Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology vol 7 issue 3

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STM JOURNALS

1. Sodium Benzoate and Urea as Promoters in Sillimanite Flotation
Mihir D.M., Rama Rao V.V., Padmasree R. 1
2. Evolution of Empirical Equations for Prediction of Melting Point and Latent Heat of Alkanes
S.P. Singh, Vijay Bhat 8
3. Structural Investigations of NiFe2O4 Synthesised by the Pyrolysis of Single Source Precursor
Kalpanadevi K, Manimekalai R 12
4. Physicochemical Qualitative Analysis of River Water, Underground Water and Pond Water of Rewa City,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Manoj Kumar Solanki, O.P. Gupta 17
5. Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Poly (2-Methyl Aniline-CO-2-Chloro Aniline) and Poly (2-
Methyl Aniline-CO-2-Chloro Aniline)-Nanocomposite-CuO
L. Jose Kethrin, S. Jhancy Mary 35
ContentsJournal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology

JoMCCT (2016) 1-7 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Volume 7, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Sodium Benzoate and Urea as Promoters in
Sillimanite Flotation
Mihir D.M.1,
*, Rama Rao V.V.2
, Padmasree R.3
1
Process Department, JP Mukherji and Associates Pvt. Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India
2
Head of Research and Development Department, Trimex Sands Pvt. Ltd, Srikakulam,
Andhra Pradesh, India
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering (Autonomous),
Visakhapatnam, Andhra University, India
Abstract
Sillimanite is an alumino-silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al2SiO5. Sillimanite in
general is concentrated by gravity separation methods followed by froth flotation.
Hydrophobicity is induced to sillimanite surface by adsorbing surfactant (oleic acid/oleate)
molecules selectively and the mineral is collected into froth as concentrate. Other reagents
used are; sodium silicate to depress garnet and silica and sodium hydroxide to adjust the pulp
pH. In the present study, hydrotropes (sodium benzoate and urea) were introduced to improve
the solubility of oleic acid in aqueous phase that is flotation pulp. It is noted that hydrotropes
improve the recovery of sillimanite with marketable grades of concentrate.
Keywords: Sillimanite, froth flotation, hydrotropes, sodium benzoate, urea
INTRODUCTION
Zirconium, monozite, rutile, ilmenite and
garnet are all rare earth minerals, grouped as
heavy beach sands. Heavy mineral sands are
placer deposits formed most usually in beach
environments by concentration due to the
specific gravity of the minerals. Minerals
present in the Srikakulam deposit are ilmenite,
rutile, zircon, monazite, sillimanite, and
garnet. ROM (Run of Mines) is screened first
and then introduced to the series of spirals,
splitting it into three fractions namely
concentrate, middlings and tails. Concentrate
is composed of ilmenite, rutile, zircon (heavy
minerals) whose specific gravity lies between
4.2 and 4.8. Middlings are dominant with
garnet and sillimanite. Middlings are fed to the
upward current classifier which removes most
of the garnet fraction as under flow, still the
remaining material is a combined mixture of
sillimanite, garnet, quartz and a very small
fraction of ilmenite, rutile, zircon (upper
concentrate).
Feed to flotation which is tested in this
experimental work is the top product of UCC
(upper current classifier). Mineralogical
composition of feed is ilmenite 0.91%, rutile
0.44%, zircon 0.21%, monazite 0.18%, garnet
9.80%, sillimanite 25.02%, others 2.06%,
quartz 61.38%. Particle size analysis of the
feed to flotation is –600+250 µm=24.769%, –
250+150 µm=63.111%, –150 µm=12.12%.
SOAP FLOTATION
Oxide (hematite), silicate (sillimanite) and salt
type (apatite, dolomite) minerals are
conventionally recovered as concentrates using
fatty acids or their soaps as collector in
industrial practices [1, 2]. Hydrotropes are
known to enhance the dissolution of
hydrophobic molecules in aqueous phase [3].
In the previous studies, sodium benzoate is
studied by one of the authors (Mihir) as
promotor in the soap flotation of rock
phosphate [4]. Other hydrotropes so far tested
as promotors in soap flotation are; urea,
sodium salicylate and sodium citrate [5].
FLOTATION FEED PREPARATION
 The feed to flotation from the plant is
dried and mixed homogeneously.

