A COURSE IN TERTIARY EDUCATION THAT PROVIDES HOLISTIC EXPLANATION ON WHAT COMMUNICATION IS AND ITS PURPOSE

1. COMMUNICATION PROCESSES,
PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS
LESSON 1

2. Describe the
nature and
elements of
verbal and non-
verbal
communication in
various
multicultural
contexts
Characterize
communication in
the digital age
Analyze the
principles and
process of effective
communication
Learning Outcomes:
Explain the ethics
of effective
communication in the
modern age.

3. What is
communication?

6. Let’s answer these questions:
What went wrong in the communication of the family?
What could have worked better in their communication?
How can meal time promote effective communication and family bond?
How important is meal time for Filipinos?

7. can be defined as the process of transmitting information and
common understanding from one person to another (Keyton, 2011).
Communication
The word communication is derived from the Latin word,
―communis”, which means common.
In our everyday living, for a communication to be effectively
transmitted, elements of communication must be present and these
include a.)Speaker, b.)Message, c.) Receiver, d.)Channel,
e.)Feedback, and f.) Communicative Situation.

8. Communication as a term takes on different contexts resulting in people
having different views in communication types. Since communication is
generally defined as the exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts and view
between or among two or more people.
Context is the circumstances or environment in which communication
takes place. Such circumstances may include the physical or actual
setting, the value positions of a speaker/listener, and the relevance or
appropriateness of a message conveyed.

9. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE:
VERBAL-NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Effective communication calls for the blending of these two types. One cannot
be separated from the other.
VISUAL COMMUNICATION
Visual communication, on the other hand, is the type of communication that
uses visuals to convey information and/or messages. Some examples are signs,
symbol, imagery, maps, graphs, charts, diagrams, pictograms, photos, drawings
or illustrations, and even various forms of electronic communication.

10. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
The Latin prefixes intra-means within or inside. Intrapersonal communication then means
talking to oneself. Some label it as self or inner talk, inner dialogue.
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Interpersonal communication can be defined as communication between two people,
but the definition fails to capture the essence of a relationship. This broad definition is
useful when we compare it to intrapersonal communication, or communication with
ourselves, as opposed to mass communication, or communication with a large
audience, but it requires clarification.

11. Elements of Communication Process:
Sender - He is the person who sends his ideas to another person.
Message - The idea, feeling, suggestion, guidelines, orders or any content which is intended to be
communicated is message.
Encoding - It is the process of converting the idea, thinking or any other component of message into
symbols, words, actions, diagram etc.
Media - It is the medium, passage or route through which encoded message is passed by the sender to the
receiver. There can be various forms of media-face to face communication, letters, radio, television, e-mail
etc.
Decoding - It means translating the encoded message into language understandable by the receiver.
Receiver - He is the person to whom the message has been sent. For example, subordinates are receivers.
Feedback - It is the response by the receiver. It marks the completion of the communication process.
Noise - It is the hindrance in the process of communication. It can take place at any step in the entire
process. It reduces the accuracy of communication e.g. 1) Disturbance in the telephone lines, 2) An
inattentive receiver 3) Improper Decoding of Message etc.

12. Communication process consists of following steps:
The sender formulates the message that he wants to convey
to the receiver.
He encodes or translates his message. He may take the help
of symbols, words, actions, diagrams, pictures etc.
He selects an appropriate channel or medium through which
the message is to be transmitted. It can be face to face
communication, letters, radio, television, e-mail etc.
The message is received by the receiver.
Received message is decoded by the receiver so that the
receiver can draw the meaning of the message.
The receiver sends his response to the sender. In case of any
confusion, the same is conveyed and necessary clarification
sought.

13. 3 COMMON MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
The Aristotle model primarily focused on the speaker and its speech. It can be divided into 5 primary
elements; the Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience, and Effect. This type of communication no
longer requires the feedback of the Audience but rather on the delivery of the speaker. Hence, it is a
speaker centered model as the speaker plays an important role in communicating
1. Aristotle Model of Communication

14. 2. Shannon-Weaver Model
As Claude Elwood Shannon was an engineer, this model was purposely done to improve technical
communication more particularly the telephonic communication through the use of mathematical
equation and minimizing the noise barrier. It was later on when Warren Weaver applied it for
effective communication. Now, it popularly known as Shannon Weaver Communication Model also
called as Information Theory and is used in academic arena to calculate transmission through
machines and also has a formula.

15. 3. Schramm’s Model
Schramm‘s model of communication posits that knowledge plays a crucial role on the
communication process. This could simply be interpreted that communication varies
from knowledge, cultural, and educational background. Hence, the message can be
interpreted different from others.

16. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Since communication is a two-way process, it is significant that you know the principles to be
observed to make it effective. For both oral and written communication, one should be able
to apply the following principles:
1. Know your purpose in communicating.
Are you communicating basically to inform, to entertain, or to persuade? While you may
have more than one purpose, there is still a more dominant objective or reason why you
communicate.
2.Know your audience.
In both speaking and writing, you should know your audience as it will dictate the
speaking or writing style you are going to employ. Consider the age, educational
background, profession, culture, and other salient features of your listeners or readers.

17. 3. Know your topic.
You communicate essentially because you want to share something. In speaking
situations, speakers are invited because they have something to share. This also applies
to writing. You write because you wish that other people learn something from you. You
may then utilize several or multiple communication techniques to easily catch the
attention of the audience.
4.Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation.
The environment in which your speech or writing is to be delivered determines the
kind of language you will use.
5.Work on the feedback given to you.
Once you receive comments from the listeners/readers, work on them. Take
kindly to criticisms. In the long run, constructive criticisms will prove beneficial to
you as you learn to address them.

18. PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION
1.Be clear with your purpose. You should know by heart your objective in communicating.
2.Be complete with the message you deliver. Make sure that your claims are
supported by facts and essential information.
5.Be concise. You do not need to be verbose or wordy with your statements. Brevity in
a speech is a must
4.Be natural with your delivery. Punctuate important words with the appropriate
gestures and movements. Exude a certain degree of confidence even if you do not feel
confident enough.
3.Be specific and timely with your feedback. Inputs are most helpful when provided on time.

19. 4. Knowing a little information about your topic is
considerable.
5. Following these principles will ensure effective
communication.
TEST YOURSELF!
Direction: True or False.
1. You need to know your purpose in communicating.
2. Conciseness and being specific is the same.
3. You don‘t have to be natural in order to hide your feelings
in communicating.
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE`

20. ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION
Ethics is defined as a set of rules or guidelines; these are theories as to
which is right or wrong. In communication, ethics is considerable
important because it would likely guide everyone to effective
communication.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNCIATION
Completeness
The message must be complete and geared to the receiver‘s perception of the world.
The message must be based on facts and a complex message needs additional
information and / or explanation. A good subdivision of subjects will clarify the
message as a result of which there will be a complete overview of what is said.

21. Concreteness
Concrete business communication is also about a clear message. This is often supported by factual material such as
research data and figures. The words used as well as the sentence structure can be interpreted uni-vocally. Nothing is
left to the imagination.
Courtesy
In addition to considering the feelings and points of view of the target group, it is also important to approach the
audience in a friendly and courteous manner.
Correctness
A correct use of language has the preference. In written business communication, grammatical errors must be
avoided and stylistic lapses or a wrong use of verbs are not sufficient either in verbal communication. A correct use
of language increases trustworthiness and the receiver will feel that they are taken seriously.
Clarity
Clear or plain language is characterized by explicitness, short sentences and concrete words. Fuzzy language is
absolutely forbidden, as are formal language and cliché expressions.
Consideration
Communicating with the target group (Consideration). In order to communicate well, it is important to relate to the target group and be
involved. By taking the audience into account, the message can be geared towards them. Factors that play a role in this are for example:
professional knowledge, level of education, age and interests.
Conciseness
A message is clear when the storyline is consistent and when this does not contain any inconsistencies. When facts
are mentioned, it is important that there is consistent, supporting information.

22. Digital Portfolio:
As a final task for this lesson,
you are challenged to create
your own model of
communication, accounting
the novel features of digital
communication. You may
create your communication
model using MS WORD or
PowerPoint presentation or
other presentation
application/software.
Self-Reflection:
Why should you as an individual
respect and value people who are
different from you?
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
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23. Local and Global
Communication in
Multicultural Settings
LESSON 2

24. Learning Outcomes
explain how cultural and global
issues affect communication
appreciate the impact of
communication on society and
the world.
determine culturally appropriate
terms, expressions and images;
and
adopt cultural and intercultural
awareness and sensitivity in
communicating ideas.

25. COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION

26. The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication
1.Increased Business Opportunities
Many companies today hire employees that are located in other countries. Using communication vehicles such as
video calling make it simple to converse with colleagues across the globe, almost making it feel as if they are in the
same room. Technology also makes it easier to connect with suppliers and customers all over the world, and to
streamline relationship through improved ordering, shipment tracking and so on. With this kind of communication
technology, many businesses are able to take advantage of opportunities in different countries or cities, improving
the economic outlook on a global level.
2. Fewer Cultural Barriers
Many people perceive culture to be the root of communication challenges. When people from two different
cultures try to exchange information, the way they speak, their body language or their mannerisms can be
interpreted differently by the other person. The way people approach problems and how they participate in
communities is all influenced by culture.
Globalization has made it possible, for example, for someone in Japan to understand how someone in the
U.S. goes about their day. With television and movies, cultural barriers are becoming less prevalent. Being able to
communicate effectively and frequently with colleagues or friends across the planet helps people understand
each other‘s cultures a little better.

