Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks (JoTSSN): is a print and e-journal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers on all areas of Telecommunication, switching systems and Networks. Focus and Scope Covers Fiber Optic Communication Systems Time Division Switching Systems Voice Data Integration Schemes Integrated Service Digital Network Transmission System and Signaling Systems Urban or Metropolitan Area Networks Wide Area Networks Telephone Switches Stronger Switching Systems Traffic Engineering

1. Journal of
Telecommunication,
Switching Systems
& Networks
(JoTSSN)
September–December 2016
ISSN 2454-6372 (Online)
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Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks
ISSN: 2454-6372 (online)
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8. It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3, Issue 3] of our Journal of
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9. 1. Adapting the LTE Architecture to 5G: Challenges and Possibilities
MohamadShafiulAlam, Md. MirazurRahman, A.S.M Shamsul Arefin 1
2. Network Selection with Load Balancing in Wireless Heterogeneous Environment
Manish Sachdeva, Kiran Ahuja 7
3. 2.9 GHz Plus Slotted Square Microstrip Patch Antenna
Rajesh Tiwari, Archana Lala, Vinod Kumar Singh, Anurag Saxena, Nikhil Kumar Singh 16
4. Visible Light Communication System with Various OFDM Signaling Techniques for IM/DD Channels
Shally Gujral, Monika Tuteja, Kamajiit Bhatia, Harjitpal Singh 21
5. Articulation Point Technique in MANET
Neetendra Singh Dhakad, Anjana Goen 25
ContentsJournal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks

10. JoTSSN (2016) 1-6 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks
ISSN: 2454-6372(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Adapting the LTE Architecture to 5G: Challenges and
Possibilities
Mohamad Shafiul Alam1,
*, Md. Mirazur Rahman2
, A.S.M Shamsul Arefin3
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Northern University Bangladesh,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
3
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abstract
Research directions indicate a behemoth shift will be required from the existing framework to
activate 5G in full swing. Current researches are intensively working in this field, however, it
will take significant time to reach the ultimate goal. Emphasis has been given on the factors
and challenges of 5G, solutions have been proposed accordingly, and some ideas about the
architecture have been achieved so far. The work shown in this study is not necessarily a
radical one, rather demonstrated the challenges, their possible solutions, and more
importantly the proposed solutions are precisely discussed in the context of the architecture. It
has been assumed that the whole architecture is closely adjacent to the existing 4G
architecture, except that all those elements in the same architecture will be far more capable
to enable 5G. Addressing the requirements in a very precise approach, addressing the
solutions, and finally locating exactly where they would be applied within the architecture is
the main objective.
Keywords: 5G, LTE, adaptation, macrocell, MIMO
INTRODUCTION
With the advancement of technologies in
cellular network, the fifth generation (5G) is
not just going to be a gradual evolution from
4G and previous ones, rather a massive shift
from the existing system. The eventual goal of
5G is to connect multiple devices under a
unified umbrella for any kind of beneficial
application. The application can be used to
design smart home, safe traffic supervision,
automated industry process as well as to
transfer bulk media files and to make video
calls.
5G networks will not be based on a single
specific network topology rather it will be the
adaptation of all earlier generations’ mobile
system with enhanced technologies like WiFi,
Internet of Things (IoT) and D2D
communications [1]. The specification of 5G
will include the development of flexible air
interface, high traffic capacity also in terms of
latency and reliability. Also development of
Narrow-Band IoTis required enabling huge
connectivity between devices. As the
technology is evolving the use of higher
spectrum for subscriber access is required but
side by side lower spectrum should exist
because the migration of user cannot be done
overnight.
The write up is a cumulative narration of the
requirements of 5G network. The business
modification and optimization works could be
done further to implement in real time. The
total system consists of multiple protocol
layers and merger of different transmission
and communication systems. Higher end smart
devices and higher bandwidth availability are
the key factors to support complex user
applications for voice and data communication
provided by the single service provider.
5G is not actually a new idea but the mixer of
all user imaginations and capacity in a single
frame. The freedom of user is unlimited. The
communication between devices should be
through different transmission media/
interfaces.

