Journal of Thermal Engineering and Applications (JoTEA): is a print and e-journal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers on all areas of Thermal Engineering and Applications. Focus and Scope Covers Thermodynamics Gas Turbines Petrochemical Processing Solar Systems, and Combustion Systems Nano-Fluids Heat Exchangers and Heat Transfer Systems Transition to Turbulence Satellite Meteorology

1. ISSN 2349-8994 (Online)
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Journal of Thermal Engineering and Applications
ISSN: 2349-8994(online)
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Ahmed Hussein
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Department of Mining Engineering
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10. It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3, Issue 3] of our Journal of Thermal
Engineering and Applications (JoTEA), 2016. The intension of JoTEA Journal is to create an
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STM JOURNALS

11. 1. Assessment of Engine Performance with Perforated and Solid Fins
Prashant Sharma, Siddhartha Kosti 1
2. Thermal Analysis (Energy and Exergy) of Crystalline Silicon Solar Photovoltaic Module for Hazy Day
Ankit Singh, N.V. Saxena 8
3. Performance Evaluation of an Arbitrary Profiled Vertical Fin in Non Newtonian Medium
Ravi Kumar Sangewar 20
4. Influence of Process Parameters on Temperature Distribution and Micro Structure of
Friction Stir Welded Magnesium Alloy
Piyush Gulati, Dinesh Kumar Shukla, Gurpreet Singh Phull 27
5. Thermal Performance Analysis of a Solar Dryer-cum-Air Heater with Modified Absorber Surface
Harshita Badal, Ankita Badal, Usha Bajpai 34
ContentsJournal of Thermal Engineering and Applications

12. JoTEA (2016) 1-7 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Journal of Thermal Engineering and Applications
ISSN: 2349-8994(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Assessment of Engine Performance with Perforated
and Solid Fins
Prashant Sharma, Siddhartha Kosti*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, ShriRam College of Engineering and Management,
Banmore, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
Fins increases the heat transfer from a heat generated device by increasing the surface area
of it. Fin with holes or perforated fins increases the surface area available for heat removal
but also increases the intensity of the air flow, which further increases the heat removal. A
two wheeler engine with fins having circular perforation has been designed in the present
work. ANSYS 16.0 has been utilized to solve present analysis. Al6063 and Nickel as a material
have been considered to see its effect on the heat transfer rate. Perforation has been done to
see its effect on the heat transfer. Results of perforated fin engine have been compared by
engine without perforated fins. Time-temperature cooling curve has been plotted and results
reveal that perforation increases the heat transfer. From the results it also been noticed that
Nickel shows larger heat transfer rate compared to Al6063. Weight analysis has also been
conducted in the present work. Engine having perforated fins weigh 1.0772 kg for Al6063 and
3.5507 kg for Nickel, but engine with solid fins weigh 1.0798 kg for Al6063 and 3.5593 for
Nickel, which reveals that engine made of Nickel weigh more than three times when compared
with engine made of Al6063.
Keywords: Fin arrays, Navier-Stokes, Nusselt number, Reynold number
INTRODUCTION
All most all the electronic devices today
generates large amount of heat, which needed
to be cool down. This heat can either be cool
by passive ways or by active ways. Fins, also
known as extended surface have been most
widely used active ways studied and adopted
for the cooling of these heat generated
systems. Perforations in the fins are the recent
topic of research nowadays.
Shaeri and Yaghoubi in 2009 [1] numerically
studied the fluid flow and turbulent
convection heat transfer from solid and
perforated fins array. They solved the
incompressible Navier-Stokes equation
considering air as a working fluid using k-ε
RNG turbulence model. They used SIMPLE
algorithm for solving the problem for Prandtl
number of 0.71 for air. Reynolds number was
the governing parameter of the flow problem
and has been varied from 2×104
to 4×104
.
They concluded that the flow is steady for
solid fin and fin with 1 perforation. They
found large average friction drag for fin with
perforation. Total drag is higher for solid fin
when compared with fin with perforation and
it increases with number of perforation. They
found larger fin effectiveness for perforated
fins and it increases with number of
perforation. They also concluded that the
perforated fins are lighter in weight.
Shaeri and Yaghoubi in 2009 [2] studied the
thermal performance of perforated fins in a
heat sink. Three-dimensional heat transfer
and fluid flow have been studied by solving
the incompressible Navier-stokes equation.
They adopted finite volume approach and
SIMPLE algorithm for solving the present
problem. To discretize the governing
equation they adopted second order upwind
scheme. They take Reynolds number as a
governing parameter whose range is 100–
350. They calculated effectiveness, friction
coefficient and thermal performance of the
fins with perforation and compared it with the
results of fin without perforation.