27. 3. Creation of a Global Village
You‘ve likely heard of the phrase "global village," coined by theorist Marshall McLuhan. Affected both by
globalization and global communication, the global village is created when distance and isolation no longer matter
because people are connected by technology. Wide-spread telephone and internet access have been life-changing
for many people across the world, especially those in developing countries. Many are now enrolling in universities
across the world without having to leave their desk chair. Virtual assistant jobs are becoming commonplace, where
employees from developing countries work with companies in North America or Europe, providing administrative
support and other business services that can easily be conducted over the phone or via the internet.

30. LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTING
Multiculturalism refers to the presence of people with several cultures in a specific setting. It
is the co- existence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, or cultural groups
and is manifested in customary behaviors, cultural assumptions and values, patterns of thinking,
and communicative styles.

31. BARRIERS TO LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS
Some of the barriers to effective communication are language, medium of
communication, personality and culture. Culture became barrier to an effective
communication when a person has different language bearing, and they have different
interpretation to such words.
What is the difference between multicultural and cross-cultural or Intercultural?
Multicultural refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups. People live alongside one another, but
each cultural group does not necessarily have engaging interactions with each other. For example, in a multicultural
neighborhood people may frequent ethnic grocery stores and restaurants without really interacting with their
neighbors from other countries.
Cross-cultural (Intercultural) refers to the comparison of different cultures. In cross-cultural communication,
differences are understood and acknowledged, and can bring about individual change, but not collective
transformations. In cross-cultural societies, one culture is often considered ―the norm‖ and all other cultures are
compared or contrasted

32. VARIETIES AND
REGISTERS OF SPOKEN
AND WRITTEN
LANGUAGE
LESSON 3

34. CHARACTERISTICS OF WRITTEN LANGUAGE
Permanence - means when students write something they already set in their mind to be done in one
session. They don‘t think that they can edit or revised their written to be better because students think
their written is subject to permanence. In this case teacher perhaps notice all of students that they
just write everything that comes in their written.
Production time - this part plays a crucial issue for the agents. In this part, students will think about
the deadline. The possible case in here is the students will just only focus on the deadline and would
resort to not give importance on the content itself. As the result, their written work will not be
maximized and or to be improved. Moreover this is a job for the teachers to push students to think
about the process of learning rather than the result itself.
Distance - having a relationship with the audience anticipation. Before students start to write,
they have to know who will be the audience to read their output.

35. Orthography - this part is talk about the technical of appearance. After writer consider about the
word, phrase and sentence that they will use students also consider about the front, size and also the
picture. All appearance has to connect with the topic and target of the reader.
Complexity - this is talk about the sentence whether students use simple sentence combine or complex
sentence. We as a teacher will know the students‘ progress of learning. And for the academic writing,
students should provide reference.
Vocabulary - talk about word richness we (teacher) can see what a new vocabulary that they already
acquired.
Formality - this is complex convention for academic writing (describe, explain, compare, criticize,
argue, etc). If the writer creates academic writing it means the product have to formal. Because of that
the language that they use has to formal and polite. The front or size has to consistent with the
guideline that they use (APA style, MLA etc).

36. CHARACTERISTICS OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE
1. VARIATION IN SPEED
2. LOUDNESS OR QUIETNESS
3. GESTURES
4. INTONATION
5. STRESS
6. RHYTHM
7. PITCH RANGE
8.PAUSING AND PHRASING

37. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
WRITTEN:
-Tends to be more complex and intricate than speech with longer sentences and many subordinate clauses. The
punctuation and layout of written text also have no spoken equivalent.
-Usually permanent and written texts cannot usually be changed once they have been printed/written out
-Written text can communicate across time and space for as long as the particular language and writing system is
still understood.
-Writers can make use of punctuation, headings, layouts, colors and other graphical effects in their written texts.
-Some grammatical constructions are only used in writing as are some kinds of vocabulary such as some complex
chemical and legal terms.
SPOKEN:
•Tends to be full or repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and interruptions with the exception of formal
speeches and other scripted fors of speech such as news reports and scripts for plays and films.
•Usually transient unless recorded and speakers can correct themselves and change their utterances as they go
along.
•Speech is usually used for immediate interactions.
•Speech can us timing, tone, volume and tremble to add emotional context.
•Some types of vocabulary are used only or mainly speech. These include slang expressions, and tags
like y’know, like, etc.

