Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics vol 7 issue 3

Journal of Experimental
& Applied Mechanics
(JoEAM)
September–December 2016
SJIF: 4.676
ISSN 2230-9845 (Online)
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STM JOURNALS

1. Analytical Comparison of a Gas Turbine Blade Cooling Using Wet and Dry Air
Snehal N. Patel, Dilip S. Patel, Kedar A. Pathak 1
2. Experimental Determination of Tire Stiffness using Nitrogen
P.A. Narwade, C.R. Shah, P.Y. Mhaske 13
3. Report on the Separation Efficiency with Separation Time in the Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Systems
Fabricated by Polymers in this 21st Century of 3rd Millennium
Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay 20
4. Effect of Different Parameters on Energy Loss Coefficient of Square Edged Orifice Plate
Chirag Sanghani, Dharmesh Jayani 38
5. Effect of Input Parameters on Surface Roughness of Wire-Cut EDM of AISI EN 31 Tool Steel
Nimratjot Singh, Khushdeep Goyal, Rakesh Bhatia 43
6. Finite Element Analysis of Thick Beams using Lagrange-9 Element and ADINA
Poonamrani Basavraj Patil, Ajay Gulabrao Dahake, Vasudev Raghunath Upadhye 50
ContentsJournal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics

JoEAM (2016) 1-12 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
ISSN: 2230-9845 (online), ISSN: 2321-516X (print)
Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Analytical Comparison of a Gas Turbine Blade Cooling
Using Wet and Dry Air
Snehal N. Patel1
, Dilip S. Patel2,
*, Kedar A. Pathak1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Navrachana University,
Vadodara, Gujarat, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ganpat University,
Ganpat Vidhanagar, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Air cooling is widely used technique to shield the turbine aerofoils against hot flue gases. The
cooling of a gas turbine blade using wet air and dry air as a coolant is analytically
investigated. The investigation is carried out considering effect of rotation for inward and
outward flow of coolant. Wet air cooling performance is compared with dry air cooling. It has
been observed that wet air provides better cooling and the performance improves with
increase in relative humidity. The temperature of blade at tip decreases from 1293.44 K to
1172.6 K when relative humidity of wet air is increased from 10% to 90%.
Keywords: Air and wet air cooling, gas turbine, blade, rotation, outward flow, inward flow
INTRODUCTION
Gas turbine converts the fuel energy in to
mechanical energy. During its operation, the
blade temperature may reach up to 1400 K,
which may be above the melting point of blade
metal; hence, it is essential to cool the blades
effectively. Mostly air is used as coolant for
blades for the cooling of blades.
To achieve effective cooling, various
techniques have evolved recently. Cooling air,
of around 800 K is from the compressor can be
used as a cooling media and the temperature of
the blades may be lowered to 1273 K for safer
operation [1].
Albeirutty et al. [2] proposed a general model
of the combined system to compare the
performance of the blade cooling by air, open-
loop steam and closed-loop steam. Studies on
the rotating blades suggested that the rotation
is an important parameter and need to be
analytically investigated.
Apart from internal cooling of turbine blade,
there are different techniques of providing
cooling to the gas turbine blade. The
conventional gas turbine blade analysis by
Cohen et al. [3] does not consider the effect of
rotation.
This paper presents the analysis of gas turbine
blades using dry air and wet air considering
rotation. The rotation introduces centrifugal
force on the coolant, which may increase or
decrease the temperature of coolant depending
on the coolant flow direction.
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
A MATLAB code is made to solve differential
equation implementing forward difference
scheme to determine the blade temperature at
various points across the length. The coolant is
passing span-wise from root to tip of the blade
(outward flow) or from tip to root (inward flow).
The geometry particulars and operating
parameters of gas turbine blade [4] are as
under Table 1.
In this analysis, the equations are written in
terms of relative total temperature. The
relative total temperature (Toc,rel and Tog,rel )
is the temperature at a point when the flow is
adiabatically brought to rest, with respect to
non-inertial reference frame.

