Communication

7. Verbal Communication
• It refers to the form of communication in which message is
transmitted verbally.
• Communication is done by word of mouth and a piece of
writing.
• In verbal communication remember the acronym “KISS” (keep
it short and simple). Verbal Communication is divided into:
• Oral Communication
• Written Communication

8. Oral Communication
• In oral communication, Spoken words are used.
• It includes face-to-face conversations, speech, telephonic
conversation, video, radio, television, voice over internet.
• Communication is influence by pitch, volume, speed and
clarity of speaking.
Advantages – It brings quick feedback. In a face -to -face conversation, by reading
facial expression and body language one can guess whether he/she should trust what’s
being said or not.
Disadvantages – In face -to -face discussion, user is unable to deeply think about what
he is delivering, so this can be counted as a fault.

9. Written Communication
• In written communication, written signs or symbols are used to
communicate.
• In written communication message can be transmitted via email,
letter, report, memo etc.
• Written Communication is most common form of communication
being used in business.
Advantages – Messages can be edited and revised Written communication provide
record and backup. A written message enables receiver to fully understand it and send
appropriate feedback.
Disadvantages – Written communication doesn’t bring instant feedback. It take more
time in composing a written message as compared to word-of-mouth and number of
people struggles for writing ability

10. Nonverbal Communication
• Nonverbal communication is the sending or receiving of
wordless messages. Such as gesture , body language,
posture , tone of voice or facial expressions, is called
nonverbal communication.
• Nonverbal communication is all about the body language of
speaker.
Nonverbal communication have the following three
elements –
• Appearance Speaker – clothing, hairstyle, neatness, use of cosmetics Surrounding
– room size, lighting, decorations, furnishings
• Body Language facial expressions, gestures, postures
• Sounds Voice Tone, Volume, Speech rate

11. Types of communication
• Intrapersonal Communication
• Interpersonal communication
• Group communication
• Public communication
• Mass communication

12. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
 the kind of communication that occurs within
us. It involves thoughts, feelings, and the way
we look at ourselves.
 intra-personal communication is centred in
the self, you are the only sender-receiver. The
message is made up of your thoughts and
feelings. The channel is your brain, which
processes what you are thinking and feeling.
 There is feedback in the sense that you talk
to yourself, or discard certain ideas and
replace them with others. Even though you
are not directly communicating with others in
intra-personal communication, the people and
the experiences you have had determine how
you ―talk‖ to yourself.
For example, if you had a good day, you are likely to look at your-self in a positive
way. If a teacher was disappointed with your work, or if you had a fight with a fellow
student, you are likely to focus more on your depression or anger. You can never look
at yourself without being influenced by the relationships you have with others.

13. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
• Interpersonal communication occurs when we communicate on a one-
to-one basis— usually in an informal, unstructured setting. This kind of
communication occurs mostly between two people, though it may
include more than two.
• Interpersonal communication uses all the elements of the
communication process.

14. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
• Message consists of both verbal and non-verbal symbols. The
channels they use the most are sight and sound. Because
interpersonal communication is between two (or a few) people, it offers
the greatest opportunity for feedback.
• Psychological noise is likely to be minimal because each person can
see whether the other is distracted. The persons involved in the
conversation have 2 many chances to check that the message is being
perceived correctly.
• Interpersonal communication usually takes place in informal and
comfortable settings.
– Examples are when you are conversing with your friends, each brings his or
her back ground and experience to the conversation.

15. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
• Basic characteristics
1. both parties are in close proximity
2. Both parties send and receive messages
3. Messages include both verbal and non verbal stimuli
Verbal
- using words
– volume
– tone
Non-Verbal
– appearance
– gestures
– body movement
– eye contact
– spatial relations

16. GROUP COMMUNICATION
• Small - group communication occurs when a small number of people meet
to solve a problem. The group must be small enough so that each member
in the group has a chance to interact with all of the other members.
• Small groups are made up of several senders-receivers, the communication
process is more complicated than in interpersonal communication. With so
many more people sending messages, there are more chances for
confusion.
• There is also a good opportunity for feedback. In view of their problem -
solving nature, small groups usually meet in a more formal setting than
people involved in interpersonal communication.
– Examples would be a group planning a
surprise birthday party for someone. A
team working together on a project.

