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9. 1. Geomorphological Dynamic of Mangala Cut of Puri District, Odisha: A Geospatial Approach
Adikanda Ojha, Jajnaseni Rout, A.K Pattnaik 1
2. A Parametric Investigation on the Drag Effect Consideration in Re-Entry Vehicle Performance
Manasa C.L., Vinayak Malhotra 7
3. C4ISR: A Ground Zero Support to the Soldier from the Sky
Bharatbhushan P. Joshi 27
4. Geodetic Survey Control Networks Establishment using GNSS Online Data Post-Processing in
Developing Countries
Ekani Mebenga Thibaut Aloys, Takem Ebangha Agbor Delphine 34
5. Where from Mass Came in the Universe? Did the Mass Originate from a Zero Rest Mass less
Particle in Higgs Field
Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya, Rupak Bhattacharya, Ritwik Bhattacharya, Upasana Bhattacharya,
Rupsa Bhattacharya, Dalia Mukherjee, Oaindrila Mukherjee, Debasis Mukherjee, Runa Mitra 42
ContentsResearch & Reviews : Journal of Space Science & Technology

10. RRJoSST (2016) 1-6 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology
ISSN: 2321-2837(online), ISSN: 2321-6506(print)
Volume 5, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Geomorphological Dynamic of Mangala Cut of Puri
District, Odisha: A Geospatial Approach
Adikanda Ojha1
, Jajnaseni Rout2
, A.K Pattnaik3,
*
1,3
Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project-State Project Management Unit (ICZMP-SPMU),
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
2
Chilika Development Authority, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Abstract
Odisha rivers are east flowing and the Mahanadi is the largest river in Odisha. The river
Bhargavi is the southern branch river of Mahanadi, which flows to Chilika lagoon parallel with
Bay of Bengal. In the year 1929, the toposheet has no information about Mangala cut. In the
year 1937, it was made for controlling flood in Bhargavi river. The Mangala cut was
constructed to get relief from the regular flood submergence of Puri Sadar block. The silt
deposition made Mangala cut dynamic and the mouth of the cut has shifted towards north
direction. For discharging water, the cut open its mouth naturally in August 2016 near hotel
Sterling. The objective of the present study is to analysis the spatio-temporal dynamic of the
Mangala cut. The study area is the Mangala cut, which situated 19°46ʹ46.227ʺ to
19°48ʹ16.849ʺN latitude and 85°46ʹ48.135ʺ to 85°47ʹ22.858ʺE longitude. The study has taken
during the year 1929 to 2016 and the US Army Corp engineers’ toposheet of the year 1929 has
taken as base year before the cut made and 1973 Survey of India (SOI) toposheet has taken for
after the cut made. In between 1937 and 1973, the study has not taken because of lack of data
availability. For analysis the dynamic of the cut, the geospatial technology has used for regular
monitoring of the cut. The geospatial technology has emerged as the most important tool of a
geographer to handle spatial data. This technique is now widely used around the world to
analyse physical as well as cultural geographical elements. The SOI toposheet and the spatio-
temporal satellite image has used for interpretation of migration of the cut which are utilized in
several regional planning and management for community development.
Keywords: Dynamic, geospatial, decadal, SOI and spatio-temporal
INTRODUCTION
The Mahanadi river has different hydro-
morphological character for its southern and
northern delta. Erosion, inundation, and
sedimentation are the general river courses.
The river basin characteristics depend on the
river cross section, base level, alluvial terraces
and revetments. The heavy floods changing
the river/channel paths and the Mahanadi delta
is decreasing due to sediments.
The coast is swelling with erosion/deposition
with increasing MSL and the long shore drift
made the off shore currents violent [1–3]. At
Naraj, the delta head, the river Mahanadi is
bifurcated and forms south branch, Kathajodi.
The Kathjodi bifurcated and forms right side
branch named the river Kuakhai. It throws the
river Kushabhadra and then, bifurcates into
Daya and Bhargavi 15 km. downstream.