11. JoTSSN (2016) 7-15 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 7
Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks
ISSN: 2454-6372 (online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Network Selection with Load Balancing in Wireless
Heterogeneous Environment
Manish Sachdeva*, Kiran Ahuja
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, DAV Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
Abstract
Coexistence of various wireless radio access networks (RAN) and ability of mobile terminals
to switch between them efficiently makes an optimal selection of serving mobile networks for
groups of mobile-clients a major challenge with efficient load balancing. To overcome this
problem, more flexible heterogeneous wireless networks (HWN) are required with the
advantage of mobility, consistency, ubiquitous provision and improved spectral efficiency. In
this paper, network selection with load balancing criteria is proposed in HWN. In
heterogeneous environment, WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) are considered. Network selection based on load
balancing is considered by quality of service (QoS) factors such as RSS (Received Signal
Strength), bandwidth, BER (Bit Error Rate), throughput and network load. Graphical results
show the efficient network selection with load balancing while prevailing required QoS for
100 users.
Keywords: Load balancing, quality of service (QoS), WiMAX, WLAN, HWN
INTRODUCTION
In new generation wireless networks
(NGWN), it is a challenging job to integrate
multiple wireless access technologies to
provide mobility and smooth accessibility to
mobile users with high-speed wireless
connectivity. This will be possible with the
implementation of heterogeneous wireless
access environment where different and
disparate radio access technologies (RATs) are
grouped together to provide best connectivity
for the user. HWN is essentially made up of
existing disparate radio access network (RAN)
technologies (e.g. WiMAX, Wi-Fi, WCDMA,
GPRS, EDGE, 3G, LTE, etc.). They usually
consist of multiple different architectures,
transmission solutions, and base stations of
varying power capacity. The constituent
networks are used for the purposes of
improving user experience, reducing
bottlenecks in RAN and core network (CN).
HWN also introduces intelligent IP traffic
routing and manages efficient load balancing
and resource allocation. In this HWN, more
than one user terminal will seamlessly and
dynamically roam between the different RATs
(Radio Access Technologies), so as to
maintain the most optimal network
connectivity for services. It is the key issue in
resource management for heterogeneous
wireless network to decide when a device
should perform a vertical handover and the
handover execution procedure [1]. With
multiple available wireless networks, modern
mobile devices like cell phones, PDA’s,
tablets, PCs, scan these different networks and
the user manually selects which network he or
she wants to use, this leads to unbalancing in
traffic load if all the users select the network
having higher strength and ignore other
available networks. Wireless traffic load can
be balanced to avoid congestion and
performance degradation in any of the
networks [2]. In past recent years mobile data
traffic has grown exponentially due to increase
in electronic gadgets like PCs, smart-phones,
tablets, laptops, smart watches, music players,
etc., and a single wireless network is no longer
capable to serve such a huge user equipment
efficiently. So, more than one wireless
network is required for the sufficient spectrum
efficiency, coverage and service for the users
which leads to increase in demand of HWN
(Figure 1).

