Operating system is system software that acts as an intermediary between hardware and users, managing computer resources and providing a platform for application programs. It performs key functions like process management, memory management, I/O device management, network management, and security/protection. Operating systems have evolved from simple batch systems used on mainframes to today's complex distributed and real-time systems that can support multiprocessors, multitasking, and networks across independent computers.

1. OPERATING SYSTEM

2. Operating system is a
System Software…
It acts as an Intermediatory between H/W & User.
RESOURCE MANAGER
Provide a plateform on which other application programs are installed.
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3. ABSTRACT VIEW…
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4. FUNCTIONALITIES…
PROCESS MANAGEMENT
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
I/O DEVICE MANAGEMENT
NETWORK MANAGEMENT
SECURITY & PROTECTION
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5. EVOLUTION…
In Starting Mainframe
Computers…
Common I/P & O/P devices were card readers.
User Prepare a Job which consisted of the Program, I/P data and Control
instructions
I/P Job is given is the form of Punch Cards and also appear in form of
punch card after processing.
So OS was very simple, major task is to transfer the control from one job to
another.
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6. Batch Operating
System…
 Operator Sort Jobs with similar needs are batched together and executed through the
processor as a group.
ADVANTAGES:
Saving Time.
During Batch execution no Manual Intervention is needed.
DISADVANTAGES:
Memory Limitation.
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7. SPOOLING…
(Simultaneous peripheral operations online)
 Data is stored first onto the disk and then CPU interact with Disk via Memory.
ADVANTAGES:
No interaction of I/P & O/P devices with CPU
CPU Utilization.
DISADVANTAGES:
In Starting, Spooling was Uni-programming.
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8. MULTIPROGRAMMING…
 More then one process in main memory which are ready to execute.
CPU make Context Switch.
ADVANTAGES:
High CPU Utilization.
Less waiting time.
DISADVANTAGES:
Scheduling and main memory management is required.
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9. MULTITASKING OR
TIME-SHARING OS…
 Each task is given some time to execute..
ADVANTAGES:
CPU idle time can be reduced.
Each task gets an equal opportunity.
DISADVANTAGES:
Reliability Problem .
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10. MULTIPROCESSING…
 System consists of several processors that share a common physical memory..
ADVANTAGES:
Enhanced Performance.
True parallel execution of processes.
DISADVANTAGES:
More Expensive .
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11. DISTRIBUTED OS…
Independent computer systems communicate with each other using a shared network.
ADVANTAGES:
Failure of one will not affect the other network communication.
Computation is highly fast
DISADVANTAGES:
Fail of main network will stop the entire communication.
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12. EMBEDDED OS…
Specialized OS designed to perform
specific task for a device that is not a
computer.
Examples include ATMs, computer in cars
etc.
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13. REAL TIME OS…
 Serve real-time applications without buffer delays.
ADVANTAGES:
Maximum utilization of devices.
Focus on running applications.
DISADVANTAGES:
Use heavy system resources..
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14. THANK YOU!