This document provides an overview of computer hardware components. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU), which includes the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU). The CPU fetches instructions from main memory and calls on the ALU to perform arithmetic and logical operations. Main memory, also called RAM, temporarily holds programs and data used by running programs. Secondary storage provides nonvolatile storage like hard disks. Input devices like keyboards provide data to the computer, while output devices like monitors display output. The document also briefly discusses memory types, buses, ports, and other core internal computer components.
This document provides an overview of the basic components and functioning of a computer system. It discusses:
- The four main parts of a computer system: hardware, software, data, and users. Hardware are the physical components, software are programs, data is raw facts, and users are people operating the computer.
- Looking inside the machine, it describes the main hardware components: the CPU for processing, memory for temporary data storage, input/output devices, and storage devices.
- Software in the form of system programs and application programs bring the machine to life by controlling computer functions and enabling tasks.
- The stored-program concept introduced by Von Neumann established the basic architecture still used in most modern computers
The document summarizes the Von Neumann architecture, which is a design model for stored programs. It describes the key components of the architecture including the input/output subsystem, central processing unit (CPU), arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, and main memory. The CPU is where computations take place via four main functions: fetch, decode, execute, and write back. The ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations while the control unit coordinates activity within the CPU. The main memory is divided into volatile RAM and non-volatile ROM for temporary and permanent storage.
This document provides an overview of a computer organization course syllabus and lecture notes on basic computer structure and functionality. It discusses:
1) The main functional units of a computer including input, output, memory, arithmetic logic unit, and control unit.
2) Different types of computers based on size and purpose, such as personal computers, workstations, and supercomputers.
3) How instructions are fetched and executed in a basic computer, involving fetching from memory, decoding, performing operations, and storing results.
4) Concepts like bus structure, pipelining, and RISC/CISC instruction sets that impact computer performance.
The document discusses different types of computers and their basic structure and functioning. It begins by classifying computers into categories like microcomputers, laptops, workstations, supercomputers, and more. It then explains the functional units of a computer including the input, output, memory, arithmetic logic, and control units. Finally, it covers various performance metrics for computers like clock rate, pipelining, superscalar operations, and differences between RISC and CISC instruction sets.
This document provides an introduction to programming concepts and the C programming language. It defines key terms related to programming and explains the process of developing, translating, and executing a computer program. Specifically, it discusses how programs are written in programming languages and translated into machine-readable code by compilers. It also covers computer hardware components, data representation, memory addressing, program instructions, and notable features of the C language. The overall purpose is to give the reader a basic understanding of programming and the C programming language.
Computer Organization and Architechuture basicsLucky Sithole
This document provides an overview of basic computer organization and design. It discusses the differences between architecture and organization, the main functional units of a computer including the arithmetic logic unit and control unit. It also describes the instruction set, processor registers including the program counter and memory address register. The document outlines the basic operational concepts such as instruction format and memory access. It discusses performance factors like pipelining and superscalar operation. Finally, it compares CISC and RISC organizations and the role of compilers in improving performance.
This document provides an overview of computer hardware components. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU), which includes the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU). The CPU fetches instructions from main memory and calls on the ALU to perform arithmetic and logical operations. Main memory, also called RAM, temporarily holds programs and data used by running programs. Secondary storage provides nonvolatile storage like hard disks. Input devices like keyboards provide data to the computer, while output devices like monitors display output. The document also briefly discusses memory types, buses, ports, and other core internal computer components.
This document provides an overview of the basic components and functioning of a computer system. It discusses:
- The four main parts of a computer system: hardware, software, data, and users. Hardware are the physical components, software are programs, data is raw facts, and users are people operating the computer.
- Looking inside the machine, it describes the main hardware components: the CPU for processing, memory for temporary data storage, input/output devices, and storage devices.
- Software in the form of system programs and application programs bring the machine to life by controlling computer functions and enabling tasks.
- The stored-program concept introduced by Von Neumann established the basic architecture still used in most modern computers
The document summarizes the Von Neumann architecture, which is a design model for stored programs. It describes the key components of the architecture including the input/output subsystem, central processing unit (CPU), arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, and main memory. The CPU is where computations take place via four main functions: fetch, decode, execute, and write back. The ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations while the control unit coordinates activity within the CPU. The main memory is divided into volatile RAM and non-volatile ROM for temporary and permanent storage.
This document provides an overview of a computer organization course syllabus and lecture notes on basic computer structure and functionality. It discusses:
1) The main functional units of a computer including input, output, memory, arithmetic logic unit, and control unit.
2) Different types of computers based on size and purpose, such as personal computers, workstations, and supercomputers.