17. GROUP COMMUNICATION
• Shaw (1976) has identified 6 ways in which a group may be defined.
1. Perception: do members make an impression on other members?
2. Motivation: is membership in the group rewarding?
3. Goals: Do group members work together for a purpose?
4. Organization: does each member have a specialized role like
moderator, note- taker etc.?
5. Interdependency: Is each member somewhat dependent on the
other?
6. Interaction: Is the group small enough to allow face to face
communication between members?

18. GROUP COMMUNICATION
Types of Groups
• Primary Groups: basic social group to which we belong.
• Casual or social Groups : Friends, neighbours etc, with whom we
socialize. While these relationships may be short lived , their
influence on our thinking and behavior is often considerable.
• Learning or educational groups: when we come together to teach or
learn about a given subject eg seminars, conferences etc.
• Work groups: such groups have specific goals to achieve, often
within a context of a job. Group members may a little in common
except that their jobs require them to interact.
• Therapeutic groups: These are groups whose members come
together to learn about themselves and to improve their
interpersonal relationships.

19. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
• Tends to occur within a more formal and structured setting
• One person is designated the speaker, the rest take up the role of
listeners or audience members.
Examples: Public speaking
events, newspaper editorials
and billboard advertisements
are a few forms of public
communication.

20. MASS COMMUNICATION
• Mass Communication is defined as the
process of delivering information, ideas and
attitudes to a sizable and diversified audience
through use of media
• Directs messages toward relatively large,
heterogeneous and anonymous audience
• Messages are transmitted publicly no privacy.
• Short duration message for immediate
consumption
• Feedback is indirect, non-existent or delayed
• Cost per exposure per individual is minimum

21. Characteristics of Mass communication:
1. Mass Medium: makes it possible for the message to reach far
beyond the immediate proximity of the sender.
2. Limited Sensory Channels: The presence of a mass medium also
limits the number of sensory channels upon which we draw.
Eg: in an auditorium when we listen to the speaker, our senses could
take part in the communication process, we could shake hand with the
speaker, talk to the speaker, hear, see etc. But with mass media we can
only hear and see the speaker,
3. Impersonal Communications: In inter-personal communications
the first meeting may be impersonal but as the relationship grows, the
communication becomes personal. But in mass communication, it is
impersonal
1. Gatekeeper
2. Delayed Feedback
MASS COMMUNICATION

22. Characteristics of Mass communication:
4. Gatekeeper: the process through which information is filtered for
dissemination, whether for p.ublication, broadcasting, the Internet, or
some other mode of communication. Eg. News editor, a film producer
who cuts the scene
Three Functions:
i. To limit the information we receive by editing the information before
it is disseminated to us
ii. To expand the information we receive by adding facts or view
iii. To reorganize or reinterpret the information
5. Delayed Feedback: the feedback in mass communication is not
immediate or complete as it is in face to face communication. Since
mass communication usually involves a chain or network of individuals
, the feedback intended for one person in the chain is likely to reach a
different member of the chain. Moreover, it is impossible for the source
in mas communication to respond to make public all the feedback that
is received
MASS COMMUNICATION

23. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
• Models provide theorists with a structure for assembling their
findings, which may subsequently be tested in the ‗real world‘. So
models of mass communication are graphical representations that
explain through diagrams, figures and by all other such means so as
to clear the concepts. In fact, a model can be called as an
approximate way of explaining a theory.

24. Communication Models and Theories
Simplest model of communication reflects the work of
Shannon and Weaver.
Model consists of a sender, a message, a channel where the
message travels/transmitter, noise or interference and a receiver

25. Harold Dwight Lasswell (1948), the American political scientist
described an act of communication in the following ways.
• Who
• Says What
• To Whom
• In Which Channel
• With what effect?

26. Wilbur Schramm (1954) adapted Shannon & Weaver‘s model of
communication, & stressed on encoding-decoding aspects. According
to this model, communication was circular in nature, in which both
sender & receiver are involved in encoding & decoding.

27. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
• Sender
• Receiver
• Encoding
• Decoding
• Feedback
• Medium/Channel

28. The basic steps of communication are:
1. The forming of communicative intent.
2. Message composition.
3. Message encoding and decoding.
4. Transmission of the encoded message as
a sequence of signals using a specific channel or medium.
5. Reception of signals.
6. Reconstruction of the original message.
7. Interpretation and making sense of the reconstructed message

29. Types of Communication Medium
We divide the different types of communication medium into two
different categories:
1. Physical media
With physical media we mean channels where the person who is
talking can be seen and heard by the audience.
The whole point here is to be able to not only hear the messages
but also to see the body language and feel the climate in the
room.
• Large meetings, town hall meetings
• Department meetings (weekly meetings)
• Up close and personal (exclusive meetings)
• Video conferences
• Viral communication or word of mouth

30. Types of Communication Medium
2. Mechanical media
Mechanical media we mean written or electronic channels.
• E-mail
• Weekly letters or newsletters
• Personal letters
• Billboards
• Intranet
• Magazines or papers
• Sms
• Social media

31. BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION:
•Over-complicated, unfamiliar and/or technical terms.
•Emotional barriers and taboos. Some people may find it difficult to express their emotions
and some topics may be completely 'off-limits' or taboo. (racism,politics,sex etc)
•Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver. Differences in
perception and viewpoint.
•Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.
•Physical barriers to non-verbal communication. Not being able to see the non-verbal
cues, gestures, posture and general body language can make communication less effective.
Phone calls, text messages and other communication methods that rely on technology are
often less effective than face-to-face communication.
•Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents.
•Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or
stereotyping. People often hear what they expect to hear rather than what is actually said
and jump to incorrect conclusions
•Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do
the way in which emotions are expressed. For example, the concept of personal space varies
between cultures and between different social settings.

32. BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION:
Category
• Language Barriers
• Psychological Barriers
• Physiological Barriers
• Physical Barriers
• Systematic Barriers
• Attitudinal Barriers

33. The Seven Cs of Communication help overcome barriers:
1.Credability
2.Context
3.Content
4.Clarity
5.Continuity & Consistency
6.Channels
7.Capability of Audiences

34. 1.Credability
• Credibility of the sender is very important for the success of
communication process. If the source or the sender is credible and
receivers have full trust in him, the message will easily be accepted.
2.Context
• Context means the environment in which the communicator is
sending his message. If the message contradicts with the context, it
is likely to be failed. In short context is the setting in which
communication takes place.

35. 3.Content
• The content determines the audience. Hence the message must have
meaning for the receiver and it must be compatible with his value system.
It must have relevance to him
4.Clarity
• Clarity means getting your message across so the receiver will understand
what you are trying to convey.
• Message should be put in simple terms. Words should mean the same to
the receiver as they do to the sender
• Complex issues must be compressed into theme slogans that have
simplicity and clarity.

36. 5. Continuity & Consistency
• Communication is an unending process. It requires repetition to
achieve penetration. The story must be consistent
6.Channels
• Channel means the medium or media through which people
communicate. The choice of suitable channel for the receiver is
always a benefit for the Sender. The Selection of the Channel that
receiver is more likely to use will ensure the success of
communication.
• 7.Capability of Audiences
• The ability to receive and absorb. Whenever the sender crafts a
message, he needs to keep in mind the capacity of the receiver.
Communicator should craft a message which the receiver can easily
understand. He should keep in mind the abilities, knowledge and
habits of the receiver.

37. Noise/Barrier
In any communication model, noise is interference with the decoding
of messages sent over a channel by an encoder. There are many
examples of noise:
• Environmental noise. Noise that physically disrupts
communication, such as standing next to loud speakers at a party,
or the noise from a construction site next to a classroom making it
difficult to hear the professor.
• Physiological-impairment noise. Physical maladies that prevent
effective communication, such as
actual deafness or blindness preventing messages from being
received as they were intended.
• Semantic noise. Different interpretations of the meanings of
certain words. For example, the word "weed" can be interpreted as
an undesirable plant in a yard, or as a euphemism for marijuana.
• Syntactical noise. Mistakes in grammar can disrupt
communication, such as abrupt changes in verb tense during a
sentence.

38. Noise/Barrier
• Organizational noise. Poorly structured communication can
prevent the receiver from accurate interpretation. For example,
unclear and badly stated directions can make the receiver even
more lost.
• Cultural noise. Stereotypical assumptions can cause
misunderstandings, such as unintentionally offending a non-
Christian person by wishing them a "Merry Christmas".
• Psychological noise. Certain attitudes can also make
communication difficult. For instance, great anger or sadness
may cause someone to lose focus on the present moment.
Disorders such as autism may also severely hamper effective
communication.

