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10. 1. A Review Study of Advances in the Science and Technology of Carbon Nanotubes
Sufiyan Nudrat, Yadav Archana, Saeed S. Hasan 1
2. Stress Analysis of Rotating Cylindrical Pressure Vessel of Functionally Graded Material by
Element Based Material Gradation
Amit Kumar Thawait 7
3. Chemical Potential of Water from Monte Carlo Simulation: The Fundamentals
H. Bashir, Y. Wang, A.J. Abbas 16
4. Strength and Stability of Copper in (100) Loading using EAM
Vikram Singh, Gitam Singh 28
5. Free Vibration of Cross-ply Composite Plates by a High-Order Shear Deformable Finite Element
Mihir Chandra Manna, Mainak Manna 36
6. On the Role of Surface Roughness in Ankle Joint Replacements
Puneet Katyal 48
ContentsResearch & Reviews : Journal of Physics

11. RRJoPHY (2016) 1-6 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Research and Reviews: Journal of Physics
ISSN: 2278–2265(online), ISSN: 2347-9973(print)
Volume 5, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
A Review Study of Advances in the Science and
Technology of Carbon Nanotubes
Sufiyan Nudrat, Yadav Archana*, Saeed S. Hasan
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
In this paper, we are presenting a brief literature review of present and future carbon nano
tubes applications in different fields. Carbon nanotubes are the allotropes of carbon present
as wires of pure carbon with nanometer diameters and lengths of many microns. There are
several carbon nanotubes applications, which take full advantage of CNTs unique properties
of mechanical strength, electrical and thermal conductivity. Many developments on
fabrication of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been made to fulfill the demands on better
performance including response time and higher sensitivity. In the very near future, carbon
nanotubes will play a significant role in a wide range of commercial applications.
Keywords: Carbon nanotube, electronics, current, graphene
INTRODUCTION
Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the recently
discovered allotrope of carbon, which take the
form of cylindrical carbon molecules and have
novel properties that make them potentially
useful in a wide variety of applications in
nanotechnology, electronics, optics, and other
fields of material science. They exhibit
extraordinary strength and unique electrical
properties and are efficient conductors of heat
[1]. Carbon nanotubes are wires of pure
carbon with nanometer diameters and lengths
of many microns. The carbon nanotubes have
a unique property called chirality, an
emergence of the vertically twisting
(Figure 1).
Carbon nanotubes types are categorized into
two types: single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs)
and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs). A
single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) may
be thought of as a single atomic layer thick
sheet of graphite (called graphene) rolled into
a seamless cylinder. Multi-walled carbon
nanotubes (MWNT) consist of several
concentric nanotube shells. Graphene is a
zero-gap semiconductor; for most directions in
the graphene sheet, there is a bandgap, and
electrons are not free to flow along those
directions unless extra energy is given.
However, in certain special directions,
graphene is metallic, and electrons flow easily
along those directions. This property is not
obvious in bulk graphite, since there is always
a conducting metallic path, which can connect
any two points, and the graphite conducts
electricity. When graphene is rolled up to
make the nanotube, a special direction is
selected, the direction along the axis of the
nanotube. Single-walled carbon nanotubes can
be formed in three different designs: armchair,
chiral, and zigzag. The design depends on the
way the graphene is wrapped into a cylinder.
For example, imagine rolling a sheet of paper
from its corner, which can be considered one
design, and a different design can be formed
by rolling the paper from its edge. There are

