Recent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology (RTSRT) Publishes original, rigorous, and scholarly contributions in the field of Sensor research and technology. The Journal intends to publish Research/Review/Short articles in the area of Sensor research. Focus and Scope Covers Electric Sensor Technologies Magnetic Sensor Technologies Electrophysiological Monitoring Forensics and Materials Characterization Intelligent Vision Sensors Tracking and Sensor Fusion Space-Based Surveillance and Detection

1. ISSN 2393-8765 (Online)
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Recent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology
ISSN: 2393-8765(online)
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ICT for Energy Efficiency, Microsystems
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9. It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3, Issue 3] of our Journal of Recent
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STM JOURNALS

10. 1. Mathematical Modelling of End-To-End Delay of Customised ZigBee Stack towards Optimization of
Performance Metrics
A. Narmada, P. Sudhakara Rao 1
2. Measurement of Heart Rate Variability using FFT
Manju Devi, Ravish Garg 10
3. Development of a Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Using LDR Sensor for Roof-Top Applications
Rajshree, Ajay K. Jaiswal, Chhavi Chaudhary, Vijay K. Jayswal 21
4. Experimental Study on Radiation Immunity of In-House Developed WSN Nodes
Vinita Daiya, G. Sandhya Rani, Jemimah Ebenezer, M.T. Jose, R. Jehadeesan 27
5. Research and Industrial Insight: Sensor Research and Technology
36
ContentsRecent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology

11. RTSRT (2016) 1-9 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Recent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology
ISSN: 2393-8765(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Mathematical Modelling of End-To-End Delay of
Customised ZigBee Stack towards Optimization of
Performance Metrics
A. Narmada*, P. Sudhakara Rao
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vignan’s Institute of Management and
Technology for Women, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Abstract
Among different types of protocols for realising WPAN, ZigBee protocol supports high-node
density; it is a long range, robust communication protocol, and hence, it is chosen for
experimentation in WPAN. The devices of different networks use different protocols, the
ZigBee protocol may not be adequate to bring all the consumer electronic devices under
WPAN and control them to form a virtual control network. ZigBee stack is taken as base,
overlay architecture is built around it by modifying it to incorporate the features of common
communication protocol so as to enable the consumer electronics share resources and
communicate among themselves leading to a virtual control network. Four different
performance metrics are modelled for the newly proposed ZigBee stack christened ZI stack.
Average end-to-end delay is modelled, simulated and presented in this paper. The results of
comparison are also presented in the paper.
Keywords: ZI, SMAC, AODV, CBR, VBR, WPAN
INTRODUCTION
ZigBee is a low cost, long range, robust and
reliable wireless communication protocol and
it is widely used in majority of applications.
The proposed work aims at interoperating
internet and WPAN and uses customized
ZigBee as common communication protocol.
The devices of different networks use different
types of protocols and hence it is required to
customise the ZigBee stack in order to achieve
the better performance.
WSN network using ZigBee protocol suffers
with more end-to-end delay due to several
factors such as high node density of the
network, coordinator involvement in data
routing and large header overhead etc. The
delay of such a network becomes bottle neck
in case of integration of ZigBee based WPAN
with internet. The objective of the proposed
work is to customise the ZigBee stack so as to
minimise the end-to-end delay, throughput,
energy consumed during transmission and
energy consumed during reception etc. This
paper describes about the detailed analysis of
the average end-to-end delay with suitable
mathematical equations and respective
simulated results under different conditions
like varying traffic load and varying hops.
The original ZigBee stack is as shown in
(Figure 1). It consists of four layers viz.,
physical, MAC, Network and application layers.
Physical layer deals with medium specification,
voltage levels, frequency of operation, power
ratings driver software etc. Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum (DSSS) technique is
employed by the physical layer for efficient and
reliable communication. MAC layer provides
the medium access control to upper layer
protocols. This layer is responsible for framing,
error correction and error detection etc. This
layer uses sensor MAC (SMAC) algorithm for
proving controlled access to medium. Network
layer employs AODV as routing protocol which
calls for coordinator involvement in to achieve
reliable data transmission, but leading to higher
packet transmission delay. This higher end-to-
end delay deteriorates system performance and
hence calls for further research towards finding
an efficient communication protocol with
optimum power consumption, minimum end-