Volume 7, Issue 3
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Evolution of Empirical Equations for Prediction of
Melting Point and Latent Heat of Alkanes
S.P. Singh*, Vijay Bhat
School of Energy and Environmental Studies, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore,
Abstract
Alkanes and paraffins are well recognized phase change materials (PCMs) for low and
medium range temperature thermal energy storage applications. Melting point and latent heat
are two crucial parameters for any PCM for its use in any thermal storage application. The
values of these parameters are normally measured by expensive and time consuming
measuring devices.
In this paper, three empirical equations are presented to predict the melting point and latent
heat of alkanes using carbon number as the only input variable. The theoretical results were
found comparable with the experimental results within the error limit of ±3.5% for melting
point of alkanes with carbon number between 17 and 60. Latent heat values predicted were
also in good agreement with the experimental values.
Keywords: phase change material (PCM), phase transition, carbon number, latent heat,
specific heat
INTRODUCTION
Phase change materials (PCMs) have shown
great promise for their applications in thermal
storage [1]. They offer the advantage of
storage and release of heat isothermally. The
amount of heat stored or released depends
upon the latent heat of PCM. Melting point of
PCM is another important parameter, which
decides its suitability for a particular
application. Therefore, characterization of
PCM is important for optimized thermal heat
storage. Optimization of parameters for any
application relies upon the knowledge of
relevant parameters along with proper
numerical modeling.
Various numerical models have been proposed
for application of PCM for heat storage [2]. In
all these models variation of specific heat
during phase transition is represented as delta,
triangular, Gaussian function, along with look
up tables and Fourier analysis. Numerical
models have been presented for prediction of
latent heat or melting point of eutectics or
mixture of two PCMs [3]. Some attempts also
have been made for prediction of melting point
and latent heat or variation of latent heat with
pressure [4, 5]. In case of alkanes, it has been
well established that melting point of PCM
increases with increase in the carbon number
[6]; but no equation or model was found
during literature review for prediction of
melting point or latent heat by the knowledge
of carbon number. In the present work, a
nonlinear model has been worked out using
regression analysis for relating the carbon
number and melting point or latent heat.
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Melting point, boiling point and latent heat for
alkanes have been predicted by chemical graph
theory or by modeling the physical process of
melting and freezing based on molecular
interactions [7–10]. Dependence of
thermodynamic properties on molecular
structure is analyzed for organic PCMs [11];
this work also reviewed the various
approaches for prediction of thermodynamic
properties but seems to be complex. All these
models are based on difficult mathematical
approach for prediction of thermodynamic
properties related to any PCM.
In contrast to the above, the present work is
based on simple nonlinear regression analysis
for prediction of latent heat and melting point