12. RRJoPHY (2016) 7-15 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 7
Research and Reviews: Journal of Physics
ISSN: 2278–2265(online), ISSN: 2347-9973(print)
Volume 5, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Stress Analysis of Rotating Cylindrical Pressure Vessel of
Functionally Graded Material by Element Based Material
Gradation
Amit Kumar Thawait*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Group of Institutes, Bhilai,
Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract
The present study aims at the elastic analysis of rotating cylindrical pressure vessels made of
functionally graded materials (FGMs), by element based gradation. Material properties of the
shells vary in radial direction according to exponential distribution law. Ceramic-metal and
metal-ceramic, both the types of FGM are considered and the effects of gradation of material
properties on stress and deformation behavior of the shells are investigated. Further, a
comparison of deformation and stresses for different values of thickness parameters in
ceramic-metal and metal-ceramic shell is made. Results obtained show that there is a
significant variation in stresses and deformation behavior of the FGM shells for different
values of thickness parameter.
Keywords: Functionally graded material (FGM), elastic stress analysis, cylindrical pressure
vessel, rotating shell, element based material gradation
INTRODUCTION
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are
special composite materials that have
continuous and smooth spatial variations of
physical and mechanical properties. The
gradation of material properties in FGMs is
achieved by varying the volume fractions of
the constituents. Functionally graded shells are
widely used in space vehicles, aircrafts,
nuclear power plants and many other
engineering applications [1]. The total stresses
due to internal pressure and centrifugal load
have effects on their strength and safety. Thus,
control and optimization of total stresses and
displacement fields is an important task, which
is achieved by varying the material property in
FGM pressure vessels.
Many researchers have worked on elastic
analysis of rotating conical shells, cylindrical
shells, disks etc. by analytical as well as
approximate methods such as finite element
method. Tutuncu et al. reported closed form
solution for stresses and displacements in
functionally graded cylindrical and spherical
vessels subjected to internal pressure, using
the infinitesimal theory of elasticity [2]. The
material stiffness obeying a power law is
assumed to vary through the wall thickness
and Poisson’s ratio is assumed constant.
Abrinia et al. have analyzed FGM thick
cylinders under combined pressure and
temperature loading [3]. Nejad et al. reported
work on stresses analysis in isotropic rotating
thick-walled cylindrical pressure vessels made
of functionally graded materials [4]. The
pressure, inner radius and outer radius are
considered constant. Material properties are
considered as a function of the radius of the
cylinder to a power law function and the
Poisson’s ratio is assumed as constant.
Finite element method based on Rayleigh-Ritz
energy formulation is applied to obtain the
elastic behavior of functionally graded thick
truncated conical shell by Asemi et al. [5].
Using this method, the effects of semi-vertex
angle of the cone and the power law exponent
on distribution of different types of
displacements and stresses are considered. In a
recent work, Sadrabadi et al. studied thick
walled cylindrical tanks or tubes made of
functionally graded material, under internal
pressure and temperature gradient [6].

13. RRJoPHY (2016) 16-27 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16
Research & Reviews: Journal of Physics
ISSN: 2278-2265(online), ISSN: 2347-9973(print)
Volume 5, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Chemical Potential of Water from Monte Carlo
Simulation: The Fundamentals
H. Bashir1,
*, Y. Wang2
, A.J. Abbas1
1
Gas Engineering Division, School of Science, Computing and Engineering, University of Salford,
Manchester, UK
2
Civil Engineering Department, School of Science, Computing and Engineering, University of
Salford, Manchester, England
Abstract
Monte Carlo simulation was conducted using the Towhee software to calculate the chemical
potential of water. The implementation is made simple and provides a clear demonstration of
the concept of Monte Carlo simulation. This paper is targeted to new researchers interested in
molecular modelling and can be used as a guide for beginners in the art of molecular
modelling, specifically Monte Carlo simulation. The purpose of carrying out the calculation of
the water chemical potential is that the value obtained can be implemented in the Grand
Canonical (𝜇𝑉𝑇) ensemble or Gibbs ensemble for further research. The result obtained from
the Monte Carlo simulation for the chemical potential of water are in agreement with
published water potential values, therefore validating the SPC water model and MCCCS
Towhee software [1].
Keywords: Monte Carlo simulation, molecular modelling, water chemical potential
INTRODUCTION
Molecular modelling is a set of techniques,
which predict the properties of matter at the
molecular level, which in turn can be used to
determine macroscopic data. These include
structural, thermodynamics and
thermochemical properties [2]. Model
systems, which are representative of the bulk
system of interest, are studied. The efficiency
of these models lies in the fact that a small
number of particles can be representative of
the bulk system [3]. These methods are now
becoming innovative tools used by researchers
due to the advancement and mass production
of computers, which have made them
accessible. It is now possible to run computer
simulation using both, desktops and laptops.
Soft wares are now available that can be used
for visualisation, with a ready-made force field
and data banks of ready-made models of
molecules for running a simulation of choice.
Furthermore, molecular modelling is now
being used more frequently to construct virtual
experiments in cases where controlled
laboratory experiments are difficult, too
dangerous, impossible or expensive to perform
[4, 5]. They are also used to check the
reliability of analytical methods. The vision
for molecular modelling was conceived long
ago even before the advent of computers as
reported by Jabbarzadeh et al. [6]. They
pointed out that Laplace described the idea as
“Given for one instant an intelligent being
which could comprehend all the forces by
which, nature is animated and the respective
situation of the beings who compose it, an
intelligence sufficiently vast to submit these
data to analysis; it would embrace in the same
formula, the movements of the greatest bodies
of the universe and those of the lightest atoms,
nothing would be uncertain and the future, as
the past, would be present in its eyes”.
Rapport points out that a philosophical
concept by Greek theorist in the 5th century
BC, in which the universe is believed to be
composed of tiny indivisible particles, which
are the basis for the foundation of molecular
dynamics [7]. The earliest work in atomic
scale simulation was accomplished by
Metropolis et al. [8]. This work was
fundamental to the so-called Monte Carlo
(MC) method. Early models were idealised