Bhargavi, at 37.5 km, near the village
Gabakund has a sharp concave rectangular
bend turning SW-ly [4–6]. Thereafter, the
river runs parallel to the coast and debouches
in the swamps of Chilika lagoon after joining
Daya. The river also discharges directly to the
Bay via Siaro, Mangala or Gabakund cuts.
Bhargavi has four shore perpendicular major
distributaries emanating from left bank, i.e.
Kanchi near Chandanpur (47 km), East Kania at
56 km, Nua Nai the officially dredged channel
at 64 km, Boxi Kania at 72 km of the river.
Kanchi discharges through Gabakund and
Mangala cut [6]. Paul F. Macar, 1934, has
argued that a cut in ameandering channel
generates a drop or cascade, which propagates
to the head causing erosion in the channel. He
suggested that the excavation of a cut from
Bhargavi to Bay for amelioration of floods in

11. RRJoSST (2016) 7-26 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 7
Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology
ISSN: 2321-2837(online), ISSN: 2321-6506(print)
Volume 5, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
A Parametric Investigation on the Drag Effect
Consideration in Re-Entry Vehicle Performance
Manasa C.L.1
, Vinayak Malhotra2,
*
Department of Aerospace Engineering, SRM University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
Rocket adaptation relies more on normal gravity experimentation and simplified conventional
theories. The related complexities and lack of well-defined prediction system have always
restricted futuristic missions. The work primarily addresses issues related to the accurate
prediction of rocket dynamics and re-entry vehicles. Parametric study on the conventional
equation systems was carried out with consideration of geometric and design variables.
Emphasis is put on the practical cases with minimization of assumptions. Diverse cases have
also been taken into account for validation of the equation system. The results predict the
quintessential role of drag force reflection on rocket performance. The role of L/D ratio under
varying drag conditions offers a good physical insight to the rocket vehicle motion. Diverse
nose shapes and implications are tested in reflection to the performance. An effective solution
is proposed to escape re-entry. The work will be extremely useful in futuristic space
propulsion and in re-entry vehicles specifically.
Keywords: Re-entry vehicles, drag, L/D ratio, deceleration, performance, MCL-VAN
INTRODUCTION
Rockets are necessary multi-utility vehicles
capable of making out of atmosphere activities
possible. They operate on a fundamental
principle of creating huge energy from a small
volume in short time. This is done by
generation of thrust force by ejecting high
pressure/temperature exhaust gases at very
high velocity, which propels the rocket (Figure
1). Rocket covers wide range of applications
in the form of missiles, launch vehicles,
spacecrafts, space observatories, re-entry
vehicles. However, a rocket flight into space is
an expensive and hazardous venture requiring
a lot of experimentation and solution to
various complex problems. With the rapid
scientific progress, much of the
experimentation can be done without hardware
and intricate configurations. The gross
behavior of rocket vehicle is approximated
computationally based on mathematical
models. The real operations can be simulated
through the reaches of terrestrial and
interplanetary space.

12. RRJoSST (2016) 27-33 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 27
Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology
ISSN: 2321-2837(online), ISSN: 2321-6506(print)
Volume 5, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
C4ISR: A Ground Zero Support to the
Soldier from the Sky
Bharatbhushan P. Joshi*
Principal, Cummins College of Engineering for Women, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
The precision ‘surgical strike’ that Indian soldiers recently carried out on terrorist camps and
launch pads across the line of control was assisted by our eyes deep into the sky facilitated by
our satellites. India is quickly developing a capability called ‘C4ISR’- command, control,
communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance. Advances in
Indian space program are the symbol of the country's state-of-the-art technological abilities
resulting into its phenomenal growth in its regional and global prestige.