40. Types of Register
Frozen - is a language that never changes. (Ex. Panatang Makabayan).
Formal - Standard English.(Ex. Speeches or School Lessons)
Consultative - Less formal standard English.(Ex. Newscasting)
Casual - Language between Friends (Ex. Vernacular speech)
Intimate - language between lovers or other close family or friends.
Spoken Language
Is a language produced by articulate sounds, an oral language is a produced with vocal tract. It tends to
convey subjective information.
Written Language
Is a representation of Spoken or gestural by means of a writing system.
It must be taught to children.

41. QUESTIONS?

42. Thank you!

43. A. Good Morning Sir!
B. Good morning! “I’m really excited to be working with you. That is great. I’m
really excited to get to know you, and to work even more closely with you. Let
me tell you a bit about kind of why I’m here. I’m here to help us achieve X
number of goals (whatever those things are), and to make sure that we deliver
extraordinary service, quality etc. to our customers. I’m really looking forward to
your ideas on how we can achieve those two goals. I’m also interested , while
we’re talking, to hear what your goals are. Given everything I’ve just said , let me
ask you, what are your goals for this next year?”
Read the following sample texts and identify its language register.

44. Hi Kimmy!
Thanks so much for your fab recent vlog “Bag Raid with McDo Mukbang.”
I find it very useful and amusing! Thanks Again, and I look forward to seeing
more of your vlogs soon.
Bye for now!
Yours sincerely,
Alyssa

45. A. I love you very much Hon, thank you for waiting for me.
b. You’re the one I’ve always dreamed of . I ‘d do anything for you .
Coz I Love you more!
A. Thank you my Love! You are the only man I ever want in my life.

46. In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made by him; and without
him was not anything made that was made. In him was life; and the life was the light
of men. And the light shineth in darkness comprehended it not. 1:1-5 King
James Version.

47. The Philippine K-12 Curriculum and accreditation agencies mandate schools to shift from
teacher-centered to learner-centered instructional practices aimed at “making the curriculum
relevant to the learners and “nurturing the holistically developed Filipino.”
In its fourth year of nationwide implementation, it is plausible to investigate whether the
curriculum developers’ expectations of learner-centered pedagogies in the larger scale are
implemented in the classrooms. Direct studies provide crucial insights into the applicability of
learner-centered curriculum in the Philippine school setting.
This paper seeks to explore the perceptions and instructional practices of Filipino
teachers on learner-centered pedagogy. English and Filipino language teachers were
interviewed about their personal description
and definitions of learner-centered pedagogy. Their instructional practices were also verified
through close-reading and analysis of the curriculum and instructional plans. Themes like
creative teaching strategies , innovative practices, differentiated instruction and multimedia
technology integration emerged in the analysis. Teachers put premium on learning experiences
that provide students opportunities to use the target languages and foster greater learner
autonomy.

48. COMMUNICATION in
the DIGITAL AGE
21st Century Theme:
Civic Literacy
UNIT 2

49. UNDERSTANDING AND
EVALUATING
MULTIMODAL TEXTS
LESSON 1

50. Learning Outcomes
Understand the different modes of communication and
that combining these modes can enhance meaning of
any message;
Critically analyze and evaluate multimodal texts to
determine factuality of a certain piece of information.

51. Multimodal texts are characterized by the combination of the five different modes
of communication:

54. 1.What is the message?
2. What is the purpose of the message?
3. How is the message conveyed by the video?
4.What did you feel while and after watching the commercial? Cite the
scene/s that elicited the feeling/s that you’ve mentioned.
5.Who is the target audience of the message?
6.What modes were used in presenting the message?
7. Do you think it effectively integrate the different modes in
conveying its message? Explain your answer.

55. https://adobochronicles.com/2015/06/08/china-lays-claim-over-manilas-chinatown/

56. 1. What is the message? What is the purpose?
2. Who is the target audience of the message?
3. What modes were used in presenting the message? Did it help build the credibility of the
story?
4. Do you think the story is true? Why do you say so?
5. Is the URL legitimate?
6. Does the “news story”seem one-sided or biased towards a particular point of view?
FACTUAL INFORMATION:_______________________________
MISLEADING INFORMATION:___________________

57. https://time.com/longform/ending-war-yemen-tawakkol-karman/

58. 1. What is the message? What is the purpose?
2. Who is the target audience of the message?
3. What modes were used in presenting the message? Did it help build the credibility of the
story?
4. Do you think the story is true? Why do you say so?
5. Is the URL legitimate?
6. Does the picture/headline seem one-sided or biased towards a particular point of view?
FACTUAL INFORMATION:_______________________________
MISLEADING INFORMATION:___________________