14. RRJoPHY (2016) 28-35 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 28
Research & Reviews: Journal of Physics
ISSN: 2278-2265(online), ISSN: 2347-9973(print)
Volume 5, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Strength and Stability of Copper in (100)
Loading using EAM
Vikram Singh1,
*, Gitam Singh2
1
Department of Physics, Agra College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Department of Physics, Raja Balwant Singh College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Numerical computations of strength and stability of copper in case of (100) loading are
carried out by taking new embedded atom method (EAM). New EAM contains three
adjustable parameters and four unknown parameters, which have calculated using
experimental values of lattice constant, second order elastic constants. Computed value of
theoretical strength of Cu is same order in magnitude of the results of other investigators.
Second unstable phase found in compression.
Keywords: Strength, stability, EAM, stress
INTRODUCTION
Calculations of theoretical strength of cubic
metals have been active field in research.
Many workers have been calculated theoretical
strength of cubic metals in various modes of
deformations by taking various types of
interaction between atoms [1–16]. The ideal
(theoretical) strength was originally defined as
stress or strain at which perfect crystal lattice
became mechanically unstable with respect to
arbitrary homogeneous infinitesimal
deformation. Many applications of this problem
are presents in literature. Cerney and coworkers
studied mechanical stability of cubic metals
(Ni, Ir, Fe, Cr) in hydrostatic loading and
uniaxial loading using simulation technique
[17–23]. Based on Born-Hill-Milstein elastic
stability theory Ho et al. investigates the effect
of transverse loading on ideal tensile strength
of six FCC materials using molecular statics
and density function theory simulation [24].
Recently Mouhat et al. gives necessary and
sufficient stability conditions for noncubic and
lower symmetry classes crystals and Ogata et
al. gives review article on this topic [25, 26].
Recently by taking embedded atom method
(EAM), many workers have estimated
theoretical strength and stability of cubic metal
in various loading conditions [1–5]. In this
paper, we developed new EAM which contain
three adjustable parameters and four unknown
parameters. Potential parameters of this EAM
have been calculated using experimental
values of lattice constant and second order
elastic constants as an input data. We have
estimated strength of Cu in (100) loading
using this analytic EAM.
EMBEDDED ATOM METHOD
The original method was subsequently
expended by Bakes to treat solids with highly
directional distributions of valance electron
densities that is, covalent bonding, allowing
for much more wider scope of applications
[27]. The fundamentals of the method have
been discussed in the literature in detail (see
for example review [28]), so only some
important aspects necessary for discussion of
the present work will be given here. In the
EAM format, the cohesive energy per atom Ea
of a homogeneous monatomic crystal can be
written as
𝐸 𝑎 = F (ρ) +
1
2
∑ ∅(𝑟𝑖𝑗) (1)
With
𝜌 = ∑ 𝑓(𝑟𝑖𝑗) (2)
where, F() is the embedded function,  is the
total electron density at the reference atomic
site, (rij) is the electron density function, (rij)
is the pair potential function, and rij is the
distance between atoms i and j. From review
of literature, we conclude that many type of
functions have been used for (r), (r) and

15. RRJoPHY (2016) 36-47© STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 36
Research & Reviews: Journal of Physics
ISSN: 2278-2265(online), ISSN: 2347-9973(print)
Volume 5, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Free Vibration of Cross-ply Composite Plates by a High-
Order Shear Deformable Finite Element
Mihir Chandra Manna1,
*, Mainak Manna2
1
Department of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Engineering
Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India
2
Department of Computer Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and
Technology, Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India
Abstract
Free vibration analysis of composite rectangular plates with different thickness ratios,
different boundary conditions and different aspect ratios has been investigated using a high-
order shear flexible triangular plate element. The first order shear deformation theory
(FOSDT) is used to include the effect of transverse shear deformation. The element has
eighteen nodes on the sides and seven internal nodes. Element geometry is expressed in terms
of three linear shape functions of area coordinates. The formulation is displacement type. The
element has seventy-one degrees of freedom, which has been reduced to fifty-seven degrees of
freedom by Guyan reduction scheme for the degrees of freedom associated with the internal
nodes. Rotary inertia has been included in the consistent mass matrix. Numerical examples
are presented to show the accuracy and convergence characteristics of the element.
Keywords: Shear deformation, Guyan reduction scheme, rotary inertia, consistent mass
matrix
INTRODUCTION
Thick and thin isotropic and composite plates
and shells have wide applications in ships,
aircrafts, bridges, etc. A thorough study of
their dynamic behavior and characteristics is
essential to assess and use their full potentials.
Different techniques like RBF-pseudo-spectral
method, differential quadrature method,
boundary characteristic orthogonal
polynomials and pseudo-spectral method have
been used in recent years [1–4]. More recently
Kansa’s nonsymmetric radial basis function
(RBF) collocation method was applied by
Ferreira for free vibration analysis of
Timoshenko beams, Mindlin plates and
composite plates [5, 6].
Other methods which have been very recently
used for the aforementioned purposes are
meshless method and discrete singular
convolution (DSC) method [7, 8]. Shufrin et
al. have investigated the free vibration of
rectangular thick plates with variable thickness
and different boundary conditions by using the
extended Kantorovich method [9]. Kang et al.
have proposed a practical analytical method
for the free vibration analysis of a simply
supported rectangular plate with unidirectional
arbitrary thickness variation [10]. But, since
early sixties, Finite Element Method (FEM)
has been proved to be more versatile tool in
engineering fields [11, 12]. Plate bending is
one of the first problems where the application
of finite element was done in the early sixties.
Initial attempts were made for bending and
free vibration analyses with Kirchoff’s
hypothesis which showed a number of
problems. These are mostly associated with
the satisfaction of normal slope continuity on
the interfaces between various elements.
Above-mentioned slope continuity problem
has been eliminated by applying well-known
Reissner-Mindlin’s hypothesis for thick plates.
In Reissner-Mindlin’s hypothesis the
transverse displacement (w) and rotations of
normal (x and y) are expressed as
independent field variables. A large number of
published works on plate vibration are
available as may be seen by inspection of the

