The document discusses arithmetic progressions (AP), which are lists of numbers where each subsequent term is calculated by adding a fixed number (the common difference) to the previous term. It provides examples of APs with positive, negative, and zero common differences. The general formula for the nth term and sum of the first n terms of an AP are defined. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating specific terms and sums using the formulas.

2.  You must have observed that in nature, many things
follow a certain pattern, such as the petals of sun
flower, the holes of a honeybee comb, the grains on a
maize cob, the spirals on a pineapple and on a pine
cone etc. We now look for some patterns which occur
in our daily life.
 For example: Mohit applied for a job and got selected.
He has been offered a job with a starting monthly
salary Rs 8000, with an annual increment of Rs 500 in
his salary. His salary for the 1st, 2nd,3rd,…years will be,
respectively 8000, 8500, 9000,…..

3.  In the above example, we observe a pattern. We find
that the succeeding terms are obtained by adding a
fixed number(500).

4.  Consider the following lists of numbers:
1) 1,2,3,4…..
2) 100,70,40,10…
3) -3,-2,-1, 0….
4) 3, 3, 3, 3…….
5) -1.0, -1.5, -2.0, -2.5,…….
Each of the numbers in the list is called a term.

5.  Given a term, can you write the next term in each of
the lists above? If so, how will you write it? Perhaps by
following a pattern or rule. Let us observe and write
the rule:
 In(1), each term is 1 more than the term preceding it.
In(2), each term is 30 less than the term preceding it.
In(3), each term is obtained by adding 1 to each term
preceding it. In(4), all the terms in the list are 3, ie,
each term is obtained by adding 0 to the term
preceding it. In(5), each term is obtained by adding -
0.5 to the term preceding it.

6.  In all the lists above, we see that the successive terms
are obtained by adding a fixed number to the
preceding terms. Such lists are called ARITHMETIC
PROGRESSIONS (or) AP.
 So, An Arithmetic Progression is a list of numbers in
which each term is obtained by adding a fixed number
preceding term except the first term.
 This fixed number is called the common difference of
the AP.
 Remember that it can be positive(+), negative(-) or
zero(0)

7.  Let us denote the first term of an Arithmetic
Progression by (a1)second term by (a2 ), nth term by
(ax ) and the common difference by d .
 The general form of an Arithmetic Progression is :
 a , a +d , a + 2d , a + 3d ………………, a + (n-1)d
 Now, let us consider the situation again in which
Mohit applied for a job and been selected. He has
been offered a starting monthly salary of Rs8000,
with an annual increment of Rs500. what would be
his salary for the fifth year?

8.  The nth term an of the Arithmetic Progression with first
term a and common difference d is given by an=a+(n-1) d.
 an is also called the general term of the AP.
 If there are m terms in the Arithmetic Progression , then am
represents the last term which is sometimes also denoted
by l.
 The sum of the first n terms of an Arithmetic Progression
is given by s=n/2[2a+(n-1) d].
 We can also write it as s=n/2[a +a+(n-1) d].

9. •The first term = a1 =a +0 d = a + (1-1)d
Let us consider an A.P. with first term ‘a’ and
common difference ‘d’ ,then
•The second term = a2 = a + d = a + (2-1)d
•The third term = a3 = a + 2d = a + (3-1)d
•The fourth term = a4 =a + 3d = a + (4-1)d
The nth term = an = a + (n-1)d

10. To check that a given term is in
A.P. or not.
2, 6, 10, 14….
(i) Here , first term a = 2,
find differences in the next terms
a2-a1 = 6 – 2 = 4
a3-a2 = 10 –6 = 4
a4-a3 = 14 – 10 = 4
Since the differences are common.
Hence the given terms are in A.P.

11.  Now let’s try a simple problem:
Problem :Find 10th term of A.P. 12, 18, 24, 30……
Solution: Given A.P. is 12, 18, 24, 30..
First term is a = 12
Common difference is d = 18- 12 = 6
nth term is an = a + (n-1)d
Put n = 10, a10 = 12 + (10-1)6
= 12 + 9 x 6
= 12 + 54
a10 = 66

12. Problem 2. Find the sum of 30 terms of given A.P.
12 + 20 + 28 + 36………
Solution : Given A.P. is 12 , 20, 28 , 36
Its first term is a = 12
Common difference is d = 20 – 12 = 8
The sum to n terms of an arithmetic progression
Sn = ½ n [ 2a + (n - 1)d ]
= ½ x 30 [ 2x 12 + (30-1)x 8]
= 15 [ 24 + 29 x8]
= 15[24 + 232]
= 15 x 246
= 3690