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9. 1. A Need of a Novel Antimicrobial Suture for Surgical Site Infection
Probinkr Roy, Pratap Kalita, Pougang Golmei, Iswar Hazarika, H. Lalhlenmawia,
Rajat Subhra Dutta 1
2. Physicochemical, Biochemical and Microbiological Characterization of Green and Black
Tea during Storage in Different Packaging Materials
Gargi Saha, Sudeshna Shyam Choudhury 5
3. Inhibition of Replication of Adenovirus by 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON)
G. Goldstein, J. L. Harden 31
4. Diagnostic Methods for Hepatitis-C Virus and Tuberculosis Coinfection among
HIV Infected Individuals: A Review
Urusha Maharjan, Sabina Rana Bhujel, Srijana Sapkota, Sunita Lamsal,
Manisha Shrestha, Sujan Sharma 38
5. Assessment of Microbial Quality of Irrigated Cabbage with Wastewater in Laelay Maychew and Tahtay
Maychew Woreda's of Aksum, Tigrai, North Ethiopia
Haftom Kebede, Eyerusalem Fikru, Kebede Haile, Haftom Hadush 42
ContentsResearch & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology & Virology

10. RRJoMV (2016) 1-4 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology
ISSN: 2230-9853(online), ISSN: 2349-4360(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
www
www.stmjournals.com
A Need of a Novel Antimicrobial Suture for Surgical Site
Infection
Probinkr Roy1
, Pratap Kalita1
, Pougang Golmei1
, Iswar Hazarika2,
*, H. Lalhlenmawia1
,
Rajat Subhra Dutta1
1
Department of Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Sciences, Zemabawk,
Aizawl, Mizoram, India
2
Department of Pharmacology, T John College of Pharmacy, Gottigere, Bannerghatta Road,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Abstract
Surgical site infections post-surgery are the major complications that lead to the patient’s
longer hospitalization which directly increases treatment cost. Triclosan is an antibacterial
agent which has been used in coating surgical sutures to prevent infection post-surgery.
Triclosan is being used since many years in many consumer products; the bacterial strains
which are emerging these days may slow down or get resistance of their effects which might
lead to the serious consequences in the future. Some studies suggest that since triclosan is an
antiseptic agent, there is no chance for microbes to get resistance against it. But several
studies strongly recommend that since this agent has been used since long times there might
be some bacterial strain which can get resistance. In this paper, we will try to give the views
of different authors working on antibacterial sutures and come up to a conclusion whether we
really are in need of a promising suture (antibacterial) for surgical site infection which could
reduce infection after surgery. In this article, our main objective is to study whether a novel
antimicrobial agent is required to prevent surgical site infection post operation.
Keywords: Surgical site infection, triclosan, antibacterial sutures, bacterial resistance
INTRODUCTION
Surgical sutures are the materials which have
crucial role in surgical procedure. Sutures are
a vital part for surgical operation, and suture-
associated surgical site infections are an
important issue of postoperative care.
Antibacterial sutures have been proved to
reduce challenging complications caused by
bacterial infections. In recent decades,
triclosan-free sutures have been on their way
to commercialization. Alternative antibacterial
substances are becoming relevant to
processing surgical suture materials.
Suture has been used since long time in
closing different layers of the wounds. Several
studies showed that antibacterial coated suture
has the ability to reduce the surgical site
complication post-surgery which is generally
caused due to bacterial infection [1]. Bacterial
resistance and reduced susceptibility to
antimicrobial agents are very challenging to
the scientists in recent days [2]. Surgical
sutures are now days coated or impregnated
with antibacterial agents such as triclosan and
are available in the market. Triclosan has been
used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, food
preservative and many cosmetic products
(SCCP/1251/09) [3]. Triclosan has multiple
targets against bacteria, although concentration
of triclosan plays main role in targeting
cells [4].