16. RRJoPHY (2016) 48-55 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 48
Research & Reviews: Journal of Physics
ISSN: 2278-2265(online), ISSN: 2347-9973(print)
Volume 5, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
On the Role of Surface Roughness in Ankle Joint
Replacements
Puneet Katyal*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology,
Hisar, Haryana, India
Abstract
Research efforts in biomechanics have geared towards the long-term effectiveness and
survival of total joint replacements, because of osteoarthritis causes loosening, instability,
wear of articulating components and finally loss of function. Surface roughness of articulating
components significantly influences their tribological behavior. Other factors affecting the
wear of articulating surfaces include material and geometrical properties. In this work, the
human ankle joint is represented by an equivalent ellipsoid-on-plane model to study the effect
of surface roughness on the pressure profile, film shape, minimum film thickness, lambda
ratio ( λ ) and coefficient of friction in total joint replacements under steady-state conditions.
The main purpose here is to promote fluid film lubrication and therefore, reduce wear in
ankle joint replacements.
Keywords: EHL, Surface roughness, film thickness
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, total joint replacements for
osteoarthritis joints have received considerable
attention as an effective alternative. However,
these artificial joints suffer from almost
unavoidable complications due to loosening,
instability and wear of articulating
components. This has inspired several
researchers to develop new and improved
implant designs over the last few decades. The
focus of experimental and theoretical research
investigations pertaining to biomechanics has
shifted to long-term effectiveness and survival
of total joint replacements. It is well-known
that mathematical modeling of a synovial joint
problem serves not only to predict the
performance parameters, which are difficult to
measure experimentally, but also to simulate
the system behavior under varying
physiological conditions. The wear of
articulating components—one of the major
causes of synovial joint failure—can be
reduced significantly by improving the
lubrication characteristics. Therefore,
lubrication modeling is an effective tool
employed in research projects aimed at
enhancing the clinical performance and life
expectancy of artificial human joints.
Most of the theoretical studies pertaining to
artificial human joints focus on hip and knee
joints. As a comprehensive review of the
subject matter is beyond the scope of this
paper, some of the pertinent papers are cited in
the following text. Goenka formulated and
solved Reynolds equation in spherical
coordinates by means of finite element
approach [1]. This work established the basis
to investigate lubrication of soft-on-hard
couples with a realistic ball-in-socket scheme.
Kothari et al. and Cheng et al. studied the
influence of nonspherical bearing surfaces
under steady-state conditions [2, 3]. In a later
work, Jin and Dowson presented a full
transient hydrodynamic lubrication analysis
using more realistic working conditions [4].
Wang and Jin investigated the effects of the
cup inclination angle and the combined
flexion–extension and internal–external
rotation on the lubrication characteristics
pertaining to artificial hip joints [5]. Jalali-
Vahid et al. employed elastohydrodynamic
lubrication (EHL) model for ball-in-socket
configuration to predict the lubricant film
thickness in natural and artificial hip joints [6–
9]. Moreover, numerical simulations carried
out for ball-in-socket and ball-on-plane

17. (RRJoPHY)
ISSN 2278-2265 (Online)
ISSN 2347-9973 (Print)
September–December 2016
Research & Reviews
Journal of Physics
www.stmjournals.com
STM JOURNALS
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