Journal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology and Application (JoTCSTA) Publishes Review /Research articles and attempts to bring out latest cutting –edge technologies in the field of coating technology, Subject areas suitable for publication include ,but are not limited to the following fields Focus and Scope Covers Biomaterials, colloid and surface chemistry Adhesion, contact mechanics and Coatings Technology Friction and wear, including mechanisms, modeling, characterization, measurement and testing lubricants and Lubrication technology and applicarion Coatings and surface treatments and Surface integrity Tribology of composite materials: metallic, polymeric and ceramic and Tribological applications Surface modifications, including surface cladding, cutting, polishing and grinding material science, manufacturing , foundry, welding, joining, composites manufacturing thermal and plasma spraying, thermo-chemical treatment, Plating, sol-gel coating, anodization, plasma electrolytic oxidation, etc., but excluding painting. Corrosion, friction performance and wear resistance Surfaces, Interfaces, Thin Films, Corrosion and Coatings Electroless and Friction based coating, Coatings for biological applications and High temperature applications

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9. It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3, Issue 3] of our Journal of Thin Films,
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STM JOURNALS

10. 1. Effects of Carbon Fiber on Strength of Concrete
B.B. Patil, A.G. Dahake, V.R. Upadhye, C.L. Gogte 1
2. Fabrication of the SU-8 based Glass Microfluidic Devices to Record the Surface-Driven
Capillary Flow of Water
Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay 9
3. Efficiency Measurement of Solar PV Panels
Kedar A. Pathak, Snehal N. Patel 13
4. Synthesis, Characterization and Deformation Studies of Blast Furnace Slag Particles
Reinforced Aa2024 Composite
M. Vijaya, Kolla Srinivas, Sneha. H. Dhoria, T. Yamini 31
5. Effects of Weight Fractions on Properties of Aluminium-Fly Ash Metal Matrix Composites
Pankaj Kr. Sharma, Shashi Prakash Dwivedi, Vijay Gautam, Amit Kr. Sharma 44
ContentsJournal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology and Application

11. JoTCSTA (2016) 1-8 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Journal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology and Application
ISSN: 2455-3344(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Effects of Carbon Fiber on Strength of Concrete
B.B. Patil1
, A.G. Dahake2,
*, V.R. Upadhye1
, C.L. Gogte1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Marathwada Institute of Technology, Aurangabad,
Maharashtra, India
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad,
Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Experimental investigations were carried out to evaluate the effect of carbon fibers on strength
of concrete. The concrete mix of M-25 grade was considered and produced by replacing carbon
fibers with cement. Modified concrete is produced by adding carbon fibers with various
percentages as 0 to 0.6% at an interval of 0.2% with 10 and 20 mm in length. The compressive
and flexural strengths are considered for investigations. Cube of size 150 mm150 mm150 mm
for compressive strength; and beams of size 500 mm100 mm100 mm for flexural strength are
considered. All the specimens were water cured up to 7 and 28 days and tested subsequently.
Relations between compressive strength with all other strengths are developed. A comparison of
result of modified carbon fiber reinforced concrete with that of normal concrete, showed
significant improvement in the result of various strengths.
Keywords: Carbon fiber, concrete, compressive strength, flexural strength
INTRODUCTION
Highlight Concrete is closely related to every
human being and their day-to-day life. It is
widely used as construction material in the
world and it is very difficult to find another
material of construction as versatile as
concrete. Concrete is nothing but artificial
stone resulting from the hardening of mixture
of cement, sand, coarse aggregates, water and
sometimes minerals and chemical admixtures
are also added to enhance properties of
concrete in fresh and hardened state. For
making good concrete, it requires same
materials, hence controlling the properties at
every stage of concrete plays an important role
in its quality or strength.
Ordinary cement concrete possesses a very low
tensile strength, limited ductility and little
resistance to cracking. Internal micro-cracks are
inherently present in the concrete and its poor
tensile strength is due to propagation of such
micro-cracks, leading to brittle failure of
concrete. Development of such type of concrete
that has to meet special requirements and
performance cannot be always achieved by
using only conventional materials and
procedure. The requirements may be the
enhancement of characteristics such as
placement and compaction without segregation,
mechanical properties, toughness, durability
and serviceability in severe environments. To
improve properties of concrete, a new type of
concrete known as fiber reinforced concrete is
introduced. Fiber reinforced concrete is a
relatively new composite material in which
fibers are introduced in the matrix as micro
reinforcement, so as to improve the tensile,
cracking and other properties of concrete.
Fibers are produced from steel, carbon, glass,
plastics, polyester, polypropylene, nylon, rayon,
asbestos, basalt and natural fibers such as
cotton, coir, sisal etc. Fiber influences the
mechanical properties of concrete in all modes
of failure, especially those that induce fatigue
and tensile stresses. The strengthening
mechanism of fibers involves transfer of stress
from the matrix to the fiber by interfacial shear
or by interlock between the fiber and matrix.
Fiber efficiency and the fiber content are the
important variables controlling the performance
of fiber reinforced concrete. Initially production
and application of carbon fibers was suggested
and patented by Thomas Edison in 1880 for use
as filaments in electrical lamps. These fibers

