What Operating Systems Do
Computer System Organization
Computer System Architecture
Operating System Structure
Operating System Operations
Distributed Systems
Open Source Operating Systems.
Operating System - Types Of Operating System Unit-1abhinav baba
In This Slide There is Operating System And it's types ( Types of operating system)
Batch Operating System
Network Operating System
Time Sharing Operating System
Real Time Operating System
Distributed Operating System
The document provides an overview of operating systems and some of their key concepts. It discusses how operating systems act as an interface between hardware and software, allowing applications to run independently of the underlying hardware. It also describes common operating system components like kernels, system calls, and memory management techniques like program overlays.
An operating system manages computer hardware and acts as an intermediary between the user and hardware. Operating systems have evolved through five generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and now artificial intelligence. The first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums, were room-sized, and could only solve one problem at a time. Later generations introduced transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors, making computers smaller, faster, and more powerful. Operating systems also evolved from batch processing to multiprogramming, multitasking, time-sharing, and real-time systems to better utilize resources and improve user interaction and response times.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on the following topics:
Definition
Objectives of Operating System
Structure of Operating System
Need for Operating Systems
OS Components and Functions
OS Services
Types of Operating Systems
Examples of Operating Systems
The document discusses different types of operating systems. It defines an operating system as software that acts as an interface between the user and hardware and manages computer resources. It describes the primary objectives of operating systems as making the computer convenient to use and managing resources. Some key types discussed include batch processing, multiprogramming, time-sharing, networks, and real-time operating systems.
Operating system introduction to operating systemjaydeesa17
This document introduces operating systems and their history. It defines an operating system as software that manages computer hardware and provides a simpler interface for user programs. Operating systems are discussed from the user and system perspectives. The history of operating systems is covered in generations from vacuum tubes to personal computers. Three main types of operating systems are described: batch, multiprogramming, and multi-user. Batch systems ran jobs in batches while the other two allowed more concurrent usage of hardware through time-sharing and memory sharing.
Operating System - Types Of Operating System Unit-1abhinav baba
In This Slide There is Operating System And it's types ( Types of operating system)
Batch Operating System
Network Operating System
Time Sharing Operating System
Real Time Operating System
Distributed Operating System
The document provides an overview of operating systems and some of their key concepts. It discusses how operating systems act as an interface between hardware and software, allowing applications to run independently of the underlying hardware. It also describes common operating system components like kernels, system calls, and memory management techniques like program overlays.
An operating system manages computer hardware and acts as an intermediary between the user and hardware. Operating systems have evolved through five generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and now artificial intelligence. The first generation used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums, were room-sized, and could only solve one problem at a time. Later generations introduced transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors, making computers smaller, faster, and more powerful. Operating systems also evolved from batch processing to multiprogramming, multitasking, time-sharing, and real-time systems to better utilize resources and improve user interaction and response times.
This presentation gives a brief introduction on the following topics:
Definition
Objectives of Operating System
Structure of Operating System
Need for Operating Systems
OS Components and Functions
OS Services
Types of Operating Systems
Examples of Operating Systems
The document discusses different types of operating systems. It defines an operating system as software that acts as an interface between the user and hardware and manages computer resources. It describes the primary objectives of operating systems as making the computer convenient to use and managing resources. Some key types discussed include batch processing, multiprogramming, time-sharing, networks, and real-time operating systems.
Operating system introduction to operating systemjaydeesa17
This document introduces operating systems and their history. It defines an operating system as software that manages computer hardware and provides a simpler interface for user programs. Operating systems are discussed from the user and system perspectives. The history of operating systems is covered in generations from vacuum tubes to personal computers. Three main types of operating systems are described: batch, multiprogramming, and multi-user. Batch systems ran jobs in batches while the other two allowed more concurrent usage of hardware through time-sharing and memory sharing.