39. THEORIES OF MASS COMMUNICATION
• Authoritarian Theory
• Libertarian Theory
• Social Responsibility Theory
• Soviet Media Theory
• Development Communication
• Democratization Theory

40. • Niche journalism, as it has come to be known, is all about
provisioning journalistically structured pieces or informative
content catering to a specific group of people who want
information on a specific subject.
These journalists wanting to update news in a creative way, for
a specific topic, is the rise of new media sources such as
blogs, podcasts, article directories and other web-based
media.
New media in niche journalism & architectural journalism.

41. Though traditional journalists are likely to be suspicious of
the correlation between journalism and niche marketing, it is
indeed a new trend continually expanding. This is true
particularly for India where along with hundreds of news and
entertainment channels, you have the newspaper showing no
signs of losing steam as in the rest of the world.

42. “The media will change as consumers will
look for other sources of information…”
(Ira Magazine)

43. • Niche journalism, it may be pointed out, needs expertise both
in the niche subject one is writing on as well as the command
over journalistic writing.
• A computer magazine, for instance, will need columnists and
journalists who not only know everything they have to know
about a particular area of computers, such as virus programs,
but must also have the ability to write the article in easily
comprehensible English or the regional language the
magazine subscribes to. It needs a specialized command over
the area and the subject, and both information and knowledge
about ongoing movements taking place in the world of
computers. This is precisely the reason that draws top
cricketers who have retired from first-class cricket to write
columns and articles on the game both in newspapers and in
specialized sports magazines.

44. • For the journalist, the new
equation is about doing a lot
more with a lot less. Reporters
are now required to submit
stories for multiple platforms –
television, radio, print and
online. For a journalist in
today‟s media landscape, it is
essential to be multi-skilled.

45. Rise in new media
• With the dawn of the Internet came many new advertising
opportunities. Popup, Flash, banner, Pop under, adver
gaming, and email advertisements (the last often being a
form of spam) are now commonplace.
• Particularly since the rise of "entertaining" advertising,
some people may like an advertisement enough to wish to
watch it later or show a friend.
• In general, the advertising community has not yet made
this easy, although some have used the Internet to widely
distribute their ads to anyone willing to see or hear them.
In the last three quarters of 2009 mobile and internet
advertising grew by 18.1% and 9.2% respectively. Older
media advertising saw declines: −10.1% (TV), −11.7%
(radio), −14.8% (magazines) and −18.7% (newspapers)

46. Module I
Brief account of the origin and development of Architectural
Journalism in India. History of the development of electronic media
in India, Radio & TV Introduction, Scope of journalism in
architectural education. Introduction to photo journalism.
Application of photo journalism in architectural reporting.

47. • What is Journalism? The word JOURNALIST´, JOURNAL´ and
JOURNALISM´ is derived from the French JOURNAL´, which in
turn comes from the Latin term „DIURNALIS´ or „DAILY´.
• Journalism is a form of writing that tells people about things that
really happened, but that they might not have known about
already.
• People who write journalism are called “journalists.” They might
work at newspapers, magazines, and websites or for TV or radio
stations.
• The most important characteristic shared by good journalists is
curiosity. Good journalists love to read and want to find out as
much as they can about the world around them.

48. Journalism comes in several different
forms:
I. News
A. Breaking news: Telling about an event as it happens.
B. Feature stories: A detailed look at something interesting that's
not breaking news.
C. Enterprise or Investigative stories: Stories that uncover
information that few people knew.
II. Opinion
A. Editorials: Unsigned articles that express a publication's
opinion.
B. Columns: Signed articles that express the writer's reporting and
his conclusions.
C. Reviews: Such as concert, restaurant or movie reviews.