12. JoTCSTA (2016) 9-12 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 9
Journal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology and Application
ISSN: 2455-3344(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Fabrication of the SU-8 based Glass Microfluidic Devices
to Record the Surface-Driven Capillary Flow of Water
Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay*
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Institute of Technology Arunachal
Pradesh, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India), Yupia, Papum Pare,
Arunachal Pradesh, India
Abstract
Total 12 individual leakage-free SU-8 based glass microfluidic devices are fabricated by the
maskless lithography and indirect bonding technique. The surface-driven capillary flow of
dyed water is successfully recorded inside these microfluidic devices. Total 12 individual
audio video interleave files as ‘FileName.avi’ are recorded and analyzed in this research
paper. This study may be useful for different microfluidic applications.
Keywords: SU-8, microfluidic device, air-water meniscus, capillary flow
INTRODUCTION
Many polymers have been already used to
fabricate the microfluidic devices [1–11]. SU-
8 is a suitable negative photoresist to fabricate
the microfluidic devices [9]. The direct
bonding techniques and indirect bonding
techniques have already been invented to
fabricate the leakage-free microfluidic devices
[1–11]. The recent trend of research is to
fabricate the fluidic microelectromechanical
systems (MEMS) [1–11].
Many authors have described different
microfluidic flow phenomena related to the
surface wettability, capillary pressure and
channel aspect ratio [12–15]. Different surface
modification techniques have been studied to
apply in microfluidic devices [16–18].
Different bonding techniques have been
reported by many authors to seal the
microchannel lids on the microchannel
substrates [19].
In this research paper, author has fabricated
the SU-8 based glass microfluidic devices by
maskless lithography. Next, author has
recorded the surface-driven capillary flow of
dyed water in these microfluidic devices.
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
SU-8 is a popular negative photoresist
(polymer) to fabricate the microfluidic devices
[1, 6]. Maskless lithography is a suitable
technique to use SU-8 in the fabrication of
microfluidic devices [1]. Colourless liquid EC
solvent is used as a SU-8 developer in the
maskless lithography [6]. In this work, PMMA
is used as an adhesive material in the indirect
bonding technique to bond the glass lid with
the SU-8 based microchannel substrate [6].
Again, EC solvent is used to prepare the
adhesive liquid (PMMA dissolved in EC
solvent). CMOS camera is an optical
instrument which is suitable to record the
surface-driven microfluidic flow according to
its time-scale resolution and length-scale
resolution [9]. Red food dye is used to prepare
the dyed water [9]. According to the principles
of electrochemistry, the properties of distilled
water is not changed by mixing the red food
dye, but the red colouring of distilled water
facilitates the video recording of air-water
meniscus propagation as shown in Figures 1
and 2. Also, glass is an optically transparent
material. So, glass lid facilitates the video
recording of dyed water propagation inside the
microchannel (Figures 1 and 2).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The SU-8 based glass microfluidic devices are
fabricated by the maskless lithography (non-
contact lithography) using SF-100 instrument
(Intelligent Micropatterning, LLC, Florida), in
the clean room laboratory of class 1000
standard according to the Federal Standard