3) How instructions are fetched and executed in a basic computer, involving fetching from memory, decoding, performing operations, and storing results.
4) Concepts like bus structure, pipelining, and RISC/CISC instruction sets that impact computer performance.
The document discusses different types of computers and their basic structure and functioning. It begins by classifying computers into categories like microcomputers, laptops, workstations, supercomputers, and more. It then explains the functional units of a computer including the input, output, memory, arithmetic logic, and control units. Finally, it covers various performance metrics for computers like clock rate, pipelining, superscalar operations, and differences between RISC and CISC instruction sets.
This document provides an introduction to programming concepts and the C programming language. It defines key terms related to programming and explains the process of developing, translating, and executing a computer program. Specifically, it discusses how programs are written in programming languages and translated into machine-readable code by compilers. It also covers computer hardware components, data representation, memory addressing, program instructions, and notable features of the C language. The overall purpose is to give the reader a basic understanding of programming and the C programming language.
Computer Organization and Architechuture basicsLucky Sithole
This document provides an overview of basic computer organization and design. It discusses the differences between architecture and organization, the main functional units of a computer including the arithmetic logic unit and control unit. It also describes the instruction set, processor registers including the program counter and memory address register. The document outlines the basic operational concepts such as instruction format and memory access. It discusses performance factors like pipelining and superscalar operation. Finally, it compares CISC and RISC organizations and the role of compilers in improving performance.
The document provides an overview of the course "C-Programming & Data Structures". It discusses the following topics:
- Unit I covers computer fundamentals, algorithms, flowcharts, and an introduction to the C language including data types, I/O statements, operators, and control statements.
- The C language topics include identifiers, constants, keywords, basic I/O statements, the structure of a C program, operator classification and precedence, and statement types like selection, loop, and branch statements.
- Data structures will also be covered in the course.
Introduction to Computer and its featuressvps17nancy
The document defines a computer as an electronic device that takes in raw data as input, processes it under a set of instructions, and provides output which is then saved. It explains that a computer consists of both hardware and software resources that integrate to provide various functionalities to users, with the hardware being physical components like the processor and memory devices, and software being the programs and instructions needed to perform operations. The document also describes the basic functions and components of a computer system including input, output, processing, storage, and control units.
The document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It begins by explaining the basic principles of a control system, including inputs, a processor, and outputs. It then provides a history of PLC development from the 1960s to present. The main components of a PLC system are described, including the power supply, input/output modules, processor, and programming device. PLCs were created to offer programmable control like relay logic systems and are now widely used in industry.
The document provides an overview of fundamentals of computers including:
- What a computer is and its basic components like hardware, software, input, output, and processing.
- The five generations of computers distinguished by their circuitry and technology used.
- Different types of computers classified by their capabilities, size, users, and speed such as microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
- Key components of a computer system including input, output, memory, processing units, and the motherboard.
- An introduction to operating systems, their types, examples like DOS, UNIX, and components like the kernel, service layer, and shell.
This document provides an introduction to computing by discussing the basic components and functions of a computer system. It defines a computer as an electronic device that accepts raw data as input, processes it according to instructions, and produces the desired output. The key components discussed include input/output devices, storage devices, the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM and ROM), and how computer memory is measured. The document also provides a brief history of computing and explains how computers are programmed using software to process specific jobs.
The document discusses the basic structure and functions of computers. It covers input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners. It discusses different types of memory including RAM, ROM, PROM, and EPROM. It also describes output devices like monitors and printers. Storage devices covered include hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, and more. The central processing unit, including the control unit and arithmetic logic unit, is also explained.
Material Architecture and organization of computerferoza rosalina
This document discusses the components and functions of a basic computer system. It lists five group members and then describes how the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output devices work together. The CPU consists of a control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and follows a four-step machine cycle of fetch, decode, execute, and store to process instructions. The control unit directs this cycle and communicates with the ALU and memory, while the ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations.
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and its components. It provides:
1. An overview of CPUs, from early mainframe computers that used printed circuit boards to modern computers that use a single microprocessor chip.
2. Details on the physical components of the CPU, including its pins, socket, heat sink, and fan.
3. Descriptions of the key internal components of the CPU, specifically the control unit which coordinates components, and the arithmetic logic unit which performs calculations.
4. Examples of different types of microprocessors used in modern computers from Intel, including dual and quad-core models.
Basic computer in detail with pictures created by creativenessAparna Samal
A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to perform logical and arithmetic operations. It consists of a central processing unit (CPU) and memory. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit that performs calculations and a control unit that directs operations. Memory stores programs and data. Peripheral devices allow information to be input and output. Early computers were room-sized, while modern computers are integrated circuits that can fit into mobile devices. Personal computers are ubiquitous and embedded computers are in many devices.
