Research & Reviews A Journal of Health Professions vol 6 issue 3

(RRJoHP)
Research & Reviews: A
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September–December 2016
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STM JOURNALS

1. Association of Depression with Sociodemographic Variables and Rural Old-Aged People
Manpreet Kaur, Sukhpreet Kaur, Rajwant Kaur 1
2. Nutritional Status among Adolescents: Contributing Factors
Navjot Kaur, Jasbir Kaur, Prabhjot Saini 5
3. Correlates of Clinical and Dietary Factors on Nutritional Status of People Living with HIV on
Anti-retroviral Therapy: A Case-control Study in Central Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
Negassie Berhe Weldehaweria, Elsa Hagos Abreha, Kebede Haile Misgina,
Meresa Gebremedhin Weldu 11
4. Knowledge and Practice of Pain Assessment and Management and Factors Associated with
Nurses' Working at Hawassa University Referral Hospital, Hawassa city, South Ethiopia
Fikru Tadesse, Zemenu Yohannes, Lemlem Beza 24
5. Disparity in Health and Nursing Education, Practice in the Developed Countries and India
Meena Ganapathy 32
ContentsResearch & Reviews: A Journal of Health Professions

RRJoHP (2016) 1-4 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Volume 6, Issue 3
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Association of Depression with Sociodemographic
Variables and Rural Old-Aged People
Manpreet Kaur*, Sukhpreet Kaur, Rajwant Kaur
Department of Nursing, Shri Guru Ram Dass College of Nursing,
Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Vallah, Amritsar, Punjab, India
Abstract
Ageing is a natural process always associated with physiological and biological decline. It is
the outcome of certain structural and functional changes that takes place in the major parts as
the life years increases. In the words of Seneca, “Old age is an incurable disease”. It affects
every individual, family, community and society. It is a normal, progressive and irreversible
process. Ageing is the process of physical, psychological and social change. Mental health
has an impact on physical health and vice-versa. For example, older adults with physical
health conditions such as heart disease have higher rates of depression than those who are
medically fit.
Keywords: Ageing, psychological, heart disease, depression, geriatric population
INTRODUCTION
Depression is recognized as a serious public
health concern in developing countries. The
Global Burden of Disease study showed that
depression will be the single leading cause of
Disability Adjusted Life Years by 2020 in the
developing world [1].`
Depression is a state of
low mood and aversion to activity that can
affect a person's thoughts, behaviour, feelings
and sense of well-being [2].
Depression is a common illness and is
affecting approximately 121 million people
worldwide. In 2000, it was the leading cause
of disability and the fourth leading contributor
to the global burden of disease. There has been
increasing evidence that depression is
correlated to mortality and health service
utilization among the elderly [3]. The Local
National Morbidity Survey of India showed
that the prevalence of mental problems among
the elderly was 26% reported that prevalence
of depression among the elderly in rural areas
was slightly higher (7.6%) as compared to
urban areas (6.3%) [4].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was undertaken to find out
the prevalence of depression and also to seek
association of depression with demographic
variables among rural elderly residing at the
village Chappa Ram Singh, Amritsar, Punjab,
India. A descriptive survey design was
employed in the study, among 95 samples of
elderly selected through systematic random
sampling. Informed consent was obtained from
the study subjects. The final tool for data
collection had three parts. Part A consists of
sociodemographic profile which includes
twelve items related to demographic data of the
elderly such as age, gender, educational status,
marital status, past occupational status, present
work status, type of family, history of previous
illness, family monthly income, personal
income source, perception of economic
dependency, and house bound status. Part B
consists of standardized Geriatric Depression
Scale which includes 30 items (r = 0.92). For
each correct response, one mark was given and
for each incorrect response, zero mark was
awarded. Reliability for Geriatric Depression
Scale (Punjabi version) was also computed by
test–retest method and calculated by Karl
Pearson’s coefficient correlation (r = 0.97). The
data were analyzed by descriptive and
inferential statistics through SPSS 16 version.
RESULTS
The findings of the study revealed that 81
(85.3%) of the elderly had mild depression and
only 4 (4.2%) were severely depressed,
whereas 10.5% were normal (Table 1). The