49. Online, journalism can come in the forms listed above, as well as:
• Blogs: Online diaries kept by individuals or small groups.
• Discussion boards: Online question and answer pages where
anyone can participate.
• Wikis: Articles that any reader can add to or change. The best
journalism is easy to read, and just sounds like a nice, smart
person telling you something interesting

50. Reporting
How do you get the facts for your news story? By reporting! here are
three main ways to gather information for a news story or opinion
piece:
1. Interviews: Talking with people who know something about the
story you are reporting.
2. Observation: Watching and listening where news is taking place.
3. Documents: Reading stories, reports, public records and other
printed material.
The people or documents you use when reporting a story are called
your “sources.” In your story, you always tell your readers what
sources you've used. So you must remember to get the exact
spelling of all your sources' names. You want everything in your
story to be accurate, including the names of the sources you
quote .Often, a person's name is not enough information to
identify them in a news story. Lots of people have the same
name, after all.

51. Whenever you are interviewing someone, observing
something happening or reading about something, you
will want to write down the answers to the “Five W‟s&
H” about that source:
Who are they?
What were they doing?
Where were they doing it?
When they do it?
Why did they do it?
How they doing?

52. • Print-Media and Journalism, which is to convey one‟s ideas or
opinions regarding a particular subject to a broad audience,
attaches meanings and visions regarding a built structure,
thus enhancing a built structure to a built environment ,is
known as ARCHITECTURALJOURNALISM.
• Media has under gone many transformations and evolutions
through generations in order to meet the need of shelter or the
built environment form time to time.
• Architecture creates a physical environment around a person
which in turn influences the mental condition of the person,
where on the other hand, Print-Media influences the mental
observation and perception of a person which will later
influence the physical built environment around the person.
• Print and Journalism are the two major evolutions of media
and today, together they hold the responsibility of transfer,
storage, propagation of information in and around the society.
Importance of Print, Media and Journalism in
Architecture

53. • There is very little discovered evidence of communication or
journalism regarding built form or architecture at that time, but
the fact that we still are still surviving indicates that there must
be some form of communication regarding architecture and
built environment among them so as to preserve the knowledge,
views and opinions regarding the subject .
• Historians have found evidence and sculptors of Egyptian
scribes with a papyrus scrolls in Egyptian civilization . This
clearly depicts the phenomenon of condensing one‟s ideas in a
written format and preserving and thus presenting the same to
others and the future generation.
• Alternative means of journalism or mass transfer of thoughts
and ideas was through public meetings and gatherings. It is
depicted by the importance given to the built environment of
public halls and gathering places in terms of architectural
significance and grandeur. Agoras of the ancient Greek cities
present a very good example of this.
History of Journalism in Architecture

54. • Another means of journalism was
though Pamphlets and Leaflets. These were either circulated
hand to hand in a public meeting or delivered to houses in local.
However, public meetings, gatherings, pamphlets and leaflets
were to summon some important issues on few occasions only.
• People needed a constant source from where information can be
transferred and digested at ease. This led to the invention of
printing techniques for the mass. We know that Woodblock
printing was the earliest form of printing technique known to
man as early as 200 AD in China and 4th century in Egypt but
the real boom in journalism came with the invention of printing
press in 15th century in Germany .
• 16th century witnessed the trend of publishing bulletins
followed by newspapers in early 17th century providing day to
day happenings and events to public. The world‟s first
newspaper called Johann Carolus was published in Strasburg,
Germany in 1605AD.

55. • The 19th century witnessed journalism to grow by leaps and
bounds with the help of technology.
• The invention of radio in 1910 was a major break though. In
1950, came the television where people can listen as well as
view information at their ease.
• The biggest boom in the history of journalism is the advent of
internet in 1990 and mobile phones in 2000. Today, people can
get any information, anytime and anywhere.

56. Indian Journalism in Architecture
• Journalism became more effective with the advent of Print-Media.
Print-Media was invented in 15th century in Germany but its
noticeable growth and development in India started only in early
19th century.
• The Bengal Gazette was the first newspaper published in India in
1780 AD. However, it did not contain many articles against
architecture and construction related issues.
• 19th century marked the birth of many important newspapers like
The Times of India, The Hindu etc, which are still published today.
Print regarding architecture was not much in focus during 19th and
early 20th century and only small portions were only covered if
major events took place regarding the industry.
• Since India was under the British rule in 19th century, British
architects would take the responsibility of designing all major
buildings and it was tough to openly criticize on them. Print-Media
and journalism had restricted freedom under the British Raj.