The document provides an overview of basics of computers. It discusses that computers are now integral to many aspects of life from economics to education to entertainment. It defines a computer as an electronic machine that accepts data as input, processes it, and produces output. The document summarizes the different types of computers like digital, analog, microcomputers, and mainframes. It also describes the components of a computer system including hardware, software, data, and users. Finally, it outlines some key applications of computers in areas like education, entertainment, medicine, and more.
An Arduino workshop document is summarized as follows:
1. An Arduino is an open source microcontroller platform that contains a microcontroller chip which acts as a small computer, allowing inputs and outputs through analog and digital pins.
2. The Arduino programming language is based on C/C++ and sketches can be written and uploaded to the Arduino board to control outputs like LEDs and servos based on inputs from sensors.
3. Examples shown include blinking an LED, reading the value of a temperature sensor, and controlling a servo motor with conditional statements.
L-1 BCE computer fundamentals final kirti.pptKirti Verma
The document defines a computer and describes its key advantages such as speed, accuracy, storage capability, diligence, and versatility. It then discusses some disadvantages like lack of intelligence, dependency on humans, and lack of feelings. The document also provides overviews of several topics related to computing including e-business, bioinformatics, healthcare applications, remote sensing, geographic information systems, meteorology/climatology, and computer gaming. Finally, it describes the fundamental components of a computer including the CPU, memory subsystem, I/O subsystem, and how they are connected via buses. It provides details on registers, instruction format, and the instruction cycle.
This document provides an introduction to microcomputers, including definitions of key terms like microcomputer, microcontroller, and microprocessor. It discusses the importance of microcomputers in embedded systems. The two main microcomputer architectures covered are Princeton (Von Neumann) and Harvard architectures, which differ in whether they have a single or dual memory. The major internal components of a microcomputer are also outlined, including the processor, control unit, memory, clock, and input/output. An overview is given of the Motorola 68HC12 microcontroller as an example.
Computer literacy is defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related technology efficiently, with skill levels ranging from elementary use to computer programming and advanced problem solving.
The document discusses the four main parts of a computer system: hardware, software, data, and users. It defines hardware as the physical components of a computer like keyboards and monitors. Software consists of organized instructions that control the computer and enable it to perform tasks. Data refers to raw facts that are stored and manipulated by the computer. Users are people who operate computers. The document then provides more details about hardware components like the CPU and memory, software types like operating systems and applications, and storage devices.
This document discusses the basic organization and design of computers. It covers topics such as architecture versus organization, functional units like the arithmetic logic unit and control unit, instruction formats, processor registers, stored program concepts, basic operational concepts like loading and storing data, memory access, and factors that impact performance such as pipelining and instruction set design. The document provides an overview of fundamental computer hardware components and operations.
The document describes the fetch-execute cycle of a computer processor. It involves:
1) Loading the program and data into memory from disk.
2) Fetching instructions one at a time from memory into the processor to be decoded and executed.
3) Repeating the fetch-execute cycle until the entire program is completed.
The document discusses the basic components of a computer system. It explains that a computer system consists of hardware and software. The hardware components include input devices to enter data, output devices to display results, a central processing unit (CPU) to process data, and memory to store data and programs. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and registers. Software contains the set of instructions that direct the hardware to perform tasks.
The document discusses the four main parts of a computer system - hardware, software, data, and users. It describes hardware components like the CPU and memory, as well as software categories including system software and application software. The document also examines input/output devices, storage media, and units of measurement for memory and storage.
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The document provides an overview of the course "C-Programming & Data Structures". It discusses the following topics:
- Unit I covers computer fundamentals, algorithms, flowcharts, and an introduction to the C language including data types, I/O statements, operators, and control statements.
- The C language topics include identifiers, constants, keywords, basic I/O statements, the structure of a C program, operator classification and precedence, and statement types like selection, loop, and branch statements.
- Data structures will also be covered in the course.
Introduction to Computer and its featuressvps17nancy
The document defines a computer as an electronic device that takes in raw data as input, processes it under a set of instructions, and provides output which is then saved. It explains that a computer consists of both hardware and software resources that integrate to provide various functionalities to users, with the hardware being physical components like the processor and memory devices, and software being the programs and instructions needed to perform operations. The document also describes the basic functions and components of a computer system including input, output, processing, storage, and control units.
The document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It begins by explaining the basic principles of a control system, including inputs, a processor, and outputs. It then provides a history of PLC development from the 1960s to present. The main components of a PLC system are described, including the power supply, input/output modules, processor, and programming device. PLCs were created to offer programmable control like relay logic systems and are now widely used in industry.