Volume 7, Issue 3
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Structural Investigations of NiFe2O4 Synthesised by the
Pyrolysis of Single Source Precursor
Kalpanadevi K., Manimekalai R.*
Department of Chemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
NiFe2O4 nanoparticles have been synthesized using the single source precursor
[NiFe2(cin)3(N2H4)3] via pyrolysis thermal decomposition route. The single source precursor
prepared by a simple precipitation method, was characterised by hydrazine and metal
analyses, infrared spectral analysis and thermo-gravimetric analysis. Using appropriate
annealing conditions, NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesised by the thermal treatment of the
precursor. From XRD and HRTEM studies, the particle size of the sample was found to be
around 11 nm. SEM results showed that the sample possesses agglomerated and randomly
distributed nanorods.
Keywords: NiFe2O4 nanoparticles; hydrazine; pyrolysis; XRD, HRTEM, SEM
INTRODUCTION
Spinel ferrites have been extensively studied in
recent years for their valuable electrical and
magnetic properties, and applications in
several important technological fields such as
ferrofluids [1], electronic gadgets, information
storage, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
drug-delivery technology and catalysis [2].
Among these spinel ferrites, the inverse type is
particularly remarkable due to their high
magnetocrystalline anisotropy, high saturation
magnetization from a typical crystal and
magnetic structure. Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) is
one of the most important spinel ferrites as
well as a distinctive spin soft-magnetic ferrite.
Nickel ferrite and its derivatives have been
used as inert anodes for electrometallurgical
applications particularly for the production of
aluminum by Hall Heroult process [3]. It has
been found to be a highly reproducible
humidity [4] and gas [5] sensor material.
Various methods have been developed to
synthesize nanocrystalline NiFe2O4 such as
mechanical alloying [6], pulsed wire discharge
[7], sol-gel method [8], microemulsion [9],
thermal transformation process [10],
hydrothermal methods [11], etc. Among these
established methods, thermal treatment has
attracted immense interest owing to its simple
process, cost-effectiveness and crystallization
as well as the control of the morphologies,
sizes and phase transformation. In the present
study, we report the synthesis of
nanocrystalline NiFe2O4 by a simple pyrolysis
method form its single source precursor
[NiFe2(cin)3(N2H4)3] at a relatively low cost
and low time.
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Preparation and Characterization of
[NiFe2(cin)3(N2H4)3]
This was prepared by the addition of an
aqueous solution (50 mL) of hydrazine hydrate
(1 mL, 0.02 mol) and cinnamic acid (1.18 g,
0.0079 mol) to the corresponding aqueous
solution (50 mL) of nickel nitrate hexahydrate
(0.58 g, 0.0019 mol) and ferrous sulphate
heptahydrate (2.22 g, 0.0079 mol). The brown
orange product formed within 15 minutes was
kept aside for an hour, filtered, washed with
water and alcohol followed by diethylether and
dried at room temperature. The infrared
spectrum of the solid precursor sample was
recorded by the KBr disc technique using a
Shimadzu spectrophotometer. The
simultaneous TGA-DSC study was carried out
in Universal V4.5A TA Instrument in a
nitrogen atmosphere from room temperature to
1000C.
Preparation and Characterization of
NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles
NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were obtained from the
pyrolysis of [NiFe2(cin)3(N2H4)3]. When the

Volume 7, Issue 3
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Physicochemical Qualitative Analysis of River Water,
Underground Water and Pond Water of Rewa City,
Manoj Kumar Solanki, O.P. Gupta
Department of Chemistry, Government Science College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
In this research, study of physical-chemical qualitative analysis of river water, underground
water and pond water of Rewa city, Madhya Pradesh, India in the year of 2016 has been
done. All the water samples are within prescribed limits as suggested by the World Health
Organization, Indian Standard Institute and BIS desirable limit. Yearly variation in physical
and chemical parameters like temperature, turbidity, color, odor, pH value, total hardness,
calcium (Ca2+
), magnesium (Mg2+
), total alkalinity (like hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate)
chloride (Cl-
), total dissolved solid (TDS), sulfate (SO4
2-
) etc. All analyzed parameter data
were found in desirable or not desirable limits.
Keywords: Physicochemical qualitative analysis of water, physical analysis of water,
chemical analysis of water, analysis of river water, underground water, pond water
INTRODUCTION
Life is impossible without water. Water has
an important role in our life in the living
environment also; without it, life is
impossible. India is endowed with rich water
resources like river water, underground water
and surface water.
All types of water qualities are evaluated on
the basis of some dissolved minerals, salts,
dissolved acids, dissolved base and also on
the physically added content.
In this research paper, proposed results of the
analysis of river water, underground water
and also pond water for parameter’s data, i.e.
temperature, turbidity, color, odor, pH value,
total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total
alkalinity, chloride, total dissolved solid,
sulfate etc. in a year of 2016 of Rewa city,
Madhya Pradesh, India, have been presented.
The river water sample is indicated by
Sample-A (A-1, A-2), underground water
sample is indicated by Sample-B (B-1, B-2,
B-3), and pond water sample is indicated by
the sample-C (C-1, C-2). All the analyzed
parameters were found in maximum and
minimum limits.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Sample-A, B and C were collected from
Bihar River, Indira Nagar colony,
Engineering colony, Rathera colony, and
Rani pond during 2016 in the summer season
from Rewa district Madhya Pradesh, India.
The requirement for sampling and analysis of
water sample of itinerary for the trip, area
map (Figure 1), sampling site location map,
icebox, bottle for sample collection, D.O.
sample, D.O.D. bottles, sample containers,
special sample containers, bacteriological and
special sample, heavy metals, D.O. fixing,
chemical, glassware, thermometer, tissue
papers, other field measurement is sample
identification forms, labels for sampling
containers, field note bottle, pen, pencil,
markers, soap and towel, matchbox, spirit
lamp, torch, etc.
All the analysis data were carried out as per
APHA (1998) and BIS desirable limit for
drinking water.
Material and their methods of analysis are
depicted as follows in (Tables 1–16 and
Figures 2–32) [1–5].