The document describes the functions of operating systems including managing computer resources like the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. It explains different types of operating systems like command-line based systems, graphical user interface systems, and network operating systems. It also discusses key concepts in operating systems like memory management, resource allocation, and utility programs.
z/OS is IBM's mainframe operating system designed to serve thousands of users concurrently processing large workloads. It uses virtual storage to allow programs to access more memory than physically available. z/OS manages real, auxiliary, and virtual storage using pages, frames, and slots to move data between storage types. Workload management balances system resources and priorities tasks to meet business goals.
The operating system (OS) acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware, managing requests to hardware resources. It aims to make the computer convenient and efficient to use while providing an environment for users to execute programs. Key OS functions include memory management, process management, device management, information management, protection, and error handling. The OS tracks memory usage, processor status, devices, information storage and access, security, and errors. It determines how to efficiently allocate resources.
The document discusses operating systems and their core functions. It covers:
1) Operating systems control computers by managing processes, memory, networking, protection, and scheduling.
2) Operating systems aim to allocate resources to processes, manage main memory, and protect systems from unauthorized access.
3) Key components of operating systems include processes, threads, scheduling algorithms, system calls, interprocess communication using semaphores, and memory management.
The document discusses the evolution of operating systems from serial processing to modern developments. Early systems used serial and batch processing with limited multiprocessing. Major OS achievements included the development of processes, virtual memory, security features, and scheduling. Recent trends involve microkernel architecture, multithreading, symmetric multiprocessing, and distributed/object-oriented designs.
This Tutorial will provide you information on working of operating system. Main topics are following and further sub-topics are discussed in detail.
1. Kernel Architecture.
2. Initialization of operating system.
3. Process of operating system.
4. Management in operating system.
5. File system.
6.Security in operating system.
7.Interface in operating System.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including their goals, advantages, components, and views from the user and system perspectives. It describes various operating system techniques like spooling, time-sharing, multiprocessor systems, distributed systems, and real-time systems. Multiprocessor systems can be symmetric (SMP) or asymmetric (AMP) depending on how processors are treated. Distributed systems have loosely coupled processors that communicate over a network, providing benefits like improved communication, computation speedup, reliability, and resource sharing. Real-time systems ensure tasks are completed within deadlines and can be soft or hard, with safety-critical systems usually requiring hard real-time guarantees.
The document discusses different types of operating systems, including time sharing systems. It describes time sharing systems as allowing multiple users to access a computer simultaneously through time slicing techniques. Each user's process is given a short time slice to run on the CPU before being interrupted so that another process can run, allowing for fast switching between users and higher CPU utilization. The presentation discusses time sharing systems in the context of other operating system types like batch systems, single-user systems, and multi-user systems.
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is a component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function.
Types of operating system unit 1 by Ram K PaliwalRam Paliwal
The document discusses the main types of operating systems: serial processing, batch processing, time-sharing, real-time, and multi-user/multi-tasking network operating systems. Serial processing operating systems execute instructions sequentially without user interaction. Batch processing groups similar jobs into batches to be processed when the computer is idle. Time-sharing operating systems allow multiple users or programs to share resources by rapidly switching between tasks. Real-time operating systems are used for systems like robots where response time is critical. Network operating systems manage shared resources, users, security, and applications over a private network.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts, including:
1. The objectives and functions of operating systems such as providing convenience, efficiency, and ability to evolve for users and applications.
2. The evolution of operating systems from serial processing to time sharing systems to better utilize hardware resources and serve multiple users simultaneously.
3. Major achievements in operating system design including processes, memory management, information protection, scheduling, and system structure.
Basics of Operating Systems Definition – Generations of Operating systems – Types of Operating Systems, OS Service, System Calls, OS structure: Layered, Monolithic, Microkernel Operating Systems – Concept of Virtual Machine
The document summarizes different types of operating systems. It describes operating systems as programs that act as an interface between users and hardware, managing resources like memory, processors, processes, files, and devices. It then discusses five main categories of operating systems: batch, interactive, real-time, hybrid, and embedded. Batch systems run programs in groups sequentially, interactive systems allow for direct user interaction with fast feedback, and real-time systems provide immediate responses critical applications. Hybrid systems combine batch and interactive features, while embedded systems are computers placed inside other products.