Surgical Site Infection
Surgical site infection (SSI) means infection at
the surgical site after surgery. Surgical site
infections are the second most common
problem associated with the hospitalized
patients who had undergone surgery. Surgical
site infections generally increase the days of
hospitalization and medication bills and also
morbidity and mortality. To prevent surgical
site infection, although surgical procedure,
sterilization methods and aseptic surgical area
have been modified according to the
prevention of surgical site infection guidelines

11. RRJoMV (2016) 5-30 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 5
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology
ISSN: 2230-9853(online), ISSN: 2349-4360(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Physicochemical, Biochemical and Microbiological
Characterization of Green and Black Tea during Storage
in Different Packaging Materials
Gargi Saha1
, Sudeshna Shyam Choudhury2,
*
1
National Tea Research Foundation, Tea Board, Government of India, Tea Board, 14, B.T.M. Sarani,
9th Floor, Kolkata, India
2
Department of Microbiology, St. Xavier’s College, 30, Park Street, Kolkata, India
Abstract
The storage of tea is an important endeavor for tea industry. The appealing characteristics of
this beverage are its aroma, taste, colour as well as its antioxidant and antimicrobial
qualities. The different manufacturing strategies for black and green tea affect the shelf life of
different types of commercially available tea varieties. Different types of packaging alter the
quality parameters of different tea clones. The quality parameters are assessed according to
the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) parameters. Green tea is superior
with respect to physicochemical, biochemical, microbiological parameters at the
fresh/unstored condition than black tea but it is found that the rate of change in
physicochemical properties such as ash content, moisture content, crude fat, crude fiber,
crude protein are much higher (% reduction is higher) than that of the black tea samples. The
biochemical quality parameters (flavonoid, caffeine, amino acid, antioxidant potentials,
theaflavin, thearubigin, total catechins, total tannins etc.), and microbiological parameters
(antimicrobial activities—growth inhibition in solid and liquid medium, growth of
microorganisms in aqueous solutions of different tea) are also reduced in higher percentage
in green tea. It is pertinent to mention here that the aluminium packaging with silica
desiccants renders better protection against storage-related deterioration of tea quality
parameters.
Keywords: Physicochemical, green and black tea, quality parameters, shelf life, packaging
INTRODUCTION
Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the largest consumed
beverage in the world. There are many varieties
of tea based on manufacturing processes such
as green tea (14% world tea consumption),
black tea (85% world tea consumption), white
tea and oolong tea (altogether 1%) (www.teausa
.com/14655/tea-fact-sheet). Various analytical
tools have been reported for estimation of tea
quality in terms of colour, tone, strength,
briskness, astringency, and other characteristics
[1]. The storability of different types of tea is an
important challenge for tea industries [2]. In
exercise of the powers by section 92 of the
Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (34 of
2006), the tea quality parameters were tested
accordingly in fresh and stored conditions
(www.fssai.gov.in/Portals/0/FSSAI regulations.pdf).
Tea contains various biochemical components
viz. flavonoids, other polyphenols, minerals,
and trace elements that are essential for human
health. The chemical composition of tea varies
in different varieties. Variability in composition
is an important factor that dictates the taste,
flavor and health benefits of a specific type of
tea [3, 50]. There is a direct association between
tea quality and the content of tea amino acids,
caffeine and polyphenols in tea leaf [4]. Green
tea contains catechins such as epigallocatechin-
3-gallate, responsible for its antioxidant and
antimicrobial properties [5]. Quality of black
tea in its broadest sense is the cumulative effect
of all desirable attributes by which it is judged
for its market value. Aroma, flavor, briskness,
strength and colour represent the quality of
black tea in general and the concentration of
chemical constituents present in a brew affects
the quality of tea [6]. The fermentation process
of black tea produces other groups of
polyphenols known as theaflavins (TF) and

12. RRJoMV (2016) 31-37 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 31
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology
ISSN: 2230-9853(online), ISSN: 2349-4360(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Inhibition of Replication of Adenovirus by 6-diazo-5-oxo-
L-norleucine (DON)
G. Goldstein*, J.L. Harden
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Dermira, Ohio 43015
United States
Abstract
The antibiotic known as 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) inhibits the growth of several
types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. DON has also been demonstrated to
inhibit the replication of poliovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, mumps, and herpes simplex
virus in cultured eukaryotic cells. DON is an analogue of glutamine and inhibits the synthesis
of glycoproteins and purine nucleotides in cells that are treated with the antibiotic. DON
inhibits the aminotransferase enzyme that uses the amino group of glutamine to construct the
precursor molecules of nucleotides and to convert fructose-6-phosphate into glucosamine for
glycoprotein synthesis. DON does not inhibit the enzyme activity of Buffalo green monkey
kidney (BGMK) cells at concentrations as high as 2,500 µg/ml. At a concentration of 5 µg/ml,
DON inhibits the replication of adenovirus in BGMK cells by 71.7% and at a concentration of
10 µg/ml, DON inhibits the replication of adenovirus by 92%. Addition of excess glutamine
and nucleosides partially reverses the inhibition of adenovirus replication by DON while the
addition of excess glucosamine has no effect on the inhibition of virus replication by DON.