Keywords: C4ISR, space program, Indian satellites, surgical strike, global prestige
INTRODUCTION
The Changing War Scenario
War has always been a part of human life for
almost every country in the world. Wars are
either fought between two countries or it’s
between two groups of countries. Wars are
fought either to gain independence or to
expand power or some are just fought because
they were allies to the country at war. No
matter for what the reason wars are fought, but
earlier wars have left a great impact on how
things are today. Two of most brutal wars in
the world were World War 1 (WW1) from
1914 to 1918 and World War 2 (WW2) from
1939 to 1945. Both of these wars had some
similarities and many differences. WW1 was
fought from lines of trenches and was
supported by weapon systems such as artillery,
machine guns, infantry assault rifles, tanks,
smaller airplanes and also poisonous gas.
The WW1 had minimal mobility. Whereas, in
World War 2 soldiers used electronic
equipment such as radar and other advanced
machines. Nuclear power and missiles were
also employed for the first time. Modern
concepts of stealthy and special operations
were used. Submarines and tanks were also
more heavily deployed. Encryption codes for
secret communication became more complex
in WW2. The most memorable was the use of
atom bomb to end the war. Two most
important technologies in the aviation history
of World War II are radar and bombsights.
Both these technologies played a crucial role
in the defensive and offensive strategies of the
countries involved. The warfare
methodologies have changed quite a lot since
WW II.
Fig. 1: C4ISR Surgical Surveillance.
The modern warfare is more about information
warfare through use of intelligence and
surveillance. It aims for precision in attack
with minimum collateral damage and with
quick action. Surgical strike is an attack on
specific enemy territory, where the mission is
completed with minimal collateral damage and
casualties. In such cases, it is essential that the
army receives highly detailed intelligence
information about the adversary location, men
and machines. The strategy of command,
control, communications, computers,
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance

13. RRJoSST (2016) 34-41 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 34
Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology
ISSN: 2321-2837(online), ISSN: 2321-6506(print)
Volume 5, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Geodetic Survey Control Networks Establishment using
GNSS Online Data Post-Processing in Developing
Countries
Ekani Mebenga Thibaut Aloys1,
*, Takem Ebangha Agbor Delphine2
1
African Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in French Language
(CRASTE-LF)
2
National Institute of Cartography, Cameroon, Avenue Mgr Vogt, P.O Box: 157, Yaounde
Abstract
Currently there are many online GNSS precise point positioning (ppp) post-processing
services freely available to users. Three of them were used in this research: CSRS (Canadian
Spatial Reference System) PPP, OPUS (On-line Positioning Users Service) developed by the
National Geodetic Survey (NGS) and AUSPOS provided by Geoscience Australia. These
solutions were tested to investigate the most suitable one for data processing in the Northern
area of Cameroon which is likely to be adopted for establishing ground control points useful
for this country National base map. The three online solutions were compared with each other
according to the accuracy of the measured point. The results indicated that, for observation
durations between 30 and 40 min, the AUSPOS and OPUS methods aborted while the CSRS
PPP solution provided best accuracies, with standard deviations under the desired limit.
Keywords: Global navigation satellite systems, accuracy, online data processing service,
geodetic survey control network
INTRODUCTION
As a developing country, Cameroon is
characterized by lack or insufficient
infrastructure in key sectors sustaining
development (Growth and Employment
Strategy Paper, 2010). The sector of surveying
and mapping with sparseness of geodetic
infrastructure is not an exception. One can add
to this sparseness of infrastructure, the lack of
qualified personnel capable of using scientific
software packages for data analysis and
processing. The National Institute of
Cartography of Cameroon conducts many
geodetic operations on the field in the
framework of his key mission of producing
topographic base maps. This research was
conducted in the Northern area of Cameroon
where aerial photographs were taken. The
collection of data on the field aimed at using
the measured points as Ground Control Points
(GCP) for the stereophotogrammetry applied
to overlapping pairs of aerial photographs
covering the Region. These aerial Photographs
had a 35 cm Ground Sample Distance (GSD),
which means that one pixel in the image
represents 35 cm on the ground. Thus, the
GCP expected accuracy would not exceed 105
cm.