The document provides an overview of fundamentals of computers including:
- What a computer is and its basic components like hardware, software, input, output, and processing.
- The five generations of computers distinguished by their circuitry and technology used.
- Different types of computers classified by their capabilities, size, users, and speed such as microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
- Key components of a computer system including input, output, memory, processing units, and the motherboard.
- An introduction to operating systems, their types, examples like DOS, UNIX, and components like the kernel, service layer, and shell.
This document provides an introduction to computing by discussing the basic components and functions of a computer system. It defines a computer as an electronic device that accepts raw data as input, processes it according to instructions, and produces the desired output. The key components discussed include input/output devices, storage devices, the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM and ROM), and how computer memory is measured. The document also provides a brief history of computing and explains how computers are programmed using software to process specific jobs.
The document discusses the basic structure and functions of computers. It covers input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners. It discusses different types of memory including RAM, ROM, PROM, and EPROM. It also describes output devices like monitors and printers. Storage devices covered include hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, and more. The central processing unit, including the control unit and arithmetic logic unit, is also explained.
Material Architecture and organization of computerferoza rosalina
This document discusses the components and functions of a basic computer system. It lists five group members and then describes how the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output devices work together. The CPU consists of a control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and follows a four-step machine cycle of fetch, decode, execute, and store to process instructions. The control unit directs this cycle and communicates with the ALU and memory, while the ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations.
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) and its components. It provides:
1. An overview of CPUs, from early mainframe computers that used printed circuit boards to modern computers that use a single microprocessor chip.
2. Details on the physical components of the CPU, including its pins, socket, heat sink, and fan.
3. Descriptions of the key internal components of the CPU, specifically the control unit which coordinates components, and the arithmetic logic unit which performs calculations.
4. Examples of different types of microprocessors used in modern computers from Intel, including dual and quad-core models.
Basic computer in detail with pictures created by creativenessAparna Samal
A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to perform logical and arithmetic operations. It consists of a central processing unit (CPU) and memory. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit that performs calculations and a control unit that directs operations. Memory stores programs and data. Peripheral devices allow information to be input and output. Early computers were room-sized, while modern computers are integrated circuits that can fit into mobile devices. Personal computers are ubiquitous and embedded computers are in many devices.
The document provides an overview of basics of computers. It discusses that computers are now integral to many aspects of life from economics to education to entertainment. It defines a computer as an electronic machine that accepts data as input, processes it, and produces output. The document summarizes the different types of computers like digital, analog, microcomputers, and mainframes. It also describes the components of a computer system including hardware, software, data, and users. Finally, it outlines some key applications of computers in areas like education, entertainment, medicine, and more.
An Arduino workshop document is summarized as follows:
1. An Arduino is an open source microcontroller platform that contains a microcontroller chip which acts as a small computer, allowing inputs and outputs through analog and digital pins.
2. The Arduino programming language is based on C/C++ and sketches can be written and uploaded to the Arduino board to control outputs like LEDs and servos based on inputs from sensors.
3. Examples shown include blinking an LED, reading the value of a temperature sensor, and controlling a servo motor with conditional statements.
L-1 BCE computer fundamentals final kirti.pptKirti Verma
The document defines a computer and describes its key advantages such as speed, accuracy, storage capability, diligence, and versatility. It then discusses some disadvantages like lack of intelligence, dependency on humans, and lack of feelings. The document also provides overviews of several topics related to computing including e-business, bioinformatics, healthcare applications, remote sensing, geographic information systems, meteorology/climatology, and computer gaming. Finally, it describes the fundamental components of a computer including the CPU, memory subsystem, I/O subsystem, and how they are connected via buses. It provides details on registers, instruction format, and the instruction cycle.
This document provides an introduction to microcomputers, including definitions of key terms like microcomputer, microcontroller, and microprocessor. It discusses the importance of microcomputers in embedded systems. The two main microcomputer architectures covered are Princeton (Von Neumann) and Harvard architectures, which differ in whether they have a single or dual memory. The major internal components of a microcomputer are also outlined, including the processor, control unit, memory, clock, and input/output. An overview is given of the Motorola 68HC12 microcontroller as an example.
Computer literacy is defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related technology efficiently, with skill levels ranging from elementary use to computer programming and advanced problem solving.
The document discusses the four main parts of a computer system: hardware, software, data, and users. It defines hardware as the physical components of a computer like keyboards and monitors. Software consists of organized instructions that control the computer and enable it to perform tasks. Data refers to raw facts that are stored and manipulated by the computer. Users are people who operate computers. The document then provides more details about hardware components like the CPU and memory, software types like operating systems and applications, and storage devices.