Srishti Gupta thanks the Information Technology Training Center and faculty of the Gurugram Branch of NIRC of ICAI for giving her the opportunity to encourage her innovativeness and extra-curricular interests. She also thanks her mentor Ms. Shilpa Kaushik, her parents, and all her friends for their continuous encouragement. The document appears to be Srishti Gupta expressing her gratitude to various organizations and individuals for their support.
An operating system manages computer hardware and software resources and allows applications to run. It performs basic functions like managing devices, files, memory, and providing an interface for other programs. Common operating systems include Ubuntu, Android, Windows, and Mac OS. Android has the largest market share in smartphones. Operating systems have evolved from early batch systems to today's multi-tasking, distributed, and real-time systems. An operating system is essential software that enables a computer to function and run other programs.
What is Software .
Types of Software .
What is Operating System .
Structure of Operating System .
Functions of Operating System .
Types of Operating System .
Examples of Operating System .
Presentation on Operating System & its ComponentsMahmuda Rahman
An operating system is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for programs. It allows multiple users and programs to run concurrently, allocating resources and providing file management, security, and other core functions. Key components of an operating system include the kernel, which handles processes, memory, devices and security; the user interface; and system utilities that support functions like booting and file management. Popular operating systems include Linux, an open-source version of UNIX with components like the kernel, system utilities and libraries.
SA_IT241_3
WHAT ARE THE SECURITY VIOLATION CATEGORIES?
1. Breach of confidentiality: unauthorized reading of data.
2. Breach of integrity: unauthorized modification of data.
3. Breach of availability: unauthorized destruction of data.
4. Theft of service: unauthorized use of resources.
5. Denial of Service(DOS): Prevention of legitimate use.
WHAT ARE THE SECURITY VIOLATION METHODS?
1. Masquerading (authentication breach): pretending to be an authorized user.
2. Replay Attack: Replaying the same message or adding a modification to it.
3. Man-in-the-middle attack: intruder sits in data flow, masquerading as sender to receiver and vice versa.
4. Session hijacking: intercepting a session which is already on going to by-pass authentication.
5. Privilege escalation: A really Common attack, access of resources that a user is not supposed to have.
WHAT ARE THE OTHER VARIATIONS OF HYPERVISORS?
1. Paravirtualization: guest OS is modified to work with VMM.
2. Programming-environment virtualization: VMMS do not virtualize hardware which creates optimized virtual system (Used by Oracle Java and Microsoft.Net).
3. Emulators: Allows applications written for one hardware to run on different hardware environments.
4. Application Containment: Not virtualization but, provides features like it by segregating application making them more secure and manageable.
Oracle Solaris Zones, BSD Jails, IBM AIX WPARs.
• Much variation is due to breadth, depth, and importance of virtualization.
WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF LIVE MIGRATION?
1. VMM start connection with the target VMM.
2. Target created a new guest (by creating a new VCPU).
3. VMM sends read-only files to target VMM.
4. VMM sends read-write files to target VMM.
5. Repeat 4 unit done as not all read-write data can be sent (could be a dirty read).
6. If step 4 and 5 becomes very short then, VMM freezes guest, send remaining stuff.
7. Target starts running the freezed guest.
WHAT ARE THE REASONS FOR DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS?
1. Resource sharing
Sharing files, information, printing.
Using remote GPUs.
2. Computation speedup
dsitribute processing needed to multicomputers.
Load balancing: moving jobs to more lightly-laoded sites.
3. Reliability: detect and recover failurs.
WHAT ARE THE WIDELY USED ARCHITECTURES?
1. Client-server model.
2. Cluster-based model.
WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES?
1. Naming and transparency.
2. Remote file access.
3. Caching and caching consistency.
WHAT WAS GFS WAS INFLUNECNED BY?