Volume 6, Issue 3
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Nutritional Status among Adolescents: Contributing
Factors
Navjot Kaur*, Jasbir Kaur, Prabhjot Saini
Department of Pediatric Nursing, College of Nursing, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital,
Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Abstract
Nutritional status of adolescents is of much concern. Faulty eating habits can make them
overweight and ultimately obese and even malnourished also. Obesity is a complex disorder
involving an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity is not just a cosmetic concern; it increases
the risk of diseases and health problems. There are various factors like biological, genetic,
behavioural and environmental which contribute to obesity. An exploratory design was used
to assess nutritional and its associated factors among 200 adolescents studying in selected
schools of city Ludhiana, Punjab, selected by stratified random sampling technique. Data was
collected by using anthropometric measurement i.e. height and weight to assess the BMI of
children and structured interview schedule to assess the associated factors. Both descriptive
and inferential statistics was used for analysis. The study revealed that slightly less than half
of the children (48%) were underweight, whereas 46% of children were normal and 5.5% of
the children were overweight and only 0.5% of children was obese. The prevalence of
overweight/obesity in private school is 10% which is significantly (p<0.001) higher than
government school (2%). The children whose mothers are housewives are more likely to be
overweight. The study concluded that overweight was more prevalent in private school
children as compared to government school children. Many adolescents are underweight also.
Keywords: Overweight/obesity, nutritional status, contributing factors, adolescents
INTRODUCTION
Over the past decade, there has been an
increasing concern about the impact of chronic
and communicable diseases on the health of
world population. But recent studies indicate
that in 20s non-communicable diseases will
count for 60% of the disease burden and
mortality in the developing world.
A non-communicable disease is a medical
condition, which is non-transmissible or non-
infectious among people. These include
autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, stroke,
cancers, asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney
disease, osteoporosis, obesity, Alzheimer’s
disease, cataract and many more. The World
Health Organization (WHO) identified obesity
as one of the greatest public health challenges
of the 21st century [1].
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess
body fat has accumulated to the extent that it
may have an adverse effect on health [2].
Overweight and obesity are linked to more
deaths than underweight. Obesity is
recognized as an underlying disease in
developing countries which is also strongly
influenced by diet and lifestyle [3]. It is the
leading preventable cause of death worldwide,
with increasing prevalence in adults and
children. Obesity is most commonly caused by
a combination of excessive food energy intake,
lack of physical activity and genetic
susceptibility; although few cases are caused
primarily by genes, endocrine disorders,
medications or psychiatric illness [4].
A cross sectional study to determine the
prevalence of obesity among adolescents and
its associated risk factors was conducted in
Ludhiana, Punjab, India. The results showed
that overall incidence of obesity were 3.4%,
with no significant difference between boys
and girls. A significantly greater number of
boys (15%) as compared to girls (10.2%) were
overweight. More than half of the adolescents