12. RTSRT (2016) 10-20 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 10
Recent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology
ISSN: 2393-8765(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Measurement of Heart Rate Variability using FFT
Manju Devi*, Ravish Garg
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology,
Hisar, Haryana, India
Abstract
Nowadays, heart rate variability (HRV) is an important tool for the analysis of the activities of
nervous system in medical Science. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is graphical representation of
electrical activity of human heart. The various peaks of ECG can be utilized to detect and
analyse mental stress of the brain. It varies with other parameters of healthy/abnormal
human. This paper presents the evaluation of heart rate variability using fast Fourier
transform (FFT). The R peak in ECG waveform has been detected using FFT filter in two
stages and used for the measurement of HRV to analyze the cardiac status and mental stress
of the subject. For this detection, various process stages are used i.e. original ECG, FFT
filtered ECG, filtered ECG 1st pass, detected peaks, FILTERED ECG 2nd pass and detected
peaks finally. For filtering the ECG signal, FFT is used at stage 1 pass and 2nd pass.
Keywords: ECG, heart rate, FFT
INTRODUCTION
During the last few decades, researchers have
used various physiological parameters to
measure cardiac and mental stress problems in
the subjects. Physiological parameters, such as
electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalo-
graph, electromyography, blood pressure,
heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) etc.
have been investigated and observed to be
sensitive towards changes in mental stress,
cardiac health and nervous system of the
subject. Cardiac activity is the most commonly
used physiological parameter for the
assessment of mental stress by the researchers
in the present era [1]. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
is a tool that records the electrical activity of
the heart in detail which allows diagnosis of a
wide range of heart conditions and
abnormalities [2] (Table 1). The record shows
a sequence of electrical waves that occurs
during each beat of the heart normally
represented by the letters P, Q, R, S, T and U,
where the U wave is mostly unseen among
70% of the people [3] (Figure 1). The human
ECG signal is very weak and in the range of
mV and the frequency range is 0.05–100 Hz.
Electrocardiography may be used to detect
many heart related abnormalities and stress of
the human being and is normally used to
estimate damage and defects of the heart and
coronary artery diseases, etc. [2, 4].

13. RTSRT (2016) 21-26 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 21
Recent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology
ISSN: 2393-8765(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Development of a Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Using
LDR Sensor for Roof-Top Applications
Rajshree1
, Ajay K. Jaiswal2
, Chhavi Chaudhary1
, Vijay K. Jayswal3,
*
1
Department of Electronics Engineering, Raj Kumar Goel Engineering College, Ghaziabad,
Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Centre for Green Energy Technology, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, Puducherry, India
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College, Ambedkar Nagar,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
The energy demand in the country has been increasing very rapidly and it is very difficult to
fulfil this increasing demand with the conventional methods of energy generation. So, the use
of renewable sources for energy generation is increasing rapidly with the help of Indian
government policies. Indian government has announced that it will generate 175 GW from
renewable sources of energy by 2022, out of which 100 GW will be from solar energy. Solar
energy is abundantly available throughout the country all around the year for generating
electricity at the roofs of residential and commercial buildings. Indian government policies
are also favouring generation from rooftop power plants, as a target of 40 GW has been set to
be achieved by 2022. The solar power plants generate energy from the incident solar
radiation on its PV panels and energy generation depends highly on the incident radiation.
Due to the rotation of earth around its axis, the panels do not receive maximum and uniform
radiation throughout the day; it results in the less power output from panel than the uniform
radiation. This problem can be solved by moving the panel in the direction of sun with the
movement of the sun throughout the day. In this paper, we have demonstrated a method to
develop a solar tracking system for maximum utilization of solar energy. Here we have used a
LDR sensor to detect the availability of sun maximum solar power, with the help of two DC-
geared motors for dual axis solar tracking. The output energy has increased comparatively by
using the dual axis tracking system.
Keywords: Renewable energy, solar energy, solar photovoltaic, roof-top solar PV, solar
tracking
INTRODUCTION
Energy needs of a country depend on
consumption by population and the industrial
development of the country. India is the
second most populous country in world after
China and the growth rate of Indian GDP has
been one of the highest in the world in last few
years. Since the growth rate is an indication of
the development of industrial and domestic
sectors, so, combining this growth rate data
with population we can say that the rate of
increase in energy demand of the country is
amongst the highest in world and it is
supposed to increase rapidly in coming years.
This increasing energy demand could not be
fulfilled by relying only on conventional
means of energy generation. Hence, the Indian
government is all set to increase the use of
renewable energy sources for energy
generation by increasing the scale of
installation of renewable energy generating
plants in a mission mode. The ministry of new
and renewable energy, government of India,
has announced a target of 175 GW of installed
capacity of renewable energy power plants to
be achieved by 2022. India is a country with
abundance of solar energy, so the country is in
a position to meet maximum of its demands
from solar energy hence MNRE has set aside a
target of 100 GW to be generated from solar
energy, and out of which, 40 GW is to be
generated from roof-top solar photovoltaic
power plants. The solar power plants generate
energy from the incident solar radiation on its
PV panels and it depends highly on the
incident radiation. Due to the rotation of earth