These results suggest that DON inhibits the replication of adenovirus by inhibiting the
metabolism of glutamine and nucleosides during adenovirus replication but not glycoprotein
synthesis.
Keywords: 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), adenovirus, Buffalo Green Monkey Kidney
(BGMK) cells
INTRODUCTION
The antibiotic known as 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-
norleucine (DON), discovered in 1956, is
produced by an unidentified species of
Streptomyces bacteria [1]. DON exhibits
antibacterial effects and inhibits the replication
of several types of Gram-positive and Gram-
negative bacteria [2] but has also been shown
to inhibit the growth of some types of tumors
[3–5].
DON has also been shown to inhibit the
replication of poliovirus [6], human
parainfluenza virus type 2, mumps and
vesicular stomatitis virus [7], respiratory
syncytial virus [8], and herpes simplex virus
[9] in cultured eukaryotic cells even though
early literature stated that DON exhibits no
antiviral effect on the growth of a variety of
human viruses in monkey kidney cultures [1].
DON is an analogue of glutamine and inhibits
the amino transferase enzyme that uses the
amino group of glutamine to convert fructose-
6-phosphate into glucosamine [10–12].
DON inhibits the synthesis of nucleotides by
preventing the transfer of the amino group
from glutamine to ribonucleotide precursors
[13]. Half of all of the nitrogen atoms in the
nitrogenous base portions of nucleotides

13. RRJoMV (2016) 38-41 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 38
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology
ISSN: 2230-9853(online), ISSN: 2349-4360(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Diagnostic Methods for Hepatitis-C Virus and
Tuberculosis Coinfection among HIV Infected
Individuals: A Review
Urusha Maharjan*, Sabina Rana Bhujel, Srijana Sapkota, Sunita Lamsal,
Manisha Shrestha, Sujan Sharma
School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Kaski, Nepal
Abstract
HIV is the chronic viral infection documented worldwide. HIV virus infects and destroys
helper T cells (CD4) leading to a number of immunological deficiencies among which
Hepatitis-C Virus (HCV) and Tuberculosis (TB) are the major. HCV is a RNA virus that
infects the liver leading to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and is a leading cause of
deaths in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Tuberculosis, the most common opportunistic
infection in HIV positive patients, affects mainly lungs and is transmitted exogenously. HIV
and HCV have similar routes of transmission via blood and blood products, sexual contact, IV
drug users and vertical transmission. Tuberculosis (TB) is transmitted through aerosol
exposure as well as transplacentally. About 30% of HIV-positive individuals are co-infected
with HCV worldwide. The sample for HCV detection can be blood and that for tuberculosis,
can be both blood and sputum. The diagnosis of HCV in HIV patients can be done by ELISA
and kit methods. Similarly diagnosis of tuberculosis can be done by AFB staining,
fluorescence microscopy, by culturing in Lowenstein Jensen media, ELISA test as well as by
Mantoux test. Since HCV and tuberculosis are the major co-infections among HIV infected
individuals, there requires the accurate, specific and rapid tests that can be carried out in
routine laboratory procedures.
Keywords: HIV, HCV, tuberculosis, ELISA, AFB stain, Mantoux test
INTRODUCTION
HIV is the chronic viral infection documented
worldwide. It infects and destroys helper T
cells (CD4) leading to a number of
immunological deficiencies. It may be
transmitted through blood while blood
transfusion, needle sharing among IV drug
user, open wound and mucus membranes
exposure in health care worker and tattoo
needles. It is mainly transmitted through
sexual contact and transplacentally. HIV
causes lytic and latent infection of CD4 T cells
and persistent infection of cells of the
monocyte, macrophages family and disrupts
neuron function. The outcomes of these
actions are immunodeficiency diseases and
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
dementia [1].