60. 1. What is the message? What is the purpose?
2. Who is the target audience of the message?
3. What modes were used in presenting the message? Did it help build the credibility of the
story?
4. Do you think the story is true? Why do you say so?
5. Is the URL legitimate?
6. Does the picture/headline seem one-sided or biased towards a particular point of view?
FACTUAL INFORMATION:_______________________________
MISLEADING INFORMATION:___________________

61. As a final task in this lesson, in groups of three, find any texts that combines two or more
Modes(e.g.,) billboard, poster, facebook post, advertisements, websites, photo, music,
news material, visual art or film/television clip) that you believe contains misleading
Information.
Your performance task requires you to present to the class your chosen texts and your analysis
of your text. Your analysis should answer the following questions:
1. What is the message? What is the purpose?
2. Who is the target audience of the message?
3. What modes were used in presenting the message? Did the combination of the modes
enhance the message? Be detailed explaining this part. What mode was the most dominant?
How did it shape the overall message?
4.Why do you believe that your text is misleading?what do you think is the motive behind the
misleading information?
(Digital Portfolio)

62. CRITERIA FOR GRADING
CONTENT/QUALITY OF THE
ANALYSIS
20PTS
DELIVERY 10 PTS
COLLABORATION 5 POINTS
TOTAL 35 POINTS
Digital Portfolio: You may record your group’s presentation and upload your final performance task
in your online portfolio.
Print Portfolio: Take a pictureof your chosen text and paste it on a long bond paper. After the photo of
your chosen text, write your analysis of the photo based on your oral presentation.
Once done, insert your work in your portfolio.

63. As someone who consumes information on a daily basis, what challenges
do you usually encounter? What do you do to overcome these challenges?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

64. COMMUNICATION
AIDS AND STRATEGIES
USING TOOLS OF
TECHNOLOGY
LESSON 2

65. identify the positive and negative dimensions of the use
of technology in communication; and
deliver a message for a variety of audiences using
the most appropriate technological tool
Learning Outcomes:

66. identify the positive and negative dimensions of the use
of technology in communication; and
deliver a message for a variety of audiences using
the most appropriate technological tool
Learning Outcomes:

67. MEDIATED COMMUNICATION
In contrary to face-to-face communication, Mediated Communication refers to a
communications that happens using the technological tools of Information and
Communication Technology as a mode of exchanging information to one person or
another. These include the following;
Video communication is achieved by using Web cameras to connect two or
more parties. This is the next- best communication option after face-to-face, as
you get most of the same benefits. However, there is always the possibility of
bad connections or other technical issues that hinder the communication. If
there are no technical glitches encountered, this could be very effective mode of
communication especially for people separated by distance

68. Audio Communication is a voice-only form of communication, such as a conversation on a
telephone. This is a good instant communication tool if you catch the person instead of
getting an answering machine or voice mail, but it does not have the benefit of allowing
you to see the other person. It is also more difficult to include more than two parties. An
obvious down side of this mode is not being able to see the body language or cues of the
person you are talking to. However, if good listening skills is applied, one may detect the
tone and rising of intonation or pitch of the voice which may indicate the feeling or mood
of the speaker or listener.
The last mode is text-based communication. Although it can be linked or traced back to
the traditional mode of communication, however, because of the evolution of our
communication we learned to adapt and integrate it to our daily living to address such
necessities. Like e-mail, text messaging and instant messaging and social networking site
such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram likewise offer text-based interaction. Text
communication includes Internet communication, such as email, instant messaging and
forums, text messaging and printed papers. Text communication does not have the
benefits of audio and video, but it is much easier to distribute information to a large
group of people and save records of the communication

69. COMMUNICATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA
5 CATEGORIES OF BARRIERS
Physical Barrier- this barrier includes the defects in media or the medium for
communication, environment or geographical location, and physical disability like in
hearing, vision, or speaking.
Psychological Barrier- it is the manifestations of human behavior and attitude when
communicating. These are emotions, past experiences or trauma, lacks retention of
attention or simply inattentive, status, and temperament.
Cultural Barrier- include the age and gender of the person, educational background,
economic status quo, popularity, religion, political views, and ethics.
Language Used- as the word posits, it refers to the contributory factor of the diverse
language across the world, dialect, and even its accent or the way the word is uttered.
Nonetheless, colloquial term adds the situation.
Personal Barrier- refers to the poor listening skills, egoistic, interpersonal trust, and
ability to communicate effectively.