13. JoTCSTA (2016) 13-30 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 13
Journal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology and Application
ISSN: 2455-3344(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Efficiency Measurement of Solar PV Panels
Kedar A. Pathak*, Snehal N. Patel
School of Science and Engineering, Navrachana University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Abstract
With increasing awareness and technology developments, we strive to achieve a greener
approach to energy production. Solar panels that use PV cells are popular for converting
solar power into electricity. One of the problems in using PV cells to extract energy from
sunlight is the temperature effect on PV cells. As the solar panel is heated, the conversion
efficiency of light to electrical energy is diminished. Because solar panels can be expensive, it
is important to be able to extract as much energy as possible. In this study, we propose and
explore cooling methods for the panel in order to achieve optimum efficiency. First, the panel
characteristics are drawn experimentally, and then a numerical model of cooling is
developed. The cooling of a photovoltaic panel via fins and a duct attached to the rear surface
of the panel is investigated. Forced convection through the duct is assumed. This numerical
model allows study of the effects of varying fin parameters on panel characteristics and
potential useful heat output. Electrical output is found to vary weakly with fin material and
thickness, fin length and air velocity in the duct. The model suggests a maximum value of solar
concentration for a given air velocity in the duct. Future investigation of the airflow and
velocity fluctuation field should be carried out by means of indoor measurements.
Keywords: Solar panels, photovoltaic (PV) cells
INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy has become a large focus
for many scientists and engineers in recent
years, due to the growing concern of
environmental pollutants given off by the
burning of nonrenewable fossil fuels. The use
of solar energy is seen as one of the cleanest
and most widely available alternatives to
current sources of energy. There are many
options available for collecting solar power.
This is due to two sources of solar energy:
thermal and photovoltaic.
The cooling of photovoltaic (PV) cells is a
problem of great practical significance. The
usable energy produced from solar energy
displaces energy produced from fossil fuels,
and thereby contributes to reducing global
warming. However, the high cost of solar cells
is an obstacle to expansion of their use. PV
cooling has the potential to reduce the cost of
solar energy in three ways. First, the electrical
efficiency of PV cells decreases with
temperature increase. Cooling can improve the
electrical production of standard flat panel PV
modules. Second, cooling makes possible the
use of concentrating PV systems. Cooling
keeps the PV cells from reaching temperatures
at which irreversible damage occurs, even
under the irradiance of multiple suns. This
makes it possible to replace PV cells with
potentially less expensive concentrators.
Finally, the heat removed by the PV cooling
system can be used for building heating or
cooling, or in industrial applications.
Basics of Solar PV
It is very important to note the basic
definitions that facilitate the understanding of
various PV operations and characteristics.
Diffuse Radiation: The solar radiation received
from the sun after its direction has been
changed by scattering by the atmosphere
diffuse radiation.
Solar Radiation: The sum of the beam and the
diffuse solar radiation on a surface (The most
common measurements of solar radiation are
total radiation on a horizontal surface, often
referred to as global radiation on the surface).
Irradiance [W/m2
]: The rate at which radiant
energy is incident on a surface, per unit area of

14. JoTCSTA (2016) 31-43 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 31
Journal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology and Application
ISSN: 2455-3344(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Synthesis, Characterization and Deformation
Studies of Blast Furnace Slag Particles
Reinforced Aa2024 Composite
M. Vijaya*, Kolla Srinivas, Sneha H. Dhoria, T. Yamini
Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.V.R. & JC College of Engineering,
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
The main objective is to explore the use of blast furnace slag as a reinforcing material. This
work provides results of aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with granulated slag
(GS). The Composite is prepared by taking AA 2024 and GS with stir casting process. Optical
microscope and scanning electron microscopy were employed to track the reactions between
the aluminum matrix and the granulated slag during the sintering treatment. The hardness
and compressive tests of the composites were determined as a function of the GS content. The
SEM study reveals that there was a uniform distribution of granulated slag.
Keywords: Aluminum Alloys, MMCs, Blast Furnace Slag, Stir Casting
INTRODUCTION
Composites are combination of two or more
constituent materials having different
properties, which are combined to get better
properties. Composites are the most promising
materials recently. The potential advantages of
metal matrix composites over conventional
monolithic alloys are studied and incorporated
in recent years. A vast range of MMC
materials has been developed. By far, the
largest commercial volumes are made of
Aluminium matrix composites which account
69% of annual MMC production by mass [1].
Both solid and liquid phase processing
methods have been used to produce these
composites. The liquid phase processing
methods has the advantage that fluidity of
metal which allows usage of a wide range of
reinforcements and capability of producing
near net shaped casting. The poor wettability
which leads to the nonuniform distribution of the
particles is the major problem in the fabrication
of metal matrix composites. Vortex (fluid phase
processing) technique involves incorporation of
ceramic particulates into molten alloy by using
the rotation impeller [2, 3].
Microceramic particulates are used to improve
the hardness and ultimate strength of the
metal. However, the density of the MMCs
decreases with high ceramic particle
concentration [4]. The microsized ceramic
particles are the best choice to strengthen the
metal matrix, while maintaining good
ductility, high temperature creep resistance
and better fatigue [4]. However, there are
certain disadvantages such as presence of
impurities which contributes to mechanical
properties. This problem can be overcome by
careful selection of constituents, fabrication
techniques. The matrix alloy should be chosen
only after careful consideration to its chemical
compatibility, to its ability to wet the
reinforcement and to its own characteristic
properties and behaviour [5]. One very crucial
issue to consider in selection of the matrix
alloy composition involves the natural
dichotomy between wettability of the
reinforcement and excessive reactivity with it
[6]. Good load transfer from the matrix to the
reinforcement depends on the existence of a
strongly adherent interface [7].
In turn, a strong interface requires adequate
wetting of the reinforcement by the matrix.
The attainments of wetting and aggressive
reactivity are both favored by strong chemical
bonding between the matrix and
reinforcement. Adjusting the chemical
composition to accomplish this delicate