Volume 7, Issue 3
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Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Poly (2-
Methyl Aniline-co-2-Chloro Aniline) and Poly (2-Methyl
Aniline-co-2-Chloro Aniline)-Nanocomposite-CuO
L. Jose Kethrin, S. Jhancy Mary*
Department of Chemistry, Auxilium College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
The copolymer and its composite, poly (2-methyl aniline-co-2-chloro aniline) and poly (2-
methyl aniline-co-2-chloro aniline)-nanocomposite-CuO respectively were synthesized by
chemical oxidative polymerization method using ammonium persulphate as oxidant, sodium
lauryl sulphate as surfactant and HCl as dopant. The synthesized copolymer and composite
were characterized by FTIR, UV-Visible and 1
H NMR spectroscopy. The thermal stability was
determined by TGA/DTA. The copolymer and copolymer nanocomposite with CuO were found
to be thermally more stable and the XRD pattern confirmed the partially crystalline nature.
The particle size as calculated by Debye-Scherrer equation confirmed that nanocomposite
was formed. The electrical conductivity studies show that the materials synthesized were of
semi conducting nature. The antibacterial activities were also tested using ciprofloxacin as
the standard. With the copolymer, Escherichia coli showed a maximum zone of inhibition of
12 mm followed by Enterococcus faecalis whose zone of inhibition is 10 mm. The other strains
showed less antibacterial activity. The presence of chlorine contributed to significant
antibacterial activity.
Keywords: Copolymer, nanocomposite, semiconducting, antibacterial activity
INTRODUCTION
Research in the field of inherently conducting
polymers started nearly three decades ago
when Shirakawa and his group found drastic
increase in the electrical conductivity of
polyacetylene films when exposed to iodine
vapor [1]. Leading on from this breakthrough,
many small conjugated molecules were found
to polymerize, producing conjugated
polymers, which were either insulating or
semiconducting in the oxidized or doped state.
Conducting polymers, also known as synthetic
metals are polymers with a highly conjugated
polymeric chain [2–4].
Among the conducting polymers with metallic
characteristics, polyaniline was claimed to have
the highest environmental stability [5]. A
comparative vibrational study of
leucoemeraldine, emeraldine, and pernigraniline
bases: fully reduced, half oxidized, and fully
oxidized forms of polyaniline, respectively have
been reported [6].
The electrochemical synthesis of
polyemeraldine salt was reported by Letheby
[7]. Mohilner et al. reported the mechanistic
aspects of aniline oxidation [8]. Major interest
in the electrochemistry of polyaniline was
generated only after the discovery that
aromatic amine, pyrrole, thiophene, furan,
indole and benzene can be polymerized
anodically to conducting film. Due to their
poor processibility, conductive polymers have
few large-scale applications.
Literature suggests that polyanilines are
promising in active electrodes [9, 10], organic
solar cells, printing electronic circuits, organic
light-emitting diodes, actuators,
electrochromism, metal anti-corrosive coating
[11], antistatic coating [12], rechargeable
batteries [13, 14], supercapacitors, indicators
and sensors [15, 16], flexible transparent
displays, electromagnetic shielding and
possible replacement for the popular
transparent conductor indium tin oxide [17].
Substituted polyanilines are mainly used to
increase the processibility of the polymer [18].
The ionization potential and band gap are
affected by the torsion angle between adjacent
rings on the polymer chain and substituents in
polyaniline should affect this torsion angle
[19]. Electron donating groups such as alkyl,

poly (2-methyl aniline-co-2-chloro aniline)-nanocomposite-CuO Kethrin and Mary

Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology vol 7 issue 3

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Journal of Modern Chemistry & Chemical Technology vol 7 issue 3