57. • After independence in 1947, the print and media were independent
and people could express their views in public. During 1950s and
60s, the world was shifting towards post-modern architecture but
India being an under-developed country focused mainly on
providing basic enmities to its people. There were hardly a few
developed cities in India where people would like to know and talk
about architectural happenings and trends.
• Construction works were dealt by local contractors with primitive
knowledge and skills. However, architectural trends showed
significant changes in 1970s with the role of architecture and its
work given importance by the government of India.
• Council of Architecture (COA) was defined and The Architects Act
1972 was formulated by the government of India. The act gave
exclusive rights to architects to practice in India with certain duties
and responsibilities. The 70s and the 80s were the decades of
technology boom.
• New techniques and technology were invented and carried out in
every field. New materials and finishes were introduced in the
market and architects were moving towards modern architectural
trends.

58. • The common use of television in 80s created a new means of
journalism. Common man came to know about Indian history and
Indian Architecture by various TV programmes and documentaries.
One of the most famous documentaries is Bharat Ek Khoj (English:
Discovery of India) which is a 53 episode television series that
dramatically unfolds the 5000 years history of India from its
beginnings to the coming of independence.
• With the mass use of internet, journalism grew by leaps and
bounds. Internet provides information to everyone, anytime and
anywhere. Print-Media evolved to e-print or an online print material
which is actually Print-Media but has advanced features of internet.
• Print-media and journalism in architecture is confined to only
educated people living in developed cities in India. According to
Indian Census report 2011, only 27.82% of the total population lives
in urban areas . In these urban areas, the number of educated
people living in developed cities is very less. It is evident that
architectural awareness in Indians is very less. However, there are a
few newspapers, magazines and journals that promote architectural
awareness in the society.

59. • There are magazines dedicated to architecture and construction
like Architecture + Design, Inside Outside, Builder, Ideal home but
the circulation of these magazines are confined to selected
people in developed cities and the people who are linked to the
profession.
• Journals target the frontiers of architecture and construction
professionals who want first hand information regarding the
current trends and cutting edge technologies regarding the
profession.
• Journals also give a common platform for publish individual
opinions regarding any issue related to the profession.
• There are journals like Journal of Indian Institute of
Architects, Journal of Council of Architecture and regional
Journals like Spandrel (Bhopal) which do the job but the quality of
papers published can be questioned. Many people try to publish
their papers in journals for secondary reasons therefore
drastically reducing the quality of the journals.
Magazines and Journals that promote architectural
awareness:

60. Current Trends in Print-Media and Journalism (Newspapers)
• Indian newspapers do cover various events and happenings in
the field of architecture and construction but it is the
formation of awareness and generation of thought process
regarding the particular subjects that mattes rather than just
providing news to the public.
• Repeated hitting on any subject and bringing it to news flash
also increases the subject‟s importance in the public which
triggers a common awareness and sometimes may lead to
actions taken by public in general.
• Any construction of national or regional importance is covered
by newspapers. For example, Angkor Wat, a temple complex at
Angkor, Cambodia built in early 12th century is being replicated
in Vaishali district of Bihar by an Ahmedabadi architect with
local authorities.

61. • Here the reporter introduces the subject and provides some
details regarding the upcoming structure but the scale and
financial aspects of the project are not mentioned which would
fail to mark a long lasting impact on the readers.
• Newspapers have articles related to promotion of new talents.
• In newspapers, we can also find articles which question the
quality of life in Indian cities related to its built architecture and
tires to find out factors which make a city ideal to live. To make
common people act upon any situation, hard fact and evidences
should be publicized targeting responsible organizations and
they should be made answerable to the current subject.
• This medium of architectural journalism is still in a state of
infancy and many amendments can be made in the structure of
the medium to create some credibility so that its voice can be
listened and responded in the public.

62. News agencies in India
• News agencies in India can be referred to as the banks of
news. They are the major source of supply and circulation of
information within and among countries.
• News agencies in India are organizations of journalists
established in different zones of the nation to provide news
reports to organizations in the news trade.
• Houses providing newspapers, magazines, and radio and
television broadcasters use the news agencies as the larger
sources for news. News agencies in India may also be referred
to as a wire service, newswire or news service. There are
many news agencies in India that collect news and give them
accordingly to the other news houses to finally reach out to
the mass.

63. Press Trust of India (PTI)
PTI is India’s premier news agency,
headquartered in New Delhi and is
a nonprofit cooperative of more than 500
Indian newspapers.
PTI correspondents are based in all important
news centers around the world. It also has tie-
up with several foreign news agencies.
Currently, PTI commands 90% of new agency
market share in India.