15. JoTCSTA (2016) 44-48 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 44
Journal of Thin Films, Coating Science Technology and Application
ISSN: 2455-3344(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Effects of Weight Fractions on Properties of
Aluminium-Fly Ash Metal Matrix Composites
Pankaj Kr. Sharma1
, Shashi Prakash Dwivedi2,
*, Vijay Gautam1
, Amit Kr. Sharma3
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technical University, Delhi, India
1,2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Noida Institute of Engineering Technology, Greater Noida,
Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajay Kumar Garg, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
With particles of fly ash as the particulate addition, the properties of pure Al can be greatly
improved. The incorporation of fly ash brings significant changes in some of its core
properties like hardness, density, stiffness, strength, wear resistance. A comparison of the
mechanical properties of pure Al have been done with three sets of Al-fly ash composites
containing 6, 8 and 10% by weight fly ash which are manufactured through the stir casting
technique. Increase in the weight fractions of the fly ash particles increases the ultimate
tensile strength, hardness, stiffness, wear resistance and decreases the density, ductility,
toughness and shrinkage of the composite. Sometimes agglomeration of ash particles and
porosity occurs readily during the composite manufacturing, leading to inferior mechanical
properties of composite. Aluminium fly ash composites are used in the making of various
automotive parts like brake drums, brake discs, intake manifolds, valves, crankshafts and
industrial furniture, highway signs, machine covers, bicycle frames, ducts, aerospace
components etc.
Keywords: Hardness, strength, fly ash, Al-fly ash composites, stir casting technique
INTRODUCTION
The ever-increasing demand for low cost
reinforcement encouraged the interest towards
production and utilization of using by-products
from industry as reinforcement since they are
readily available or are naturally renewable at
affordable cost. Al-Mg-Si alloys are widely
applied in aerospace, automobile and electronic
industries due to their excellent wear and
corrosion resistance, low density, low coefficient
of thermal expansion, good strength and
castability. The common microstructure of
hypereutectic Al-Mg-Si alloys is composed of
primary silicon particles. The high strength and
wear resistance of these alloys are attributed to
the presence of hard silicon particles [1]. The
forming based semi-solid phase has attracted
great attention as a new technology since it
complemented the shortcomings of the current
forming processes. The morphology of the
primary phase of semi-solid metals plays a very
important role in the quality control of semi-solid
process. Electromagnetic stirring is a forming
process, which fills the mold cavity through
injecting cylinder with semi-solid slurry after
uniformly transformed dendritic microstructure
formed during solidification process to spherical
primary-Al phase particles and distributing it
into eutectic phase, by strongly stirring the melt
at the initial stage of solidification. The
electromagnetic stirring needs to be a good
substitute system of mechanical stirring to avoid
alloy contamination and damage of stirrer. The
rheology forming is controlled by grain and solid
fraction using the electro-magnetic stirring
system. This study sets up the experimental data
applicable to control the particle grain size of the
resulting materials to be produced by
electromagnetic stirring to investigate the
relation between the properties of aluminium
alloy such as primary-Al phase particle sizes,
their distribution state, and spherical structure
and electromagnetic stirring current and time.
Processing of Al-Fly Ash Composite
Low cost stir casting technique is evaluated for
use in the manufacturing of three sets Al-Fly ash
composite [2]. Stir casting is a liquid state

16. Journal of
Thin Films, Coating
Science Technology &
Application
(JoTCSTA)
September–December 2016
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