Morbidity and mortality from infection with
hepatitis C virus (HCV) in HIV-positive
patients are increasing and have become a
major challenge in the management of such
patients. An estimated 30% of HIV-positive
individuals are co-infected with HCV in the
USA and Europe. Recent large trials in
patients with HIV and HCV co-infection have
shown promising overall response rates
between 27% and 40%, thereby changing the
prognosis and guidelines for care of such
patients [2]. Co-infected individuals may have
an altered response to antiretroviral treatment
(ART) and are at increased risk of ART-
related hepatotoxicity.
Likewise, response rates to HCV therapy in
co-infected individuals are generally 10% to
15% lower than with HCV monoinfection, and
therapy may also be complicated by ART drug
interactions and significant toxicity [3]. Co-
infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and
HIV is common because of similarities in the
routes of transmission. Co-infection with HIV
accelerates the progression of HCV liver

14. RRJoMV (2016) 42-48 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology
ISSN: 2230-9853(online), ISSN: 2349-4360(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Assessment of Microbial Quality of Irrigated Cabbage
with Wastewater in Laelay Maychew and Tahtay
Maychew Woreda’s of Aksum, Tigrai, North Ethiopia
Haftom Kebede1,
*, Eyerusalem Fikru1
, Kebede Haile2
, Haftom Hadush2
1
Department of Biology, Collage of Natural and Computational Science, Aksum University,
Aksum, Ethiopia
2
Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Abstract
Wastewater can be defined as water that has been badly affected in quality by anthropogenic
effect and the possible origin can be from domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural
activities, surface run off or storm water and from drain inflow or infiltration. Quality of
water and other food can be checked by the presence of Coliform bacteria because these
bacteria are the predominant indicators. The purpose of this study was to determine the
microbial quality of irrigated cabbage with wastewater in Laelay Maychew and Tahtay
Maychaw woredas of Aksum by checking the Coliform bacteria’s load as the farmers use
wastewater for irrigation to cultivate different vegetables. A total of four samples were taken
randomly using glass bottle and 11.05x108
cfu/m/ of coli form was isolated using MacConkey
Agar. Samples were directly transported to Aksum university department of biology
laboratory and processed within five hours. Eosin, methylene blue agar Levine (EMB),
MacConkey Agar was used for the detection of the samples. Descriptive statistics were used to
describe the data. 100% of the irrigated cabbage were positive for coliform bacteria.
Typically, the non-lactose fermenter gram negative coliform bacteria such as Citrobacter and
Hafnia. Both were appeared as colorless on MacConkey Agar. A total of 9.7x 106
cfu/ml
coliform bacteria form two samples that were collected from Laelay Maychew woreda Sofho
Keble and 10.77x107
cfu/ml from two samples of Tahtay Maychew woreda Ade’eko kebele. A
minimum of 2.8x105
cfu/ml and maximum of 6.2 x 106
cfu/ml coliform bacteria were recorded.
The study has confirmed high bacterial load on the irrigated cabbage, so it needs further
investigation for specific microbial identification and water treatment should be applied.
Keywords: E.coli, coliform, wastewater, cabbage, Tahtay Machew, Laelay Machew
INTRODUCTION
Water is becoming an increasingly scarce
resource in many counties throughout the
world. The main reason for the rapid growth of
wastewater production and its reuse is due to
increasing population and industrial as well as
urban expansion. It is roughly estimated that at
least 20 million hectares of land in 50
countries are irrigated with raw or partially
treated wastewater [1]. Besides to its usage as
a source of water, the major objective of
wastewater use is the effective utilization of its
rich stock of nutrients for agricultural and
other purposes. It is becoming familiar to use
wastewater in agriculture because of the wide
range of advantages accompany on it. These
advantages include conservation of water,
provision of reliable water supply and
recycling of nutrients, thereby reducing the
need for farmers to invest in chemical
fertilizers. There are also some risks, when
people use wastewater for crop production.
Irrigation activities with wastewater bring
major associated health risks of infection with
intestinal worms [2]. Also, depending on the
source of the wastewater it might contain
chemical pollutants and heavy metals that can
accumulate in the soil and crops thereby
posing a threat to human health.
Wastewater is any water that has been
adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic
influence. Wastewater can originate from a
combination of domestic, industrial,

15. ISSN 2230-9853 (Online)
ISSN 2349-4360 (Print)
Microbiology &
Virology
Research & Reviews :
A Journal of
(RRJoMV)
September–December 2016
conducted
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Energy Science/ /
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