71. “Communication may be broadly defined as the
process of meaningful interaction among human
beings. More specifically, it is
the process by which meanings are perceived and
understandings are reached among human beings.”
(D.E. McFarland, 1994)

72. QUESTIONS?

73. Thank you!

74. COMMUNICATION
FOR VARIOUS
PURPOSES
Unit 3

75. PREPARING A SPEECH
OR
ORAL REPORT
LESSON 1

81. enumerate and explain the various purposes of communication;
explain the significance and value of preparation before doing a
speech or oral report;
Learning Outcomes:
prepare and deliver written speeches or oral reports;
search for different types of formal, informal, and occasional
speeches; and
deliver effectively the introduction and conclusion of your oral
presentation to create lasting impression;

82. 1.The following are the steps of having an effective speech and be a
good public speaker which of this is not included?
a.) Audience c.) Facilities
b.) Venue d.) Production
2.As a professional public speaker you need to acquire the following
characteristics except one:
a.) Confidence c.) Organize
b.) Procrastination d.) Productive

83. 3. The following are the benefits that you can get preparing a speech or oral report.
Which one is incorrect?
a.) Improve speaking skills c.) Boosting confidence
b.) Develops critical thinking d.) Gain money and friends
4.The following are the tips having an interesting speech. Which of them is not
incorporated in the choices?
a.) Be excited
b.) Don‘t make an eye contact with the audience
c.) Avoid reading from the screen
d.) None of the above

84. 5.When can we say that the speaker delivered the speech effectively?
a.) The speaker is shaking
b.) The speaker does not have a modulated voice
c.) Having a vocal fillers
d.) The audience are attentive

85. WHAT IS SPEAKING?
When we hear the word speaking what comes in our mind might be the president
of the nation giving a speech, politicians, and guest speakers in an event.
We speak to express our feelings and thoughts; one can share his/her experience.
He/she can appreciate and be grateful through his/her speech, might as well you can
roast someone and entertain everyone, speaking is so applicable in all we do .
It is also used in school when a student delivers an oral report; it develops the
confidence, vocabulary, pronunciation, and even the speaking skills.
In fact speaking is a norm that we all share. We hear a lot of great and influential
speakers from different countries. Through speaking we achieve world peace and
through speaking it creates partnership with other nations. Having the confidence to
speak in front of numbers of people can be both courageous yet critical. Amazing
how powerful your message yet critical that leads to conflict. That is why you need to
be direct and clear with your ideas on how you will deliver it. That also applies with
the students

86. Madrunio and Martin (2018)
“Some students and professionals do not like the idea of speaking in public,
whether in front of small or large groups. Just the thought that they will be facing
people already makes them jittery.”
“Communication skills are vital for a student‘s academic success and future
career prospects. In today‘s challenging environment, students must not only
possess academic expertise, but also the requisite skills to enhance their learning
and employability prospects in the future.”

87. The following is to be considered to have an effective speech and be a
good public speaker:
1. Audience- Know the profile of your listeners. It is important that you know who
will listen to you-their age, gender, educational background, religion, economic
status, and interests. Also, know how much the audience knows about the topic.
That way you can avoid discussing points that would run contrary to their beliefs
and practices and thus prevent miscommunication and misunderstanding.
2. Logistics- It is something basic or essential for every speaker to know who is
organizing the event. Know who will be introducing you and who will be speaking
before and after you. That way, you will be able to tie up the earlier presentation
with your own resulting in a more coherent presentation. You may even give the
audience an idea as to what the next talk is going to be.

88. 2.1.Venue- The venue is equally important. Locate the lights and if you have movable
visual aids, know where to position them. As a speaker, you should also know how to
position yourself and how you should move in front to get the attention of the
listeners. Remember to work on your posture and avoid bad habits when speaking.
Do not block the view of your visual aids as you present them. Employ a balanced
posture by not standing on one leg only. Do not lean on any object that will give
support to your weight. These postures give the impression thatyou lack confidence
and authority.
2.2.Facilities- Ask beforehand about the pieces of equipment available for you. These
facilities should match the presentation aids that you will use. If there is no available
projector, find a way to have one especially if your visual aids are highly complex. If
there are any electrical problems or technical glitches you encounter, know how to
trouble-shoot them.

89. 3.Content of report/speech/lecture- Since you have been invited as a speaker, the
organizers might have sought you because of your reputation as an effective speaker.
If the purpose of the event is to inform just like in a convention, conference, or a
training seminar, it is expected that you are able to contribute new information. If
the purpose is to entertain, your speech should be light-hearted, amusing, and lively.
If the purpose is to persuade, your presentation should sound convincing enough.
Note, however that any communicative event may have more than one purpose but
there is always a more dominant one.