13. JoTEA (2016) 8-19 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8
Journal of Thermal Engineering and Applications
ISSN: 2349-8994(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Thermal Analysis (Energy and Exergy) of Crystalline
Silicon Solar Photovoltaic Module for Hazy Day
Ankit Singh*, N.V. Saxena
Department of Thermal Engineering, Millennium Institute of Technology,
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
With the growing population, demand for a renewable energy source has reached to peak
level. It is necessary to have that source available easily and in sufficient quantity so that with
the diminishing non-renewable source, basic need of energy can be fulfilled. This source can
be the all-time available source, ‘solar energy’. Concern of most of the countries is just to
make the availability of this source better and cheaper. Researches are ongoing in this field.
This paper presents the thermal analysis for 10 W polycrystalline solar photovoltaic module
with regard to the first and second laws of thermodynamics by taking analytical and
experimental test reading at the energy centre, MANIT, Bhopal, India, on a hazy day of 20
June, 2016. We have to evaluate energy, exergy or availability, and power conversion
efficiency of the module. This evaluation depends on parameters like solar intensity, wind
speed, module temperature and ambient temperature. Exergetic efficiency of polycrystalline
photovoltaic module varied from 10.85 to 1.31% throughout the day. It is clear that PV
modules are very promising devices and there exists a lot of scope to further improve their
performances. All these evaluations and analyses will result to give recommendation that will
be befitted to improve the efficiency of PV module, along with making it cost effective and
more compatible in today’s market.
Keywords: Energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, power conversion efficiency, PV module
INTRODUCTION
With the growing demand of energy,
development of a new or convenient energy
source is very important all over the world. It can
be in the form of derived energy or from some
renewable source that has futuristic value.
Energy is the basic need necessarily to be
fulfilled in any developing country, as, with the
increasing demand and utilizing capacity, the
hike in prices of the fuel are reaching beyond
limits for one or the other person in developing
country. Also in few coming decades, the
availability of those fossil reserves is near to get
diminished. To switch these depleting sources
with some new and effective source, researchers
are being carried out in this way. One of the
most viable sources that is widely available and
from which energy can be obtained in unlimited
amount is the Sun. India is highly benefitted and
has great scope for generating solar energy
because of its geographical location on Earth.
This is the reason of India being a tropical
country as it receives solar radiation almost
throughout the year, which accounts to about
3,000 h of sunshine per year. This is equal to
more than 5,000 trillion kWh. Almost all parts of
India receive 4–7 kWh of solar radiation per
square meters. States like Andhra Pradesh,
Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, and
West Bengal have great potential for trapping
solar energy due to their location. As in our
country majority of the population lives in rural
areas where electricity is still a big problem, it
will be of great benefit to promote solar energy
to this region and thus increasing the scope for
research. Also, use of solar energy can reduce
the use of firewood and dung cakes by rural
household [1].
Basics of Photovoltaic Solar Module
Photovoltaic modules are used to convert solar
radiation into electricity. Modules are made of
semiconductor material. They convert incident
solar radiation to heat energy by absorbing solar
energy.