14. RTSRT (2016) 27-35 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 27
Recent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology
ISSN: 2393-8765(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Experimental Study on Radiation Immunity of In-House
Developed WSN Nodes
Vinita Daiya, G. Sandhya Rani, Jemimah Ebenezer*, M.T. Jose, R. Jehadeesan
Simulator and Wireless Networking Section, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam,
Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
Wireless sensor networking (WSN) technology is gaining importance in nuclear industry and
its related applications. This wider acceptance of WSN can be attributed to its easy and fast
deployment, reduction in cable cost, increase of system redundancy in critical applications of
nuclear reactor and ease of maintenance of rotating equipment. A WSN node deployed in and
around nuclear reactor may encounter gamma radiation dose, especially during some
accidental conditions. Thus, before deploying nodes in radiation prone area, its radiation
withstanding capability should be known. In this paper, we discuss about experiments done to
irradiate the WSN nodes with two different setups: discontinuous low dose rate setup and
continuous high dose rate setup. It has been inferred that based on the radiation source
intensity and level of dose rate, the radiation withstanding limit of WSN nodes varies
significantly. Also, based upon experiments we observed that during irradiation, a chip based
integrated circuit performs more efficiently and fails later compared to discrete component
based circuit. Also, we have done experimentation to radiation harden the WSN nodes at
enclosure level. Testing has been done with different materials and varying thickness
enclosures to increase the radiation dose-withstand-threshold of WSN node.
Keywords: Wireless sensor networking, gamma radiation, CMOS technology, thermo-
luminescent dosimeter (TLD)
INTRODUCTION
Wireless sensor networking (WSN), the most
emerging field of electronics, sensor and
control domain is being adopted in various
industrial, space and nuclear applications [1].
For nuclear environment, the biggest example
for seamless adoption of WSN for nuclear
applications is our research centre. Here, WSN
networks have been deployed in various
nuclear facilities and are continuously
operating for the last 2–3 years [2–4]. Also, in
various other countries such as USA, Canada,
China, etc., WSN based network has been
deployed for nuclear reactor related
applications [5, 6]. In all the existing
deployments, WSN is being used for non-
nuclear safety signal networking and
monitoring. But as per WSN increasing
potential, it has a greater scope for handling
safety related and safety critical signals. If not
as a standalone network, WSN can be used as
a diverse network with existing wired network.
Considering the critical signal impact value for
reactor health, before deployment in such
areas, WSN nodes radiation withstanding limit
should be known. Also based on requirement
and deployment area radiation level, radiation
hardened WSN nodes should only be
deployed.
Radiation hardening is the process of making
electronic design resistant to damage or
malfunctions caused due to ionizing radiation
[7]. Ionizing radiations are particle radiations
or high energy electromagnetic radiations such
as gamma and X-rays. Before getting into
radiation hardening of the WSN nodes, the
nodes radiation dose withstanding capability
should be known. This dose-withstanding-
threshold value will give us idea of (i) how
much time a general purpose WSN node will
be operational during any nuclear accident and
(ii) type of radiation hardening methodology
to be used, whether at enclosure level or at
design level. In this paper, we have illustrated
the various experiments done to identify