90. Preparing an Effective Presentation
Tips to create a presentation that is both informative and interesting:
1.Organize your thoughts. Start with an outline and develop good transitions
between sections. Emphasize the real-world significance of your research
2.Have a strong opening. Why should the audience listen to you? One good way to
get their attention is to start with a question, whether or not you expect an answer.
3.Define terms early. If you are using terms that may be new to the audience,
introduce them early in your presentation. Once an audience gets lost in unfamiliar
terminology, it is extremely difficult to get them back on track.
4.Finish with a bang. Find one or two sentences that sum up the importance of your
research. How is the world better off as a result of what you have done?

91. 5.Design PowerPoint slides to introduce important information. Consider doing a
presentation without PowerPoint. Then consider which points you cannot make
without slides. Create only those slides that are necessary to improve your
communication with the audience.
6.Time yourself. Do not wait until the last minute to time your presentation. You only
have 15 minutes to speak, so you want to know, as soon as possible, if you are close to
that limit.
7.Create effective notes for yourself. Have notes that you can read. Do not write out
your entire talk; use an outline or other brief reminders of what you want to say. Make
sure the text is large enough that you can read it from a distance.
8.Practice, practice, practice. The more you practice your presentation, the more
comfortable you will be in front of an audience. Practice in front of a friend or two and
ask for their feedback. Record yourself and listen to it critically. Make it better and do
it again.

92. Presenting Effectively
When you start your presentation, the audience will be interested in what you say.
Use these tips to help keep them interested throughout your presentation:
1.Be excited. You are talking about something exciting. If you remember to be
excited, your audience will feel it and automatically become more interested.
2.Speak with confidence. When you are speaking, you are the authority on your topic,
but do not pretend that you know everything. If you do not know the answer to a
question, admit it. Consider deferring the question to your mentor or offer to look
into the matter further.
.
3.Make eye contact with the audience. Your purpose is to communicate with your
audience, and people listen more if they feel you are talking directly to them.
4.Avoid reading from the screen. First, if you are reading from the screen, you are not
making eye contact with your audience. Second, if you put it on your slide, it is
because you wanted them to read it, not you

93. 5. Blank the screen when a slide is unnecessary. A slide that is not related
to what you are speaking about can distract the audience.
6.Use a pointer only when necessary. If you are using a laser pointer, remember
to keep it off unless you need to highlight something on the screen.
7.Explain your equations and graphs. When you display equations, explain them fully.
9.Avoid filler words. Um, like, you know, and many others.
Speak slowly enough that you can collect your thoughts before moving ahead. If you
really do not know what to say, pause silently until you do.
8.Pause. Pauses bring audible structure to your presentation. They emphasize
important information, make transitions obvious, and give the audience time to
catch up between points and to read new slides.

94. 10. Relax. It is hard to relax when you are nervous, but your audience will
be much more comfortable if you are too.
11.Breathe. It is fine to be nervous. In fact, you should be all good
presenters are nervous every time they are in front of an audience.
12.Acknowledge the people who supported your research. Be sure to thank
the people who made your research possible, including your mentor, research team,
collaborators, and other sources of funding and support.

95. INFORMATIVE
COMMUNICATION
LESSON 2

96. INFORMATIVE SPEECH
It is a speech that aims to provide information to the
listeners about some topic

97. define and describe what is informative speech; and
Learning Outcomes:
enumerate and explain the four classification of an informative speech.

98. FOUR CLASSIFICATIONS OF INFORMATIVE SPEECH
1.SPEECHES ABOUT OBJECTS
Speeches about objects focus on things existing in the world.
Objects include, among other things, people places, animals or products.
Because you are speaking under time constraints, you cannot discuss any topic in its entirely.
Instead, limit your speech to a focused discussion of some aspects of your topic. Some
example topics for speeches about objects include: the Central Intelligence Agency,
Tombstones, Surgical lasers, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the pituitary gland and lemmings

99. FOUR CLASSIFICATIONS OF INFORMATIVE SPEECH
2. SPEECHES ABOUT PROCESSES
Speeches about processes focus on patterns of action.
One type of speech about processes, the demonstration speeches, teaches people
―how to‖ perform a process.
Examples of speech about processes include: how the internet works, how to construct a
good informative speech, as with any speech, be sure to limit your discussion to
information you can explain clearly and completely within time constraints.

100. FOUR CLASSIFICATIONS OF INFORMATIVE SPEECH
3.SPEECHES ABOUT EVENTS
Speeches about events focus on the things that happened, are happening, or will happen.
When speaking about an event, remember to relate the topic to your audience. A speech
chronicling history is informative, but you should adapt the information to your audience
and provide them with some way to use the information.
Examples of speeches about events include: the 1963 Civil Rights March on Washington,
Groundhog‘s Day, and The Battle of the Bulge, The World Series, and the 2000 Presidential
elections.