Volume 6, Issue 3
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Correlates of Clinical and Dietary Factors on
Nutritional Status of People Living with HIV on
Anti-retroviral Therapy: A Case-control Study in
Central Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
Negassie Berhe Weldehaweria1
, Elsa Hagos Abreha2
, Kebede Haile Misgina1
,
Meresa Gebremedhin Weldu1,
*
1
Department of Public Health, Aksum University, College of Health Sciences, Aksum, Ethiopia
2
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Semara University, College of Health Sciences, Semara,
Ethiopia
Abstract
Background: Malnutrition compounds the immunosuppressive effects of HIV and speeds the
disease progression among people living with HIV on ART. However, little is documented on
the effect of clinical and dietary factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the
correlates of clinical and dietary factors on nutritional status of people living with HIV on
ART in central zone of Tigray region, North Ethiopia.
Methods: A matched case-control study design was conducted in two purposively selected
hospitals on a total of 340 samples (170 cases and 170 controls) on March 2014. Cases were
selected by simple random sampling and controls purposively to match the selected cases.
Data were collected by reviewing ART registration chart, anthropometric measurements and
pretested structured questionnaire and checklist. Conditional logistic regression was executed
to determine the association among the variables by STATA version 12.
Results: From the 170 paired subjects participated in the study, 72 (42.7%) pairs were males
and 98 (57.3%) pairs were females. The mean age (±SD) was 39.3 ± 8.2 years in the
malnourished participants whereas 39.2 ± 7.9 years in the well-nourished participants. Of
the clinical factors being on ART for 37–60 months (AOR, 2.7; 95%CI, 1.3–5.7), altitude
adjusted mean Hgb of < 11 mg/dl (AOR, 3.1; 95%CI, 1.5–6.4) and mean TLC (total leukocyte
count) of < 103
cells/mm3
(AOR, 5.1; 95%CI, 1.7–15.1) were predictors of malnutrition. From
the dietary factors, eating pattern less than two meals per day (AOR, 4.9; 95%CI, 1.1–20.9)
and poor diet diversity (AOR, 2.2; 95%CI, 1.1–4.6) were significantly associated with
malnutrition.
Conclusion: In this study, the duration of ART use, altitude adjusted mean Hgb level, mean
TLC, eating pattern less than two meals per day and poor diet diversity had significant effect
on nutritional status of people living with HIV on ART. Therefore, there is a need to design an
appropriate program which aimed in assessment, counseling and management of the clinical
and nutritional aspects of people living with HIV on ART.
Keywords: HIV, ART, Dietary and clinical factors, nutritional status, Ethiopia
INTRODUCTION
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
continues to be a major public health issue in
resource limited settings [1]. It claimed more
than 34 million lives until the end of 2014.
Approximately 35 million people in the world
currently live with HIV [1, 2]. Sub-Saharan
Africa is the most affected region, with 25.8
million people living with HIV in 2014. The
region also accounts for almost 70% of new
HIV infections occur yearly worldwide [1].
Ethiopia is among the countries hard hit by
HIV pandemic [3].
Advances in the treatment of HIV infection
during the last two decades have resulted in
rapid antiretroviral therapy (ART) it is
changing the global HIV pandemic in
momentous ways. The rapid scaling up of
ART averted 6.6 million acquired

Volume 6, Issue 3
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Knowledge and Practice of Pain Assessment and
Management and Factors Associated with Nurses’
Working at Hawassa University Referral Hospital,
Hawassa City, South Ethiopia
Fikru Tadesse1,
*, Zemenu Yohannes1
, Lemlem Beza2
1
School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University,
Hawassa, Ethiopia
2
Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia
Abstract
Pain assessment and management is the pivotal nursing care. It affects patients’ improvement
and quality of life. Cross sectional study was conducted to assess nurses’ knowledge and
practice towards pain assessment and management in Hawassa University referral hospital,
Hawassa city, South Ethiopia. An institution based cross sectional study was conducted in
2014. A total of 184 nurses working in Hawassa University referral hospital were recruited.
Data were collected by semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire of pain assessment
and management. The study participants were selected by simple random sampling technique.
Binary logistic regression with 95% confidence interval was used to identify factors
associated with pain assessment and management. Overall, the participants’ pain assessment
and management was found to be: 35.9% were knowledgeable; nurses who have degree and
above were 1.9 times knowledgeable on pain assessment and management than diploma
nurses [AOR=1.9; 95% CI: (1.07–3.47)]. Nurses who have nine and above service years had
2.35 times more practice in pain assessment and management than those having service years
less than nine years [AOR=2.35; 95%CI:(1.01–5.45)]. In this study, nurses’ pain assessment
and management was very low. The hospital manager was assigned nurses’ low experience
with high experience and nurses who have degree and above with diploma nurses in each
ward.
Keywords: Nurse’s knowledge and practice pain assessment and management, Ethiopia
INTRODUCTION
Nurses play a pivotal role in pain assessment
and management [1]. Pain which is
undiagnosed and untreated by nurse has
devastating effects and significantly interferes
with the patient’s physical, emotional and
spiritual wellbeing, and thus can alter the
patient’s quality of life [2]. Pain is unpleasant
sensory and emotional experience resulting
from actual or potential tissue damage [3]. It is
an untreated a stressful experience that is
considered to be a global health problem in
developing and developed countries [4].
Especially in Africa, human rights’ Watch’s
report showed that, only 10% of patients are
able to receive optimal pain management [5].
Even if pain assessment is the first step to
relieve pain properly, it is an important goal in
patients’ cares [6]. However, poorly managed
acute pain may cause serious medical
complications (e.g. pneumonia, deep venous
thrombosis), impaired recovery from injury or
procedures, and/or progress to chronic pain.
Undertreated chronic pain can impair an
individual’s ability to carry out daily activities
and diminish quality of life [7]. The main
principle of pain management is recommended
to assess regularly like other vital signs [8].
However, self-report is considered to be the
best tool for the assessment of pain by health
care providers, rather than focusing on the
patients’ behavior [9, 10]. The self-report of
pain is the gold standard of pain assessment
given the subjective nature of pain [11].
Nurses are important member of the health
care team to give care and spend more time