15. RTSRT (2016) 36-40 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 36
Recent Trends in Sensor Research & Technology
ISSN: 2393-8765(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Research and Industrial Insight: Sensor Research and
Technology
Scientists Measure Biodiversity using
remote sensing data
LEIPZIG, Germany, Jan. 30, 2017 - Remote
detecting techniques for measuring the bio
diversity, which have been in use since 30
years, demonstrate a considerably more
prominent potential for future researches on
bio diversity. The main focus of this study is
to register the present conditions of
diversification keeping in mind the procedures
inside biological communities and recognize
conceivable changes. Angela Lausch, landcape
scientist at Helmholtz Center for
Environmental Research-UFZ says, "To do
this, accurate information is needed largely in
the concerned areas close timeframes and
different remote detecting strategies
effectively meet these prerequisites strikingly."
For instance, circulation of a plant species, a
picture from satellites, can be resolved in light
of its development propensity. A satellite's
ghastly sensors can help recognize and record
plant species or plant groups in light of their
particular biochemical properties. Techniques
for remote sensing are utilized alongside field
studies.
This gives significant information that can't be
recorded by means of remote detecting. Field
studies are also required for assessing and
decoding the information obtained. "Both are
dependent on each other," said Lausch.
"Biodiversity can be measured more precisely
if we combine both, the in-situ studies and
remote detecting." A worldwide research
group led by UFZ examined the importance of
remote sensing in identifying and anticipating
changes in biodiversity. The group took a
gander at how cases of spectral attributes and
unearthly characteristic varieties found
through remote detecting applications could be
utilized to evaluate ordered, utilitarian and
auxiliary differences, and analyzed how
diverse remote detecting procedures could be
utilized to screen biodiversity and territory
quality. The scientists consider that remote
detecting techniques show a reasonable,
repeatable and practically identical technique
for measuring, depicting, clarifying and
demonstrating biodiversity, and the
forthcoming innovations in sensor, like, the
hyperspectral satellite Environmental Mapping
and Analysis Program (EnMAP) will give
chances to evaluate otherworldly attributes
that cannot be discernible with current
techniques, portraying biodiversity in more
detail. EnMAP, a German hyperspectral
satellite mission for monitoring the earth, is
scheduled for 2018 and will continue in the
years to come. Imaging spectrometers measure
the solar radiation reflected by the surface of
the earth from visible light directly through to
short-wave infrared. These explain the
condition of the Earth's surface and any
noticeable changes. It will capture images of
high resolution, which can be utilized to gauge
various biochemical parameters- nitrogen,
phosphate or water content in leaf tissue.
Courtesy of DLR CC-BY3.0. "EnMAP will
essentially enhance the recognizable proof of
species and plant groups by means of remote
detecting. The information delivered by the
EnMAP satellite will be easily accessible by
all users," she included. Be that as it may, the
best potential offered by hyperspectral remote
detecting lies in measuring procedures and
unsettling influences inside biological systems
over substantial zones," said Lausch. "We, in
biodiversity research, ought to in this manner
be set up to perceive and use the capability of
the new era of satellites." She further added. In
contrast to environmental change, the
information on changes in biodiversity is
genuinely thin, and there are still not very
many uniform benchmarks worldwide for
measuring the information. For the
investigation of biodiversity to increase
greatest incentive from Earth Observation
sensor organizes, the specialists trust that the
connection amongst field and remote detecting
information must be advanced to make it
simpler to total vast, unpredictable,
heterogeneous volumes of information, in this
way making it less demanding to assess the
information and exchange it to models.

16. ISSN 2393-8765 (Online)
May–August 2016