101. FOUR CLASSIFICATIONS OF INFORMATIVE SPEECH
4.SPEECHES ABOUT CONCEPTS
Speeches about the concepts focus on beliefs, ideas, and theories
Take care to be clear and understandable when creating and creating a speech about concept.
Some examples of topics for concept speeches include: Democracy, Taoism, Principles of
Feminism, The Philosophy of Non-violent protest, and the Big Bang Theory.
When selecting a concept, remember you are crafting in informative speech. Often,
speeches about concepts take on a persuasive tone. Focus your efforts toward providing
unbiased information and refrain from making arguments.

102. TYPES OF INFORMATIVE SPEECHES
Definitional speeches
In definitional speeches the speaker attempts to set forth the meaning of concepts, theories,
philosophies, or issues that may be unfamiliar to the audience.
In this type of speeches, speakers may begin by giving the historical derivation, classification,
or synonyms of terms of the background of the subject.
Describing the essential attributes of one concept compared to another.

103. TYPES OF INFORMATIVE SPEECHES
Descriptive speeches
The purpose of descriptive speech is to provide a detailed, vivid, word of picture of a person,
animal, place or object.
Audiences should carry away in their minds a clear vision of the subject.
It determines the characteristics, features, functions, or fine points of the topic.

104. TYPES OF INFORMATIVE SPEECHES
Explanatory speeches
Similar to the descriptive speech, they both share the function of clarifying the topic.
But explanatory speeches focus on reports of current and historical events, customs,
transformations, inventions, policies, outcomes, and options.

105. TYPES OF INFORMATIVE SPEECHES
Demonstration speeches
The most practical of all informative speeches, a demonstration speech shows listeners
how some process is accomplished or how to perform it themselves.
The focus is on a chronological explanation of some process, application, or course of action.

106. PROCESSING AND REFLECTION
Informative speech is an integral part in communication it helps the receiver aware and to be
cognizant in different aspects in life. So if we differentiate an informative speech from other
types of speeches, it is important to stick to the basic facts of the subject. No personal biases,
unsubstantiated information, or popular opinion should be included when stating the main
ideas of the topic. The goal is to educate the audience on the facts, not to provide the speaker‘s
opinion. When crafting an informative speech look at the subject carefully and eliminate any
potential statements that have prejudice or might persuade the audience.

107. SHORT QUIZ: Read the questions carefully and write
the correct answer.
1.What are the four classifications on informative speeches discussed
in the chapter?
a. Speeches about objects, processes, events, and concepts.
b. Speeches about definition, processes, objects, informative
c. Informative speeches, events, concepts, and objects
d. Public speeches, informative speeches, impromptu, extemporaneous

108. 2. What are three methods you can use to avoid abstractions in your
informative speech?
a. Definition, contrast, description
b. Demonstration, descriptive, explanatory.
c. Description, comparison, contrast
d. Complexity, scope, comparison

109. 3. It is a type speech that focuses on things existing in the world. Objects
include, among other things, people places, animals or products.
a. Speeches about concept
b. Speeches about processes
c. Speeches about objects.
d. Speeches about event

110. 4. Type of Speech that focuses on the things that happened, are
happening, or will happen.
a. Speeches about concept
b. Speeches about processes
c. Speeches about objects.
d. Speeches about event.

111. 5.Type of Speech that focuses about the concepts focus on beliefs, ideas,
and theories.
a. Speeches about concept.
b. Speeches about processes
c. Speeches about objects.
d. Speeches about event

112. 6. A speech that aims to provide information to the listeners about some
topic.
a. Persuasive speech
b. Oral report
c. Informative speech.

113. 7. It works to develop confidence and effectiveness in their public speaking,
interpersonal, and small group communication skills.
a. Speech communication.
b. Communication
c. Informative speech.

114. 8. It attempts to present an objective-that is, truthful and unbiased-view of
the topics being considered.
a. Persuasive speech
b. Informative message.
c. Speech about processes

115. 9. It attempts to present an objective-that is, truthful and unbiased-view of
the topics being considered It is the speaker attempts to set forth the
meaning of concepts, theories, philosophies, or issues that may be
unfamiliar to the audience
.
a. Persuasive speech
b. Descriptive
c. Definition.
d. Informative.

116. 10. The most practical of all informative speeches, it shows listeners how
some process is accomplished or how to perform it themselves.
. a. Demonstrational.
b. Descriptive
c. Explanatory
d. communication