Volume 6, Issue 3
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Disparity in Health and Nursing Education, Practice in
the Developed Countries and India
Meena Ganapathy*
Principal, Smt. Bakul Tambat Institute of Nursing Education, Karvenagar, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Nurses are the heart of the health care delivery system, now and in future the profession is of
great importance to politicians, policy makers, the general public and the nursing profession.
However, this needed profession is never given its due that is its right. The Government/Union
Government and State Governments should stress the value building and supporting of
nursing work force, quality care and patient outcomes. Every year we hear about patients,
children and new born dying in government hospitals due to poor quality care.
Keywords: Health delivery, care, developed country, trained nurses, nursing bodies, children
INTRODUCTION
In India the key stakeholders for health are the
Central Government, State Government
through health policies. For Nursing are Indian
Nursing Council, Trained Nurses Association,
and State Nursing Council, and nursing
bodies [1].
Table 1: Key Area identified by WHO.
Strengthening
health systems
 Contributing to patient
centered care
 Empower nurse leadership
in health.
Nursing and
midwifery
education, training
and career
development
 Building and maintaining a
competent nursing and
midwifery work force.
 Encouraging career
development through
mentoring and other
activities.
Policy and practice
 Building a robust nursing
evidence base
 Active nursing
participation on policy
decisions and national
agendas.
Work force
management
 Ensuring robust work force
management strategies and
ways to enhance nursing
and health performance.
Partnership working
within nursing and
midwifery services
 Encouraging stakeholders
to monitor and implement
SDNM priorities.
The vision statement of SDNM was comment
to improving health outcomes for individuals,
families and communities through provision of
competent, culturally sensitive, evidence-
based nursing and midwifery services [2].
The key area identified by WHO is given in
Table 1.
UK’s Commission on Future Nursing and
Midwifery had Identified Seven Cross-cutting
Themes. They are:
1. High Quality Compassionate Care
Recommendations included:
1. Protecting the title of nurse
2. Regulating advance nursing and
midwifery practice
3. Regulating support workers
4. Nurses and midwives pledging to tackle
variations in delivering high quality care
2. Political Economy of Nursing and
Midwifery
 Recommendation including evaluating
nursing and midwifery care to ensure a
return on investment and measuring
progress and nursing out comes [3].
3. Health and Wellbeing
 Recommendation including nurses and
midwives contributing to health and
wellbeing improvements and reducing
inequalities.
 Ensuring a named midwife for every
expecting mother.
 Promoting staff health and wellbeing.

Research & Reviews A Journal of Health Professions vol 6 issue 3

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Research & Reviews A Journal of Health Professions vol 6 issue 3