RNA editing is a post-transcriptional process that makes discrete changes to RNA sequences. There are three main types of RNA editing: cytosine to uracil deamination, adenine to inosine deamination, and guide RNA-mediated insertion/deletion of uridine bases. Cytidine deamination is site-specific and involves enzymes like cytidine deaminase. Adenine deamination occurs in RNA secondary structures and involves enzymes like ADAR. Guide RNA editing involves hybridization of RNA to guide RNA, cleavage by an endonuclease, addition of uridine by TuTase, and ligation. RNA editing increases protein diversity and is essential for organelle development in eukaryotes.

1. Presented By : Tenzin Topgyal
PhD Biochemistry

2. Introduction
 RNA editing is a molecular process through which some cells
can make discrete changes to specific nucleotide sequences
within a RNA molecule after it has been generated
by RNA polymerase.
 Defination: any type of change in RNA trancript sequence
without RNA splicing called RNA editing.
 In pre-RNA having three types of modification occur to
become a mature RNA
1) Capping at 5 end and polyadenylation at 3 end
2) RNA editing
3) RNA splicing

4.  This is done to obtain large diversity in proteins by using
small no of genes.
 Editing is done by insertion , modification or deletion of
one or more bases.
 Editing was firstly discovered in mitochondria of
Trypnosomes.

5. Types of RNA Editing
1) Site specific deamination of cytosine and adenine
2) guide RNA mediated site specific insertion and
deletion of uridine base

6. Site specific deamination of cytosine and adenine
 Cytidine deamination is tissue or site specific.
 Like Cytidine deaminase occur in intestine carry out
deamination of cytosine in mRNA of ApoB100 genes to produce
apoB48

8. Mechanism of cytosine deamination to uracil
 A Cytidine deaminase activity involved in Apobec protein
 Another protein ACF (apobec complimentation factor) is
also required
 Apobec + ACF complex called as editisome
 Both recognizes the sequences flanking the C to edited.

10. deamination of adenine to Inosine
 A to I modification usually occurs in sec. structure
regions of RNA.
 Set of protein required for deamination of adenosine
called ADAR or dsRNA dependant deaminase

11.  This ionise can be base pair with either A,T,G or C
 Inosine detect as guanine during translation.
 Eg. Different types of glut receptars for insuline

12. Mechanism used for deamination of C U

13. guide RNA mediated site specific insertion and
deletion of uridine base
 guide RNA : it is a part of degraded introns.
 It is a small fraction of RNA sequence just come out of the
splicing of RNA.
 This small part of rna act as guide RNA
Guide RNA guide the process of RNA editing in eukaryotes
that’s why called as guide RNA.

14. Mechanism of gRNA mediated RNA editing
 Steps :
1) hybridization of RNA with gRNA
2) cleavage of RNA with endonuclease
3) activity of TuTase and addition of uridine base
4) ligation of nick using ligase

16. Significance of RNA editing
 It is essential in regulating gene expression of organism
 RNA editing mutant was reported with strong defects in
organelle development
 It is a mechanism to increases the number different
proteins available without the need to increase the no of
genes in the genome

17. THANK YOU.………