1. Hardware failure should be expected routinely.
2. Most files are changed by appending new data (rather than overwriting existing data).
3. Modularized software layer MapReduce sit on top of GFS to carry out large-scale parallel computations.
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF DISK CACHES?
1. Reliable
2. Cached data kept on disk do not need to be fetched again while recovery.
ADVANTAGES OF MAIN MEMORY CACHES?
1. Can make workstations diskless.
2. Quicker data access.
3. Performance speed up in bigger memories.
4. Server c
Operating System Concepts PresentationNitish Jadia
Operating System Concepts was presented by Nitish Jadia in Bhopal null meet, to make people aware of the internal workings of the OS they use.
The contents and explanation of this PPT was inspired and taken from Operating System Concepts by by silberschatz galvin gagne.
The document describes the functions of operating systems including managing computer resources like the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. It explains different types of operating systems like command-line based systems, graphical user interface systems, and network operating systems. It also discusses key concepts in operating systems like memory management, resource allocation, and utility programs.
z/OS is IBM's mainframe operating system designed to serve thousands of users concurrently processing large workloads. It uses virtual storage to allow programs to access more memory than physically available. z/OS manages real, auxiliary, and virtual storage using pages, frames, and slots to move data between storage types. Workload management balances system resources and priorities tasks to meet business goals.
The operating system (OS) acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware, managing requests to hardware resources. It aims to make the computer convenient and efficient to use while providing an environment for users to execute programs. Key OS functions include memory management, process management, device management, information management, protection, and error handling. The OS tracks memory usage, processor status, devices, information storage and access, security, and errors. It determines how to efficiently allocate resources.
The document discusses operating systems and their core functions. It covers:
1) Operating systems control computers by managing processes, memory, networking, protection, and scheduling.
2) Operating systems aim to allocate resources to processes, manage main memory, and protect systems from unauthorized access.
3) Key components of operating systems include processes, threads, scheduling algorithms, system calls, interprocess communication using semaphores, and memory management.
The document discusses the evolution of operating systems from serial processing to modern developments. Early systems used serial and batch processing with limited multiprocessing. Major OS achievements included the development of processes, virtual memory, security features, and scheduling. Recent trends involve microkernel architecture, multithreading, symmetric multiprocessing, and distributed/object-oriented designs.
This Tutorial will provide you information on working of operating system. Main topics are following and further sub-topics are discussed in detail.
1. Kernel Architecture.
2. Initialization of operating system.
3. Process of operating system.
4. Management in operating system.
5. File system.
6.Security in operating system.
7.Interface in operating System.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including their goals, advantages, components, and views from the user and system perspectives. It describes various operating system techniques like spooling, time-sharing, multiprocessor systems, distributed systems, and real-time systems. Multiprocessor systems can be symmetric (SMP) or asymmetric (AMP) depending on how processors are treated. Distributed systems have loosely coupled processors that communicate over a network, providing benefits like improved communication, computation speedup, reliability, and resource sharing. Real-time systems ensure tasks are completed within deadlines and can be soft or hard, with safety-critical systems usually requiring hard real-time guarantees.
The document discusses different types of operating systems, including time sharing systems. It describes time sharing systems as allowing multiple users to access a computer simultaneously through time slicing techniques. Each user's process is given a short time slice to run on the CPU before being interrupted so that another process can run, allowing for fast switching between users and higher CPU utilization. The presentation discusses time sharing systems in the context of other operating system types like batch systems, single-user systems, and multi-user systems.
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is a component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function.
Types of operating system unit 1 by Ram K PaliwalRam Paliwal
The document discusses the main types of operating systems: serial processing, batch processing, time-sharing, real-time, and multi-user/multi-tasking network operating systems. Serial processing operating systems execute instructions sequentially without user interaction. Batch processing groups similar jobs into batches to be processed when the computer is idle. Time-sharing operating systems allow multiple users or programs to share resources by rapidly switching between tasks. Real-time operating systems are used for systems like robots where response time is critical. Network operating systems manage shared resources, users, security, and applications over a private network.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts, including:
1. The objectives and functions of operating systems such as providing convenience, efficiency, and ability to evolve for users and applications.