64. • United News of India (UNI)
• Indo-Asian News Service (IANS)
• Asian News International (ANI)
• Hindustan Samachar

65. The Press Council of India
• The Press Council of India was established in the
year 1966 by the Parliament on the proposals of
the First Press Commission. This council aims at
preserving the freedom of the press and
maintaining and improving the standards of
Indian press. The present Press Council of India
functions under the Press Council Act 1978. It is a
constitutional, quasi judicial body which acts as a
supervisory body of the press. It arbitrates the
complaints against and by the press for violation
of ethics and for violation of the freedom of the
press correspondingly.

66. • The Press Council is headed by a Chairman, who has by
principle, been a retired and senior judge of the
Supreme Court of India. The Council consists of 28
other members of whom 20 represent the press and
are nominated by the press organizations or the news
agencies. These organizations are recognized and
notified by the Council as all India bodies of categories
such as editors, working journalists and owners and
managers of newspaper. Five members are nominated
from the two houses of Parliament and three members
represent cultural, literary and legal fields as nominees
of the Sahitya Academy, University Grants Commission
and the Bar Council of India. The members serve the
Press Council of India for tenure of three consecutive
years.

67. Architecture via web media
There are interactive websites and organizations
like www.architizer.com, www.archnet.org etc which provide
information regarding the industry. Some of them also act as
small news channels for architectural issues happening round
the globe. Since these websites and organizations work under
legal codes and conduct, the credibility of these are higher
than blogs.

68. Architecture magazines, journals, and web sites
• Architect
• Official magazine of the
American Institute of
Architects (AIA) and featuring
architecture news, building
products and education,
business and technology
solutions, and more.
• Architectural Digest
• Leading monthly magazine
published by the Condé Nast
Publications.
• Dwell
• One of the most popular
architecture and design
magazines published in United
States.
• Architect's Newspaper
•Monthly architecture and interior
design magazine published by BNP
Media.
•Architecture Plus
•ArchitectureWeek
•Weekly magazine published in
Oregon, United States
•ArchNewsNow
•arcspace.com
•Azure
•Canadian magazines covering
contemporary architecture and
design.

69. • Architectural Review
• Sister publication of
Architects' Journal. The
architectural review
featuring architectural
review, building design,
interior design,
architectural history,
building studies, and
more.
• Building Design
• British architectural
magazine published
weekly.
• Contract
• Design-Build
• Design Build Network
• DesignIntelligence
• Design Range
• FORM: pioneering design
• Harvard Design
• Interiors & Sources
• JA+U
• Metropolis
• Onsite
• Polar Inertia
• Pouted

70. • Residential Architect
• Traditional Building
• Volume Magazine (Columbia
University, New York)
• ARCHITECTURE + INTERIORS
(A+I) (Pakistan)
• Next American City
• Urban planning magazine.
• A10 new European architectu
• Architectural magazine based
in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
• Architects' Journal
• Weekly architectural magazine
published in London, UK.
• Architectural Design (AD)
• Architectural journal published
in UK.
•canadianarchitect.com
•Detail (German)
•Domus (Italian and English)
•El Croquis (Spanish and English)
•Frameweb (Amsterdam,
Netherlands)
•Icon (UK)
•IQD (Italy)
•Oris (Croatian)
•Specifier (Australia)

71. Best wishes for series test -1
Thank you

72. Important questions :
1. Explain the characteristics of mass communication.
2. Mass media can help shape the culture of an urban society. Do you subscribe to
this view? Give examples from your surroundings.
3. Explain the characteristics of interpersonal communication.
4. Explain the characteristics of grape wine in a formal communication.
5. Define communication. Discuss briefly different types of communication with
examples.
6. Define communication. Does it always correspond to the mass? Define
Interpersonal communication with examples.
7. Does the model of Schramm give any new dimension in the theory of
communication? Critically discuss
8. What is feedback? Does feedback help make the communication process
successful? Discuss with examples.

73. 8. What is mass communication? Discuss its role and importance in society.
9. Do you think the basic principles of Wilbur Schramm’s interpersonal model and
Lippmann’s communication model are same? Briefly explain. What are the basic
differences between these two models?