This document discusses the basic organization and design of computers. It covers topics such as architecture versus organization, functional units like the arithmetic logic unit and control unit, instruction formats, processor registers, stored program concepts, basic operational concepts like loading and storing data, memory access, and factors that impact performance such as pipelining and instruction set design. The document provides an overview of fundamental computer hardware components and operations.
The document describes the fetch-execute cycle of a computer processor. It involves:
1) Loading the program and data into memory from disk.
2) Fetching instructions one at a time from memory into the processor to be decoded and executed.
3) Repeating the fetch-execute cycle until the entire program is completed.
The document discusses the basic components of a computer system. It explains that a computer system consists of hardware and software. The hardware components include input devices to enter data, output devices to display results, a central processing unit (CPU) to process data, and memory to store data and programs. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and registers. Software contains the set of instructions that direct the hardware to perform tasks.
The document discusses the four main parts of a computer system - hardware, software, data, and users. It describes hardware components like the CPU and memory, as well as software categories including system software and application software. The document also examines input/output devices, storage media, and units of measurement for memory and storage.
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11. proccsi, d:11
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$t:ful infonn:1I10 11 and !oilOrl' it for
later u~c.
, cn111pu11:r con:-1
,1:- of Ilard" arc and
Sofinrc.
The ,nachinc i, ~no,, nas Ilard,,arc.
1 he prograrn~arc c:rllcd Sofi" arc.
3. • Ilardvarc & Softvarc
• Hardware
Physical parts of the computer. including processor nnd memory chips.
input/output devices. tapes. disks. moderns. cubic. etc.
• Software
Programs that tell the computer what to do. II provides instructions thot the
CPU will need to carry out.
5. • Input Devices
The data that is given to the computer is called Input. Input
devices arc used to input data and instructions into the
computer. These devices send this data to the Processing
Unit.
7. • PROCESSING DEVICE
The Processor is used to process data. It is also called Central
Processing Uni1(CPU). It is the brain of the compu1cr. It consists of
clcc1ronics circuit CPU interprcls and cxt.'CUlt.'S program
instruclions. All con1pu1crs n1us1have a Central Proce~sing Unit.
Following arc some Examples of CPU :-
8. • Otitput Devices
The data processed into useful infonnarion is
called output. Output devices arc used to display
the result ofprocessing.
9. Contents
□ lntrodutt1nn to tlu.: ( '01nputcr
□ 11.tnhv.ir~ & Soft .tr~
o c·on1puncnt, of c·o1nputcr S) ,tc1n
UC
·01u:lu,1on
10. Folo,ving arc s0111c cxan1plcs ofoutput devices :-
MONrTOR
SPEAKER
Output Devices ofComputer
Pl.OTTER PRINTER
PAOJECTOA
l . • I
a
www .,,,._,, I ul,...,,
11. • Sto1·age Devices
Storage usually refers to the Secondary storage. The
main 1ne1nory stores data and programs tcrnporary &
is called Primary Storage.The Secondary storage is
required to store Data. lnforn1ation and Pro&rrams
pcnnanenlly.
14. I I l'-il" '- I I~ I
:
an_ ,,...,._ 1-a1111 I
. . CCl!l'N'liKl•
o pn Al.Ii 1'!11::iac,
COI-IIGCli:W
'
15. A ~101b,rbo1rd is om: of the O)(bt e.;;scntitl partso{ I c:ompu1, r t.)"l>lt m.hods
1011cther n111nyorthecrucial c:ompontftlSoftl computer.incudin~l,e cenro
proc:1.-ssins unit (CPU). nll:mory and conncctors for inl'u and 011 de,•iccs.
II is" lru-ge board wh intcgr:11cdcircuiil thu connect the vru:iOl! ln~of
computer c.gCt'U. RA~-. Disk Drives(CD. 'DfD, ru:d dis.) etc.
The ~4Bin Compoll(nbwhich ll'C drccty IIIC1cd 10 tc ~othctlo;iruinclude ·.•
. cru
· RAM
• ROM
• Connectors for Pcriphcrni.
• lnu.-mnl bui.
Cl Not
11 is 10 be noted that al C01"'()ncns ofCompulct S~s1c1
ltt l n~cd wh c11c,
other on a~
-01hcr>oaro •1'm: Molhctboaru nets ns I ~sc for ,,c co,"n,u,~,on
or n1croc1
1onofCon,i,ucfsdffctcn Con,f,Oncns,
16. ❖ Conclusion
Acomputer system requires different cornponents to
pcrfonn the functions of Input. Processing, Output and
Storage and these four components arc necessary for a
computer to ,vork.