ISSN: 2230-9845 (online), ISSN: 2321-516X (print)
Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Experimental Determination of Tire Stiffness using
Nitrogen
P.A. Narwade*, C.R. Shah, P.Y. Mhaske
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Vithalrao Vikhe Patil College of Engineering,
Ahmednagar, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Vehicle stability generally depends on the tire forces and torque at wheel. Forces and
reactions generated at tire play major role in the control of vehicle. On application of torque
to the wheel, due to contact friction between road, tire pushes on the ground and moves
forward and backward. Tire also supports the load of vehicle and deforms under load for the
flexibility and damping. The stiffness of fluid in tire is the important parameter for tire
stability and effectiveness. Inflation pressure in tire decides the stiffness and damping in the
tire. The objective of this paper is to discuss the experimental results of tire stiffness with air
and nitrogen. Tire stiffness of Tata Nano car with size P135/70R12 is tested on test rig for air
and nitrogen and compared for various loads. Primarily load deflection simulation of Tire is
done on Ansys software and validated with experimental result for air and then other tests are
performed. Optimized tire stiffness is obtained for minimum amplitude of vibration.
Keywords: Amplitude, inflation pressure, tire stiffness and deflection
INTRODUCTION
An effective performance of car tires depends
on tire size, tire pressure, vehicle load,
resistance to aging, resistance to wear, etc. The
tires must be large and strong enough to
support the vehicle on road. The tire must
absorb shock transferred from road
irregularities to the vehicle. Stiffness of a tire
plays an important role for a comfortable ride
for passenger, protecting the chassis and other
working parts from getting damaged due to
road irregularities. Vehicle stability largely
depends on its tire interaction with the ground.
Krzysztof tried to find some correlations in
static conditions and found that the average
tire has a radial stiffness of about 180 N/mm,
circumferential 80 N/mm and lateral 65 N/mm
[1]. It was noticed that the higher the pressure
in the tire, the stiffness increases and
optimized value of stiffness was between the
tire pressures 2.2 and 3.2 bar. R.K. Taylor et
al. derived the vertical stiffness of tire by five
different methods and found that Load-
deflection and non-rolling equilibrium load
deflection results were similar at all inflation
pressures [2]. The stationary stiffness of the
tire is usually greater than rolling tire stiffness.
Stiffness decreases significantly with speed at
low rolling speeds, but at speeds above
10 km/h is effectively constant. [3]. Air is
approximately 78% nitrogen (N2), 21%
oxygen (O2), and 1% other gases. The inflation
of tires with gas mixtures containing more
than 90% nitrogen has long been claimed to be
beneficial to tire performance [4]. W. Hall
conducted simulation of load and deflection on
LS-DYNA 3D and found approximately linear
relationship between load and deflection [5].
The modeling of the tire road interaction is of
special importance as it influences the
accuracy of the entire vehicle dynamics model.
The tire stiffness decreases more at lower
inflation pressures and is more predominant
with high inflation pressure [6].
Mathematical modeling of hyper-elastic
materials and analysis of deformation
presented by numerical simulation based on
tire deflection on the pressure and load with
the use of Abaqus CAE software was validated
by the author and was approximately same [7].
A simple on/off control strategy is developed
to improve normal forces at tires by varying
the stiffness at tires and simulated for the
better stability of the vehicle. The adjustment
of variable stiffness and damping behavior is
feasible by the use of MR damper because MR
damper is capable to change damping
coefficient rapidly [8].

Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Report on the Separation Efficiency with Separation Time
in the Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Systems Fabricated by
Polymers in this 21st Century of 3rd Millennium
Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay*
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Ministry of
Human Resource Development (Government of India), Yupia, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Abstract
In this report, author has fabricated total 1157 individual microfluidic devices including many
microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems by the maskless lithography, hot embossing lithography,
direct bonding technique, clamping, and surface modification techniques, by his own hands-
on completely. Author has used total 30 individual electrical and non-electrical instruments
(including the cleanroom equipment) to perform all experiments of this report by his own
hands-on completely. Many microfluidic flow phenomena have been experimentally
investigated in this report using the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and SU-8 as polymers.
Also, the separation of polystyrene microparticles from aqueous microparticle suspensions
have been experimentally investigated in the microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems considering
the separation efficiency and separation time as two experimental parameters of these
investigations for bioengineering applications.
Keywords: Polymer, lab-on-a-chip, separation efficiency, separation time
INTRODUCTION
In this 21st century of 3rd millennium,
Mukhopadhyay et al. have reported many
microfluidic flow phenomena in the royal-
world of science-and-technology [1–10]. Many
other scientists and researchers have also
contributed generously in the field of fluid
mechanics [11–19]. Fluid mechanics has two
branches as fluid statics and fluid dynamics
according to the motion of fluid [1–10]. The
principles of fluid mechanics are really essential
in the aerospace engineering, rocket
engineering, and mechanical engineering
including different fluid machines. For
example, Indian Space Research Organization
(ISRO) has successfully applied different
principles of fluid mechanics in the rocket
engineering towards a rocket-industry in this
21st century of 3rd millennium. To generate the
active capillary flow, the external connections
are required directly with the microfluidic
devices for different applications [1–10]. To
generate the passive capillary flow, no external
connection is required with the microfluidic
device resulting into simple microfluidic
networks [1–10]. Passive capillary flow is
generated by the surface tension forces between
the solid-liquid-gas interfaces [1–10]. After
microfluidics, the next level of fluid mechanics
is nanofluidics from the aspect of
miniaturization of the fluidic devices [10].
Separation of suspended microparticles from
liquid microparticle suspensions is a strong
field of research to develop the microfluidic
laboratory-on-a-chip systems by many active
and passive techniques. According to the
review of Sajeesh and Sen, the methods of
particle separation and sorting in microfluidic
devices are divided into three categories:
1. Passive techniques,
2. Combined techniques, and
3. Active techniques [20].
The passive techniques are divided into the
following categories:
i. Pinched flow fractionation (PFF),
ii. Inertia and dean flow fractionation,
iii. Micro vortex manipulation,
iv. Deterministic lateral displacement,
v. Zweifach–Fung effect,
vi. Filtration,

Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Effect of Different Parameters on Energy Loss Coefficient
of Square Edged Orifice Plate
Chirag Sanghani*, Dharmesh Jayani
Department of Mechanical Engineering, S.T.B.S. College of Diploma Engineering, Surat,
Gujarat, India
Abstract
Orifice meter is a differential pressure type flow measuring device in which energy loss is a
major problem. The energy loss coefficient is an important indicator of energy dissipation. In
this paper, different parameters like contraction ratio, orifice plate thickness and Reynolds
number were analyzed by numerical simulations using Ansys CFX 15.0 software for their
effects on energy dissipation. Results of simulations revealed that, Reynolds number has
negligible effect on energy loss coefficient when it is in the range of 0.5105
to 100105
. With
increasing thickness of orifice plate, the energy loss coefficient decreases slightly while it
decreases with increase in contraction ratio.
Keywords: CFD, contraction ratio, energy loss coefficient, orifice plate, Reynolds number
INTRODUCTION
In large hydropower projects, orifice plates are
used to control flood discharge due to energy
dissipation characteristics. Due to sudden
contraction and expansion of area, turbulence
is generated before and after square-edged
orifice plate, which is responsible for energy
dissipation, especially the backflow region
after orifice plate is the main source of energy
dissipation [1]. Many researchers have worked
on the effects of the geometric parameters of
orifice meter on hydraulic characteristics such
as energy loss coefficient, cavitation number,
etc. Zhang et al. showed that the energy loss
coefficient is closely related to orifice plate’s
contraction ratio [2]. The contraction ratio is
defined as the ratio of the orifice diameter and
the diameter of discharge channel.
The energy loss coefficient increases with the
decrease in contraction ratio [3]. The sharp-
edged form has larger energy dissipation ratio
compared with the square-edged and sloping-
approach type orifice [4]. Cai and Zhang
showed that the energy dissipation ratio
decreases with the increase of the thickness of
the energy dissipater [5]. The contraction
angle is a key factor influencing the effects of
the energy dissipation of the slit type energy
dissipater [6]. Rani et al. studied turbulent
flow of heavy water and light water in a cross
sectional orifice and found that the energy
dissipation rate attains the maximum value at
the wall of orifice compared to recirculation
region [7]. Wanzheng concluded that the
energy loss coefficient of sharp edged orifice
plate and its backflow region length are mainly
dominated by the contraction ratio of the
orifice plate [8]. In this work, the effects of the
geometric parameters of square edged orifice
plate such as the contraction ratio, thickness of
orifice plate and Reynolds number on the
energy loss coefficient are investigated as well
as an empirical relation of the energy loss
coefficient to concerned parameters is
presented by means of numerical simulations.
PARAMETERS AFFECTING
ENERGY LOSS COEFFICIENT
The energy loss coefficient indicates the
measure of energy dissipation. The energy loss
coefficient of square edged orifice plate can be
defined as follows [9]:
K=
∆p
0.5ρv2 (1)
Where, ∆p is the pressure difference across
orifice plate; ρ is the density of fluid and v is
the average velocity of flow in pipe. There are
many geometric as well as hydraulic
parameters that affect the energy loss
coefficient of square edged orifice plate.

ISSN: 2230-9845(online), ISSN: 2321-516X (print)
Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Effect of Input Parameters on Surface Roughness of
Wire-Cut EDM of AISI EN 31 Tool Steel
Nimratjot Singh1
, Khushdeep Goyal2,
*, Rakesh Bhatia3
1,2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yadavindra College of Engineering, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab,
India
Abstract
Wire-cut EDM is emerging machining process for machining hard to machine materials and
intricate shapes, which are impossible to make with conventional machining process. This
paper analyses the effect of significant input process parameters of WEDM, i.e., wire type,
Pulse on, Pulse off, peak current on the output parameter surface roughness of AISI EN 31
tool steel. The other process parameters like wire tension, servo voltage, wire feed rate, spark
gap voltage are kept constant. The Taguchi L18 orthogonal array is used to make a design of
experiment. Two levels have been selected for wire type while all other three input parameters
have been varied for three levels. AISI EN 31 tool steel is used as the work-piece material.
The effect of all the selected input parameters on the output responses have been analyzed
using ANOVA method. The result reveals that pulse on time and pulse off time are the most
significant to influence surface roughness, followed by wire type.
Keywords: surface roughness, process parameters, wire-cut EDM
INTRODUCTION
EDM is a one of the primitive nontraditional
machining concept, which was developed in
the late 1940s. In this process, the material is
removed from work piece in small amounts
when the series of repeated electrical
discharges takes place between the tool called
the electrode and the work piece. The material
is removed with the erosion produced by the
help of electrical discharges, thus both the tool
and work piece should be electrically
conductive to generate the spark [1].
But the EDM process which revolutionized the
tool and die, mold, and metal working
industries in the late 1960s is the Wire-cut
EDM. Wire-cut EDM is a nontraditional
machining process in which a thin wire acts as
a tool to make very complex shapes of the
work pieces. The material of the wire used in
the machining process is brass, copper, coated
wires like brass or zinc coated and cryogenic
treated wires. In this process, the material is
removed by a series of sparks between wire
electrode, i.e., tool and work piece, thus it is
also known as spark EDM. It is used for the
manufacture of geometrically intricate shapes
in two or three dimensional with good surface
finish and great accuracy. The WEDM process
is viewed as similar to counter cutting with a
band saw, as a slowly moving wire cuts the
work piece along the well-defined path, with
the discharge sparks acting like cutting tooth
[2]. In WEDM, negative electrode, i.e., tool is
a continuously moving wire and the positive
electrode is a work piece. The spark is
generated between two closely spaced
electrodes under the influence of dielectric
fluid. The dielectric fluid acts as a coolant and
helps in flushing out the debris. De-ionized
water is used as a dielectric in WEDM,
because of its low viscosity [3].
LITERATURE SURVEY
Bhatia et al. worked on the comparative
analysis of Surface Roughness of Untreated
and Cryo-Treated H-11 Die Steel by WEDM
[4]. The effect of three important parameters
like Peak Current, Pulse On and Pulse Off
time on Surface Roughness was studied. It was
that the microstructure of the cryo-treated
samples became more refined than untreated
samples. Furthermore, it was also found with
the use of the Taguchi method that the surface

Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Finite Element Analysis of Thick Beams using
Lagrange-9 Element and ADINA
Poonamrani Basavraj Patil1
, Ajay Gulabrao Dahake2,
*,
Vasudev Raghunath Upadhye3
1,2
Department of Civil Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad,
Maharashtra, India
3
Department of Civil Engineering Department, Marathwada Institute of Technology,
Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
There has been a lot of research in the field of thick beam analysis. The classical beam theory
was the first beam theory but it neglected the effects of shear deformation and this induce the
need for further research to develop the beam theory to be helpful in thick beams where the
shear deformation is paramount. In this research work, the trigonometric shear deformation
theory for thick beam, which includes the sinusoidal functions in the thickness coordinate
accounting the shear deformation, is explored. A thick simply supported beam is considered
subjected to uniformly varying load, the flexural stress and displacement along the thickness
and span are obtained. Further, the implementation of numerical method, namely finite
element method, was explored. The two-dimensional plane stress nine-noded isoparametric
displacement-based finite elements were used to develop the thick beam problem and the finite
element analysis was conducted by programming the procedure in MATLAB®, a technical
computing software. The finite element analysis procedure applied to find the displacement
and stresses in the model. The calculated displacements and stresses are validated against the
equivalent finite element analysis model in ADINA®, a general purpose finite element
analysis software.
Keywords: Thick beams, shear deformation, numerical method, finite element analysis, plane
stress formulation
INTRODUCTION
General
Beam has numerous implementations in the
field of mechanical and civil engineering. The
roots for the theories describing the beam
behaviour go back three centuries. Euler and
Bernoulli were the first to explain the
behaviour of the beams using elastic theory.
This theory is known as the Euler-Bernoulli’s
Beam Theory (ETB). Further development of
this theory is required for the thick beams.
This section explains the history and
development of these beam theories. This
section also gives insight into the working of
finite element method and its formulation,
which will help helps solve the thick beam
problems. The limitations and veracity of the
finite element analysis is explored. MATLAB,
a computational programming tool is used to
code the finite element formulation. When
used astutely this computer program help
solve thick beam problems with complex
loading and boundary conditions in matters of
minutes. A general purpose finite element
analysis (FEA) software, ADINA, built the
finite element beam models and checks the
validity of MATLAB code. Finite Element
Method (FEM) is a numerical method for
calculating approximate solution of real-world
engineering problems, which can be expressed
in terms of differential equations. It is difficult
to quote a date of invention of FEM, the
method originated from the need to solve
complex elasticity and structural analysis
problems in civil and aeronautical engineering.
The FEM obtained its real impetus in the
1960s and 1970s. One of the major advantages
of FEM is that a general purpose computer
program can be developed easily to analyse
various kinds of physical problems. FEA uses

Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics vol 7 issue 3

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Journal of Experimental & Applied Mechanics vol 7 issue 3