2. The evolution of operating systems from serial processing to time sharing systems to better utilize hardware resources and serve multiple users simultaneously.
3. Major achievements in operating system design including processes, memory management, information protection, scheduling, and system structure.
Basics of Operating Systems Definition – Generations of Operating systems – Types of Operating Systems, OS Service, System Calls, OS structure: Layered, Monolithic, Microkernel Operating Systems – Concept of Virtual Machine
The document summarizes different types of operating systems. It describes operating systems as programs that act as an interface between users and hardware, managing resources like memory, processors, processes, files, and devices. It then discusses five main categories of operating systems: batch, interactive, real-time, hybrid, and embedded. Batch systems run programs in groups sequentially, interactive systems allow for direct user interaction with fast feedback, and real-time systems provide immediate responses critical applications. Hybrid systems combine batch and interactive features, while embedded systems are computers placed inside other products.
Srishti Gupta thanks the Information Technology Training Center and faculty of the Gurugram Branch of NIRC of ICAI for giving her the opportunity to encourage her innovativeness and extra-curricular interests. She also thanks her mentor Ms. Shilpa Kaushik, her parents, and all her friends for their continuous encouragement. The document appears to be Srishti Gupta expressing her gratitude to various organizations and individuals for their support.
An operating system manages computer hardware and software resources and allows applications to run. It performs basic functions like managing devices, files, memory, and providing an interface for other programs. Common operating systems include Ubuntu, Android, Windows, and Mac OS. Android has the largest market share in smartphones. Operating systems have evolved from early batch systems to today's multi-tasking, distributed, and real-time systems. An operating system is essential software that enables a computer to function and run other programs.
What is Software .
Types of Software .
What is Operating System .
Structure of Operating System .
Functions of Operating System .
Types of Operating System .
Examples of Operating System .
Presentation on Operating System & its ComponentsMahmuda Rahman
An operating system is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for programs. It allows multiple users and programs to run concurrently, allocating resources and providing file management, security, and other core functions. Key components of an operating system include the kernel, which handles processes, memory, devices and security; the user interface; and system utilities that support functions like booting and file management. Popular operating systems include Linux, an open-source version of UNIX with components like the kernel, system utilities and libraries.
SA_IT241_3
WHAT ARE THE SECURITY VIOLATION CATEGORIES?
1. Breach of confidentiality: unauthorized reading of data.
2. Breach of integrity: unauthorized modification of data.
3. Breach of availability: unauthorized destruction of data.
4. Theft of service: unauthorized use of resources.
5. Denial of Service(DOS): Prevention of legitimate use.
WHAT ARE THE SECURITY VIOLATION METHODS?
1. Masquerading (authentication breach): pretending to be an authorized user.
2. Replay Attack: Replaying the same message or adding a modification to it.
3. Man-in-the-middle attack: intruder sits in data flow, masquerading as sender to receiver and vice versa.
4. Session hijacking: intercepting a session which is already on going to by-pass authentication.
5. Privilege escalation: A really Common attack, access of resources that a user is not supposed to have.
WHAT ARE THE OTHER VARIATIONS OF HYPERVISORS?
1. Paravirtualization: guest OS is modified to work with VMM.
2. Programming-environment virtualization: VMMS do not virtualize hardware which creates optimized virtual system (Used by Oracle Java and Microsoft.Net).
3. Emulators: Allows applications written for one hardware to run on different hardware environments.
4. Application Containment: Not virtualization but, provides features like it by segregating application making them more secure and manageable.
Oracle Solaris Zones, BSD Jails, IBM AIX WPARs.
• Much variation is due to breadth, depth, and importance of virtualization.
WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF LIVE MIGRATION?