12. JoTSSN (2016) 16-20 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16
Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks
ISSN: 2454-6372 (online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
2.9 GHz Plus Slotted Square Microstrip Patch Antenna
Rajesh Tiwari1
, Archana Lala1
, Vinod Kumar Singh2,
*, Anurag Saxena2
,
Nikhil Kumar Singh2
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, S. R. Group of Institutions, Jhansi,
Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, S. R. Group of Institutions, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
This paper contains microstrip patch antenna designed by way of coaxial feed technique. The
antenna is mainly intended to be used for WiMAX middle band (3.25–3.85 GHz) wireless
applications. The result shows that wide bandwidth of 68.46% is obtained covering the
frequency range from 2.32 to 4.73 GHz. The characteristics of the designed structure are
investigated by using MoM based on electromagnetic solver, IE3d. In the end, an extensive
analysis of the return loss, radiation pattern and gain of the proposed antenna has been
studied.
Keywords: Microstrip antenna, broadband, efficiency, bandwidth
INTRODUCTION
In numerous homes and offices, the cordless
phones free us from the short leash of handset
cords. Cell phones give us even more
independence such that we can communicate
with each other at any instance and in any
place. Wireless technology provides us access
to the internet without suffering from running
yards of unsightly and expensive cable. The
trend of these applications and technology has
radically decreased the weight and size.
Therefore, there is requirement for antennas of
small sized light-weighted, low profile with
good directivity and radiation pattern in the
horizontal plane [1–5]. Conventional
microstrip antennas generally have a
conducting patch printed on a grounded
microwave substrate having great components
like low profile, light weight, smooth
fabrication and conformability to mounting
hosts.
A mechanically thicker and strong substrate
will boost the power radiation, diminish
conductor loss and enhance impedance
bandwidth. However, it will also boost the
weight, dielectric loss, surface wave loss and
extraneous radiation from the probe feed. The
substrate dielectric constant acts a role similar
to that of substrate thickness. A low dielectric
constant for the substrate will increase the
fringing field at the patch periphery. This is
resulted that the radiated power of the antenna
will be also increased. Thus, a dielectric
constant of less than 2.55 is chosen unless a
smaller patch size is needed. An increase in
the substrate thickness has effects on the
antenna characteristics as decreasing the value
of the dielectric constant.
A high substrate loss tangent increases the
dielectric loss of the antenna, which results to
reduce the antenna efficiency. Patch width has
a minimum effect on the resonant frequency
and radiation pattern of the antenna. However,
it affects the input resistance and bandwidth to
a larger extent. A bigger patch width increases
the power radiated and therefore provides a
decreased resonant resistance, increased
bandwidth, and increased radiation efficiency.
A constraint against a larger patch width is the
creation of grating lobes in antenna arrays
[6–10].
It has been suggested that the length to width
ratio of the path has to be in the range of one
and two (1<L/W<2) to achieve a good
radiation efficiency. The resonant frequency
depends on patch length, and plays a crucial
role in the design parameters, because of the
inherent narrow bandwidth of the patch.

13. JoTSSN (2016) 21-24 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 21
Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks
ISSN: 2454-6372(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Visible Light Communication System with Various OFDM
Signaling Techniques for IM/DD Channels
Shally Gujral1
, Monika Tuteja1,
*, Kamajiit Bhatia2
, Harjitpal Singh3
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Anand College of Engineering and
Management, Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CT Institute of Engineering,
Management & Technology, Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Giani Zail Singh Campus,
Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
Abstract
Lightening using light emitting diodes is very energy efficient method for illumination. This
type of communication is known as visible light communication. Further, with the use of
OFDM technique, multiuser communication is also possible in VLC. But the problem with
OFDM is that it has both positive and negative amplitude, due to which it is not preferable for
direct detection channels. For making it worthy for VLC in all manners, various techniques
have been suggested like Dc-biased OFDM, asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM, pulse
amplitude modulated discrete multi-tone OFDM.
Keywords: Visible light communication (VLC), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM), intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD), asymmetrically clipped optical
OFDM (ACO-OFDM)
INTRODUCTION
In visible light communication, the two most
important electronic components are light
emitting diodes (LEDs) and photo diodes
(PDs). At the transmitter end, LED emits
incoherent light which is detected by
photodiodes at receiver end. But with these
two electronic components, the actual phase
and amplitude of light signal can’t be
modulated or detected. With IM/DD technique
used in visible light communication system,
the information is encoded into number of
photons at the transmitter and sent to receiver
at the same time. Various modulation schemes
like ON-OFF keying (OOK), pulse code
modulation (PCM), and sub carrier binary
phase shift keying (SC-BPSK) are available
which can be used for modulation of
information signal [1].
The use of orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing in VLC makes it perfect
communication system due to the strong
obstruction of OFDM to multipath
interference. But there is a major drawback of
OFDM based system that it is having a crest in
time domain which results in reduced power
efficiency in radio frequency based systems.
This disadvantage is turned to be an advantage
in optical LED system. This crest in time
domain is used to modulate the IM/DD signal.
It is chosen such that the LED operates in the
linear region of the current versus intensity
curve. Most of the research in the area of
visible light communication using OFDM has
been theoretical. The goal of the project is to
implement an experimental system. In this
experimental system, it is basically exploited
that how the high crest factor of OFDM can be
used for intensity modulation in optical LED
system.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RF AND
VLC
As now a day, there is very much use of LED
light bulbs everywhere, so, visible light
communication is at the top in the current
optical wireless communication scenario. Also
with OFDM, the problem of capacity shortage
in wireless data communication is resolved
[8]. As discussed earlier that amplitude shift
keying, pulse width and position modulation