14. JoTEA (2016) 20-26 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 20
Journal of Thermal Engineering and Applications
ISSN: 2349-8994(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Performance Evaluation of an Arbitrary Profiled Vertical
Fin in Non-Newtonian Medium
Ravi Kumar Sangewar*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, O.P. Jindal Institute of Technology, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh,
India
Abstract
In this article, the problem of a parabolic profiled fin dissipating heat by natural convection to
quiescent non-Newtonian fluid has been solved theoretically. The generalized equations of
temperature distribution and heat transfer rates have been generated using the appropriate
boundary conditions with different flow behavior index (n). The results obtained from the
graphs indicated that there is a significant influence of flow behavior index (n) and fin
parameter (M) on the local and average heat transfer coefficient. The results further indicated
that for a wide range of fin parameters, the local heat transfer coefficients are exhibiting non-
monotonically varying characteristics along the length of fin.
Keywords: Non-Newtonian fluid, Nusselt number, Prandtl number
INTRODUCTION
The outcome of investigations regarding flow
of non-Newtonian fluids in modern industries
is very important. For example, the calculation
of heat transfer is very much essential in
designing the components accurately in
cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries where
non-Newtonian fluids such as molten plastics
emulsions and pulps flow.
Cho and Nell, in their study revealed the heat
transfer phenomenon for non-Newtonian
fluids flowing through the circular pipes [1].
Shenoy et al. theoretically solved the
conjugate problem of thermal convection from
a fin dissipating heat to non-Newtonian fluid
by adopting a power law type relation between
the shear stress and shear deformation [2].
Aim of present study is to formulate a general
equation for a parabolic profile vertical fin
dissipating heat to non-Newtonian fluid with
flow behavior index (n), which gives
temperature distribution on its surface and heat
transfer rates.
FORMULATION
The fin is assumed to be dissipating heat only
by convection to the isothermal quiescent non-
Newtonian fluid. The physical configuration
of the fin is shown in Figure 1.
.

15. JoTEA (2016) 27-33 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 27
Journal of Thermal Engineering and Applications
ISSN: 2349-8994(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Influence of Process Parameters on Temperature
Distribution and Microstructure of Friction Stir Welded
Magnesium Alloy
Piyush Gulati1,2,
*, Dinesh Kumar Shukla1
, Gurpreet Singh Phull2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology,
Jalandhar, Punjab, India
2
School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
Abstract
The effect of processing parameters on temperature distribution and microstructure was
evaluated after friction stir welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy plates. Temperature
distributions were recorded using thermocouples inserted into the drilled holes.
Microstructures of the specimens were evaluated using optical microscopy and grain size and
other factors were measured. Microhardness results were evaluated using Vicker’s micro
hardness tester. Microstructure results revealed that grain size was reduced and grain
structure became fine after friction stir welding.
Keywords: Friction stir welding, grain size, microhardness, microstructure, thermocouples
INTRODUCTION
Magnesium and its alloys are the lightest of all
metal alloys and possess excellent mechanical
properties such as high strength to weight ratio
and stiffness and also good machinability,
therefore are in great demand in automobile
industry [1, 2]. However, joining the
magnesium alloys is a great challenge, if
performed by traditional joining techniques
such as GTAW, or GMAW as it leads to
defects like hot cracks and porosity
deteriorating joint’s mechanical properties.
These defects produced by fusion welding
processes can be overcome by solid state
joining processes [3, 4].
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state
joining technique, which is capable of
producing defect free joints, especially
materials with low melting point [5, 6]. In
FSW, a solid rotating tool, harder than the
workpiece material, is used to join the plates
permanently. The tool consisting of a shoulder
and a probe/pin is plunged at a constant
rotational speed into the joint line between two
butted specimens that are clamped rigidly and
is moved longitudinally at a constant welding
speed. The combined rotating and plunging
action of tool pin and shoulder produces
severe plastic deformation due to frictional
heat and hence produces a strong metallurgical
joint. The material flows in a stirring motion,
thereby elongating the grains and producing a
refined grain structure, which effectively
responds to this technique to improve the
strength and mechanical properties.
In friction stir welding, various tool and
processing parameters such as tool pin profile,
shoulder and pin diameter, rotational speed,
welding speed and plunge depth play a major
role in producing defect free joints. Many
researchers have shown the effect of varying
tool profile and size on mechanical and
metallurgical properties [7–10]. Since tool
shoulder diameter plays a major role in
producing frictional heat to produce a good
joint, it has also been optimized [11]. The
effects of welding speed on mechanical
properties of friction stir welded magnesium
alloys has also been investigated and it was
observed that welding speed has significant
influence on the formation of defects and
hardness of stir zone and hardness of stir zone
[12, 13]. However, effect of processing
parameters on temperature distribution,
resulting microstructure and grain
development can be more explored. In this