1. VMM start connection with the target VMM.
2. Target created a new guest (by creating a new VCPU).
3. VMM sends read-only files to target VMM.
4. VMM sends read-write files to target VMM.
5. Repeat 4 unit done as not all read-write data can be sent (could be a dirty read).
6. If step 4 and 5 becomes very short then, VMM freezes guest, send remaining stuff.
7. Target starts running the freezed guest.
WHAT ARE THE REASONS FOR DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS?
1. Resource sharing
Sharing files, information, printing.
Using remote GPUs.
2. Computation speedup
dsitribute processing needed to multicomputers.
Load balancing: moving jobs to more lightly-laoded sites.
3. Reliability: detect and recover failurs.
WHAT ARE THE WIDELY USED ARCHITECTURES?
1. Client-server model.
2. Cluster-based model.
WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES?
1. Naming and transparency.
2. Remote file access.
3. Caching and caching consistency.
WHAT WAS GFS WAS INFLUNECNED BY?
1. Hardware failure should be expected routinely.
2. Most files are changed by appending new data (rather than overwriting existing data).
3. Modularized software layer MapReduce sit on top of GFS to carry out large-scale parallel computations.
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF DISK CACHES?
1. Reliable
2. Cached data kept on disk do not need to be fetched again while recovery.
ADVANTAGES OF MAIN MEMORY CACHES?
1. Can make workstations diskless.
2. Quicker data access.
3. Performance speed up in bigger memories.
4. Server c
Operating System Concepts PresentationNitish Jadia
Operating System Concepts was presented by Nitish Jadia in Bhopal null meet, to make people aware of the internal workings of the OS they use.
The contents and explanation of this PPT was inspired and taken from Operating System Concepts by by silberschatz galvin gagne.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems, describing their goals and functions. It discusses the components of a computer system including hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It then describes what operating systems do from different perspectives, such as managing shared resources efficiently. The rest of the document outlines some key operating system concepts like process management, memory management, file system management, and how interrupts, multiprogramming, and multitasking work.
This document provides an overview of operating systems. It discusses that an operating system acts as an interface between the user and hardware, managing resources and running applications. Key parts of an operating system include the kernel and system programs. Operating systems allow for multiprogramming and time-sharing to enable efficient sharing of resources between multiple processes. Interprocess communication and process synchronization are important aspects that operating systems facilitate.
The document provides an introduction to operating system structures and operations. It discusses the basic components of a computer system including hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It describes the functions of an operating system such as executing programs, managing system resources, and providing common services. The document also explains various operating system structures like memory layout, storage hierarchy, and system calls.
This document provides an introduction to operating systems, including definitions, goals, and components. It describes different types of systems such as mainframe, time-sharing, desktop, parallel, distributed, and real-time systems. It also discusses processes, process scheduling, and interprocess communication.
The objectives of these slides include -
- To describe the basic organization of computer systems
- To provide a grand tour of the major components of operating systems
- To give an overview of the many types of computing environments
- To explore several open-source operating systems
1. The document provides an introduction to operating systems, covering topics like computer system architecture, operating system structure and operations, types of computing environments, and operating system services.
2. It describes the basic components of an operating system including process management, memory management, storage management, I/O subsystem management, and protection and security.
3. Various computing environments are discussed, including stand-alone systems, distributed systems, client-server models, peer-to-peer networks, virtualization, cloud computing, and real-time embedded systems.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including their goals and history. It discusses early batch systems and how they evolved into time-sharing systems with multiprogramming and virtual memory to better utilize hardware. Personal computing systems were designed for single users with portable devices. Parallel and distributed systems leverage multiple processors, and real-time systems must meet timing constraints.
This document discusses computer system architecture and operating system structures. It covers single and multiprocessor systems, including symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessing. It also discusses clustered systems, operating system operations like interrupts and dual mode, and system calls. Finally, it discusses user interfaces like command line and graphical user interfaces, and simple operating system structures.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts, including:
- An operating system manages computer hardware and acts as an intermediary between users and the computer. It aims to execute programs, make the system convenient to use, and efficiently use hardware resources.