Nowadays, conventionally establishing
geodetic survey control networks on regional
(even on national and continental) scale
involves many dual-frequency carrier-phase
GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
receivers occupying multiples or all sites
simultaneously. This network-based approach
makes the task rather costly in terms of not
only equipment and personnel, but also careful
pre-planning and in-field logistical
considerations [1].
In the context of the Northern area of
Cameroon characterized by lack of roads
infrastructure and where access to
communications infrastructure is still limited,
the GNSS precise point positioning (ppp) post-
processing technique which requires only one
dual-frequency receiver is an opportunistic
alternative to the conventional method. Three
of the current online GNSS post-processing

14. RRJoSST (2016) 42-63 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 42
Research & Reviews: Journal of Space Science & Technology
ISSN: 2321-2837(online), ISSN: 2321-6506(print)
Volume 5, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Where from Mass Came in the Universe? Did the
Mass Originate from a Zero Rest Mass less
Particle in Higgs Field
Pranab Kumar Bhattacharya1,*
, Rupak Bhattacharya2
, Ritwik Bhattacharya3
,
Upasana Bhattacharya4
, Rupsa Bhattacharya5
, Dalia Mukherjee5
,
Oaindrila Mukherjee6
, Debasis Mukherjee5
, Runa Mitra7
1
Department of Pathology, School of Tropical Medicine Kolkata, 108, C.R. Avenue,
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
2
Freelancer Theoretical Physicist, Kolkata West Bengal, India
3
B.Com, Calcutta University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
4
M.Sc. Student, Calcutta University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
5
Student, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
6
BHM (Honours) IGNOU of Residence, Swamiji Road, South Habra, West Bengal, India
7
Social Worker, B K Mitra Palliative Care Barrackpore, West Bengal, India
Abstract
A very interesting hypothesis based upon the possibility of a “Zero Rest Mass Particle in
Higgs Field” in the Universe is described in this study. This is review of some hypothesis on
mathematical basis on possibility of zero rest mass particles in the earliest moments of the Big
Bang where Higgs Particles fused to give mass in Higg’s Scalar Field. The hypothesis is
validated and considered the same truly correct that the zero rest mass sub quark 2 particles
do exists/ or existed in this universe ever in atomic structures and in universe and their
possible implications as future source of energy, time travel. The value of the electron mass, in
particular, remains deeply mysterious even in our most advanced speculations about
unification and string theory.
Keywords: Zero rest mass, Big Bang Theory, Higg’s Field, universe, particles, energy
INTRODUCTION
Very few people with their knowledge of
extreme level of applied
mathematics/theoretical physics often do
speak of quantum fields theories, The
relativistic quantum field theory, beginning
with quantum electrodynamics, or QED,
classical field theory of electromagnetism,
mathematical unification of electricity with
magnetism, Schrodinger equation, Lorentz
transformation of space time, Gauge theory,
String theory (there are three (03) types of
string theory, 26 dimensions, at least 10
dimensions. In 26 space-time dimensions, we
people cannot make concept beyond three or
four dimensions when time is taken as fourth
dimension and there are 26 dimensions! These
extra un-human physical states (many such
dimensions may be as littlie than our four-
dimensional space-time or may be too small
and even microscopic) probably remain
around us winding up disappearing from the
human eyes and super-machine spectrums.
Therefore, string theory, i.e. quantum
mechanics is only consistent if the dimension
of space-time becomes 26. By looking at
quantum mechanics of the relativistic strings
in normal modes, one mathematician of very
high level knowledge can only deduce that the
quantum modes of the strings look just like the
particles, we see in space time, whose mass
depends on their spins movement according to
formula of the universe laws! In addition,
some of the particle states of a closed string
must have zero mass with two units of spin;
that was the first basis of our concept “Mass
from mass less, i.e. zero rest mass particles”
and then mass came from another particle.
Now on July 2nd 2012, it had been proved
beyond doubt in LHC experiment of CERN in

15. Volume1,Issue1-3Compilation2012
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