16. JoTEA (2016) 34-40 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 34
Journal of Thermal Engineering and Applications
ISSN: 2349-8994(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Thermal Performance Analysis of a Solar Dryer-cum-Air
Heater with Modified Absorber Surface
Harshita Badal*, Ankita Badal, Usha Bajpai
Centre of Excellence in Renewable Energy Education and Research, Department of Physics,
University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
The use of solar resource for food drying has always been a food preservation technique
which has widely been practised in most parts of the world. The solar drying system utilizes
solar energy to heat up air and to dry food substance placed in dryer, which is beneficial in
reducing wastage of food products and helps in preservation of the same. Unfortunately, some
of the methods practised in the rural areas have many disadvantages, one of which is the poor
quality of food dried. The paper looks at bringing out a new modified design of a solar dryer,
which combines the concept of mirror reflectors for better solar insulation and chimney for
creating stack effect for better air movement. The ideas of flat plate and curved surface area
and exhaust fan have also been explored. The system is designed for increasing the drying
rate of the dryer and removing maximum possible moisture contents. The dryer is designed
primarily as an indirect type passive solar dryer. The indirect type passive dryer has an
advantage that the products are being protected from the UV radiation and there is less
damage from temperature extremes; because in these types of dryers, food is placed in trays
without sun exposure in the drying cabinet. Our aim has been not only to improve the
performance of dryer but we want some better food products. The results obtained during the
test period revealed that the temperatures inside the dryer and the solar collector were much
higher than the ambient temperature during most sunshine hours. As a result, we got the
collector temperature and dryer temperature higher with mirror reflectors than without
mirror reflectors. The drying rate was also increased with mirror reflectors than without
mirror reflectors and open drying. The variation of surface area of the absorber plate is also
analysed in this paper and the effect of incorporating exhaust fan in the system has also been
discussed. The results from this paper will go a long way in solar drying technology and
preservation of food products in rural areas of India.
Keywords: Solar drying, drying rate, passive dryer, collector area
INTRODUCTION
Dry food items are a very important part of our
daily life. Many countries and people require
dry food items due to the climate conditions of
their country because not every plant produces
food through a year; we have to store some
food for further consumption in off seasons.
Dry food can be used or stored for a long time
than normal food product; normal food does
not last for more than two or three days.
So people and scientists have discovered many
ways of drying the food; ancient and basic
type of food drying is solar drying. Solar
drying saves food from spoilage bacteria and
keeps its nutrition after drying also. Open sun
drying is an old method of drying and very
popular among normal household workers [1].
In open air drying, food can be spoiled
because of dust dirt and humidity, so,
scientists discovered new methods of solar
drying with solar food dryers.
These dryers can be categorised as: simple,
active, passive, and hybrid type of dryers.
These dryers save our food from spoilage, dirt,
dust and improve its quality also.
The aim of this research is therefore to
improve the performance of a passive solar
dryer by its designing (using multiple mirror
reflectors, modified absorber surface (using
flat and curve surfaces), or using better air
movement in dryer [2].

17. ISSN 2349-8994 (Online)
Journal of
Thermal Engineering
& Applications
(JoTEA)
September–December 2016
www.stmjournals.com
STM JOURNALS
Scientific Technical Medical