- A computer system consists of hardware, an operating system, application programs, and users. The operating system controls resource allocation and coordinates hardware, applications, and users.
- Operating systems provide services like file management, communication, error detection, resource allocation, accounting, and protection/security. System calls are the programming interface for these services.
The document provides an introduction to operating systems, including definitions, goals, and components. It discusses how operating systems manage computer hardware, execute user programs, and make systems convenient and efficient. It describes how operating systems act as an intermediary between users and hardware. It also summarizes the evolution of operating systems from early batch systems to modern time-sharing and networked systems. Key aspects covered include process management, memory management, multiprocessing, real-time systems, personal computers, and the role of the operating system in enabling interaction between programs and hardware.
Introduction to Operating Systems - Mary MargaratMary Margarat
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including:
- It describes the main components and functions of an operating system like process management, memory management, and file management.
- It discusses different types of operating systems such as batch, multi-tasking, distributed, and real-time operating systems.
- It outlines some key services provided by operating systems like file system management, program execution, input/output operations, and security/protection.
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts and components. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and the user. The key components of a computer system are described as the hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. The document outlines the basic functions of an operating system including managing processes, memory, storage, protection and security. It provides descriptions of computer system organization, interrupt handling, I/O structure, storage hierarchy and memory management. The structures of multiprogramming, timesharing and virtual memory systems are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including their definition, functions, types, and architectures. It can be summarized as follows:
1. An operating system is software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between users and the computer hardware.
2. The main functions of an operating system include managing system resources like memory and files, providing a user interface, running applications, and supporting utility programs.
3. Operating systems can be categorized as monolithic, layered, microkernel, networked, or distributed based on their internal organization and architecture.
4. Operating system architectures include single processor systems, multi-processor systems, and clustered systems.
This document provides an introduction to operating systems. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. The key components of a computer system are described as hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. Operating systems manage resources, control programs, and provide common services like memory management, process management, and I/O management. Various computing environments are explored, including traditional systems, mobile systems, distributed systems, client-server models, and virtualization.
This document provides an overview of operating systems, including early batch systems, multiprogrammed systems, time-sharing systems, personal computer systems, parallel and distributed systems, and real-time systems. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an intermediary between users and computer hardware to simplify running applications efficiently. The goals of an operating system are to simplify user programs, efficiently use hardware, allow sharing of resources, improve portability and versatility, and provide security and protection.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including what they are, their main objectives and advantages. It discusses the history and evolution of OS, from early systems in the 1950s used for tape storage, to modern operating systems with graphical user interfaces. It also covers different types of OS like batch processing systems, time-sharing systems, personal computer systems, parallel and real-time systems. Key aspects of OS like kernels, memory management and different system architectures are summarized as well.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
2. Introduction
What Operating Systems Do
Computer System Organization
Computer System Architecture
Operating System Structure
Operating System Operations
Distributed Systems
Open Source Operating Systems.