14. JoTSSN (2016) 25-34 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 25
Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks
ISSN: 2454-6372(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Articulation Point Technique in MANET
Neetendra Singh Dhakad*, Anjana Goen
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Rustamji Institute of Technology,
Border Security Force Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
The mobile ad hoc network, which is a wireless network of special type and has a collection of
wireless hosts with wireless network interfaces, encompasses a temporary network, without
any established infrastructure or centralized administration. All wireless nodes will start
broadcasting again all the received broadcast messages. It is a common problem called as
blind broadcast. Every node may receive the same copy of the messages from all the
neighboring nodes. It is termed as unnecessary overhead. This broadcast overhead is reduced
by the connected dominating set approach. So, a virtual backbone which reduces the
communication overhead, increases the bandwidth efficiency, reduces channel bandwidth
consumption, decreases the energy consumption, increases network operation life, and
provides better resource management. Present work is to implement articulation-points
concept into MCDS problem and find out MCDS problem using articulation points. Now we
implement new algorithm that utilizes the articulation points, has been proposed and
evaluated. Here, selection of the maximum degree node is the right choice to start. Proposed
algorithm starts with computation of articulation points in a connected graph. This algorithm
assumes the existence of articulation points. The assumption is largely valid in view of the
dynamic topology of wireless ad hoc network. This is analyzed with simulation on NS-2
simulator.
Keywords: Ad-hoc network, connected dominating set, MCDS, minimum connected
dominating node, on-demand distance vector
INTRODUCTION
A mobile ad hoc network is a collection of
independent mobile nodes that can
communicate to each other via radio waves.
The mobile nodes that are in radio range of
each other can directly communicate, whereas
others need the aid of intermediate nodes to
route their packets. Each of the nodes has a
wireless interface to communicate with each
other. These networks are fully distributed, and
can work at any place without the help of any
fixed infrastructure as access points or base
stations. Figure 1 shows a simple ad-hoc
network with three nodes. Node 1 and node 3
are not within range of each other; however the
node 2 can be used to forward packets between
node 1 and nodes 2. The node 2 will act as a
router and these three nodes together form an
ad-hoc network. A CDS of a graph G=(V,E) is
defined as a subset V‘⊆V such that each node in
VV‘ is adjacent to at least one node in V’ and
the graph induced by V’, i.e. G(V’) is a
connected sub graph of G. The nodes in the
CDS are called as dominators and the rest of the
nodes of the network are called as dominatees.
With the help of CDS, routing can be easier.
During routing, broadcasting responsibilities lie
only on the CDS nodes. So, only the CDS
nodes maintain the routing information. To save
the storage space and reduce the traffic during
communication, it is desirable to construct a
CDS with minimum cardinality. The problem
of finding the CDS with minimum cardinality is
called minimum connected dominating set
(MCDS) problem, which is NP-complete [1].
Therefore, researchers are only interested for
polynomial time distributed algorithms for
finding out MCDS in WSN. The quality of the
CDS is evaluated by its approximation factor,
which is the ratio of its size of the constructed
CDS to the size of the MCDS. Also, in the
energy constrained wireless networks, to extend
the battery life and optimize power
consumption, speedy switches between disjoint
CDSs are carried out [2]. For these types of
networks, we should construct the CDSs with

15. Journal of
Telecommunication,
Switching Systems
& Networks
(JoTSSN)
September–December 2016
ISSN 2454-6372 (Online)
www.stmjournals.com
STM JOURNALS
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