UNIT – 1
3. What Operating Systems Do
Depends on the point of view
Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance
Don’t care about resource utilization
But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must keep all users
happy
Operating system is a resource allocator and control program making efficient use of HW
and managing execution of user programs
Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated resources but
frequently use shared resources from servers
Mobile devices like smartphones and tables are resource poor, optimized for
usability and battery life
Mobile user interfaces such as touch screens, voice recognition
Some computers have little or no user interface, such as embedded computers in
devices and automobiles
Run primarily without user intervention
4. Operating System Definition
● No universally accepted definition
● “Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system” is a good
approximation
○ But varies wildly
● “The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel, part
of the operating system
● Everything else is either
○ A system program (ships with the operating system, but not part of the kernel) , or
○ An application program, all programs not associated with the operating system
● Today’s OS for general purpose and mobile computing also include
middleware – a set of software frameworks that provide additional
services to application developers such as databases, multimedia, graphics
5. Computer System Organization
Computer-system operation
One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus providing access to
shared memory
Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory cycles
6. Computer-System Operation
● I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently
● Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type
● Each device controller has a local buffer
● Each device controller type has an operating system device driver to
manage it
● CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers
● I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller
● Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation by
causing an interrupt
7. Operating-System Operations
● Bootstrap program – simple code to initialize the system, load the kernel
● Kernel loads
● Starts system daemons (services provided outside of the kernel)
● Kernel interrupt driven (hardware and software)
○ Hardware interrupt by one of the devices
○ Software interrupt (exception or trap):
■ Software error (e.g., division by zero)
■ Request for operating system service – system call
■ Other process problems include infinite loop, processes modifying each other or
the operating system
8. Multiprogramming (Batch system)
● Single user cannot always keep CPU and I/O devices busy
● Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU always
has one to execute
● A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory
● One job selected and run via job scheduling
● When job has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another
job
9. Multitasking (Timesharing)
● A logical extension of Batch systems– the CPU switches jobs so frequently that
users can interact with each job while it is running, creating interactive
computing
○ Response time should be < 1 second
○ Each user has at least one program executing in memory process
○ If several jobs ready to run at the same time CPU scheduling
○ If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to run
○ Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in memory
11. Dual-mode Operation
● Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself and other
system components
○ User mode and kernel mode
● Mode bit provided by hardware
○ Provides ability to distinguish when system is running user code or kernel
code.
○ When a user is running mode bit is “user”
○ When kernel code is executing mode bit is “kernel”
● How do we guarantee that user does not explicitly set the mode
bit to “kernel”?
○ System call changes mode to kernel, return from call resets it to user
● Some instructions designated as privileged, only executable in
kernel mode
13. Timer
● Timer to prevent infinite loop (or process hogging resources)
○ Timer is set to interrupt the computer after some time period
○ Keep a counter that is decremented by the physical clock
○ Operating system set the counter (privileged instruction)
○ When counter zero generate an interrupt
○ Set up before scheduling process to regain control or terminate program that exceeds
allotted time
14. Distributed Systems
● Collection of separate, possibly heterogeneous, systems networked
together
○ Network is a communications path, TCP/IP most common
■ Local Area Network (LAN)
■ Wide Area Network (WAN)
■ Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
■ Personal Area Network (PAN)
● Network Operating System provides features between systems across
network
○ Communication scheme allows systems to exchange messages
○ Illusion of a single system
15. Distributed Systems
● Collection of separate, possibly heterogeneous, systems networked
together
○ Network is a communications path, TCP/IP most common
■ Local Area Network (LAN)
■ Wide Area Network (WAN)
■ Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
■ Personal Area Network (PAN)
● Network Operating System provides features between systems across
network
○ Communication scheme allows systems to exchange messages
○ Illusion of a single system
16. Open-Source Operating Systems
An Open-source Operating System is the Operating System in which source code is visible
publically and editable.
The generally known Operating Systems like Microsoft’s Windows, Apple’s iOS and Mac
OS, are closed Operating system.
Closed Operating Systems are built with numerous codes and complex programming and that
is called source code.
This source code is kept secret by the respective companies (owners) and inaccessible to
third parties.
By doing so, they ensure the safety and secure the Operating System and computer from any
threats.
17. Open-Source Operating Systems
● Operating systems made available in source-code format rather than just
binary closed-source and proprietary
● Counter to the copy protection and Digital Rights Management
(DRM) movement
● Started by Free Software Foundation (FSF), which has “copyleft”
GNU Public License (GPL)
○ Free software and open-source software are two different ideas championed by
different groups of people
■ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.en.html
● Examples include GNU/Linux and BSD UNIX (including core of Mac
OS X), and many more
● Can use VMM like VMware Player (Free on Windows), Virtualbox (open
source and free on many platforms - http://www.virtualbox.com)
○ Use to run guest operating systems for exploration