Journal of Construction Engineering Technology & Management vol 6 issue 3

ISSN 2249-4723 (Online)
ISSN 2347-7253 (Print)
Journal of Construction
Engineering
Technology & Management
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September–December 2016
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Journal of Construction Engineering, Technology and Management
ISSN: 2249-4723 (online), ISSN: 2347-7253 (print)
Focus andScopeCovers
 PlanningandManagementof theConstructionofStructures
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It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 6 Issue 3] of our Journal of Construction
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STM JOURNALS

1. Reliability of Preliminary Cost Estimates of Educational Building Projects in a Developing Economy
Arijeloye, Bamidele Temitope, Aghimien, Douglas Omoregie, Adegbembo, Taiwo Fadeke 1
2. Bamboo as Reinforcement Material in Concrete Structures: A Review
Akshat Dimri, Gaurav Sharma, Anshul Sheokand 11
3. Experimental Analysis of Filler Slab Using Self Compacting Concrete
G. Ramya, S. Sundari, S. Sukumar 15
4. Experimental Study of Sulphate Attack on Steel Embedded in Reinforced Concrete
Ashutosh S. Trivedi, R.P. Sharma 25
5. Analysis and Design of Cantilevered Steel False Work Systems Subjected to Earthquake Loads
Mohamed Mohamed Salah El-Din Darwish, Ahmed Hatem Romaih, Sama Tarek Taha, Khaled Nassar 35
6. Building Material Selection Ideology for Sustainability in India
Tanima Shrivastava, Ashish Choudhary 48
7. Flood Resistant Houses
Subhan Ahmad, Mohammad Kamil Khan, Mohd. Saqib 54
8. Use of Recycled Aggregates in Concrete Mix Used as White Topping
Borde Pratik Sanjay, Nirkhe Saurabh P. 57
9. Use of Steel Slag in Fly Ash Based Concrete for White Topping
R. S. Patil 63
10.Understanding Quality in Construction
Ujjwal Prabhakar, Purnima Bajpai 70
ContentsJournal of Construction Engineering, Technology and Management

JoCETM (2016) 1-10 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
ISSN: 2249-4723(online), ISSN: 2347-7253(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Reliability of Preliminary Cost Estimates of Educational
Building Projects in a Developing Economy
Arijeloye, Bamidele Temitope, Aghimien, Douglas Omoregie*, Adegbembo, Taiwo Fadeke
Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Abstract
This study focused on the reliability of preliminary cost estimates of educational building
projects in Nigeria with a view to providing more reliable cost estimates and reducing the
number of abandoned educational building projects caused by faulty preliminary estimates.
Using a case study approach, a total of 33 completed educational building projects were
assessed and 31 construction professionals (Quantity Surveyors and Architects) formed the
secondary population of the study. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, relative
importance index, paired sample t-test, effect size and variance ratio. The study revealed that
approximate quantities is the most commonly used method for preparing preliminary cost
estimate of educational building projects while there exist a significant difference between the
preliminary cost estimate and final cost of construction of educational building projects.
Despite this difference, the preliminary cost estimate is still reliable as a considerable level of
accuracy was discovered. The major factors affecting the reliability of preliminary cost
estimate are variation due to changes in design and specification, experience of the estimator
and site condition. The study therefore recommends that care should be taken when carrying
out preliminary estimate and estimating should be done by professional with experience in
such area. During construction, all works should be carried out according to specification in
order to avoid deviation from initial plan and estimate.
Keywords: Nigeria, preliminary cost estimates, final construction cost, educational buildings
INTRODUCTION
Like every other developing country around
the world, the Federal Government of Nigeria
is a major contributor to the educational sector
with several amounts being expended on
infrastructures especially in the tertiary
institutions. Unfortunately, most of the
projects being carried out are either left
uncompleted or completed above budget and
below standard due to lack of adequate funds
among other reasons [1–3]. This unhealthy
situation can be associated with poor initial
estimate carried out from the onset, as a low
initial estimate will result to a low initial
budget, thereby leading to lack of fund to
complete such projects.
The reliability of construction cost estimates
has always been an issue in the construction
industry. The wide gap between construction
estimates and final cost of construction has
become a major concern for most
professionals as most of them have lost their
credibility before their clients as a result [4].
Estimating according to Akintoye [5] is a way
of trying to predict cost required for the
completion of a particular project. This implies
that estimating is a process of premeditated
guessing through looking into the future costs
of a project before work on it begins and
according to True [6] it is not an exact science.
Errors abound and the reliability of an estimate
is always in question, most especially when
the final cost of completing a project deviates
far from the estimated cost.
The essence of acquiring a budget estimate at
the early stage of a project is for a client to be
able to manage and forecast his intended
financial commitment, as this gives him a
view of what the project would cost even
before extensive work on the design is done
[7]. In other words, estimates provide the basis
for client’s funding arrangements, budgeting
and control of construction costs [8]. Hence,
its reliability is important as a high estimate
may be discouraging and a low one may lead

Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Bamboo as Reinforcement Material in Concrete
Structures: A Review
Akshat Dimri*, Gaurav Sharma, Anshul Sheokand
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
Abstract
Bamboo is considered to be important building material throughout the world’s tropical and
subtropical areas. It is mainly used for housing purposes in rural areas. Bamboo has high
strength and low weight, and can be easily worked using simple tools. It is widely recognized
as one of the most important non-timber forest resources due to the high socio-economic
benefits from bamboo based products. It can replace rebar in certain concrete applications,
used as pins in straw-bale construction, to create trusses and other structural members, as
decorative elements and has even been used as plumbing. This paper presents the various
studies that deal with the use of bamboo as a reinforcement in concrete structures.
Keywords: Bamboo, concrete, tensile strength, compressive strength
INTRODUCTION
The reinforcement in cementitious materials
generated considerable interest in past few
years. The manufacturing technology of
conventional reinforced concrete of cement
and iron or steel bars coupled with its
increasing costs has stimulated the interest on
how other materials could be used easily in
reinforcing concrete with a cheaper cost. It has
been found through research that bamboo can
suitably replace timber and other materials in
construction and other works. A well-treated
bamboo can be cost effective and can be used
for production of composite materials.
Some American building and construction
companies prize bamboo as the strongest type
of wood for construction. Also it has the
properties of being the most durable, resilient
and long-lasting [1]. It can be used in
conjunction with steel to create mortices and
tendon joints, which give a secure locking
ability to a wooden frame made entirely of
bamboo timbers. Bamboo houses can
withstand hurricane if well-constructed.
Bamboo can also be used as untreated pipe
cover, as ceiling or floor trimmings, etc. The
bamboo culm or stem has wide applications
from domestic household products to
industrial applications. It is quite common for
bridges, scaffolding and housing, but it is
usually used as a temporary exterior structural
material. In many overly populated regions of
the tropics, certain bamboos supply the one
suitable material that is sufficiently cheap and
plentiful to meet the extensive need for
economical housing. Recently different
technologies have evolved which makes
bamboo more useful and durable from
construction point of view. Since it grows and
mature fast, hence economical.
LITERATURE REVIEW ON
BAMBOO AS A CONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL
There are no standardized codes for buildings
of bamboo though there are attempts towards
them. Bamboo is also still being looked as a
way to clean environmental pollution. It
consumes Nitrogen, which could soon be part
of a huge effort to prevent air pollution. The
various past studies carried out on bamboo as
reinforcement in concrete structures are as
follows.
Masani studied the proper ways to utilize
bamboo in construction and found that the area
for bamboo reinforcement should be five times
the typical steel reinforcement area. He also
found that when fine cracks developed on the
surface of bamboo, the load carrying capacity
of the member was not reduced. The only
negative properties of bamboo given were its

Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Experimental Analysis of Filler Slab Using Self-
Compacting Concrete
G. Ramya*, S. Sundari, S. Sukumar
Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
Present-day self-compacting concrete is classified as an advanced construction material. Self-
compacting concrete (SCC) is an innovative concrete that does not require vibration for
placing and compaction. It can flow under its weight, completely filling formwork and
achieving full compaction, even in the presence of congested reinforcement. The hardened
concrete is dense, homogeneous and has the same engineering properties and durability as
traditional vibrated concrete. An important improvement of health and safety is achieved
through elimination of handling of vibrators and a substantial reduction of environmental
noise loading on and around a site. The composition of SCC mixes includes substantial
proportions of fine-grained inorganic materials, and this gives possibilities for utilization of
mineral admixtures, which are currently waste products with no practical applications. The
primary objective of this study is to make use of the optimum percentage of fly ash in addition
to cement and vary the percentage of fine aggregate in terms of total aggregate and
understand its effects on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. The workability of
SCC increased as the percentage of fine aggregate is increased. The study also intended to
find the optimum mix design ratio for the M20 grade that satisfies both the fresh and hardened
properties. Slump flow, V-funnel, L-flow and compressive strength tests were carried out to
examine the performance of SCC. Then the filler slab specimens were cast in different sizes
and tested for their flexural behaviour, and the results compared with the theoretical values.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete, filler slab, superplasticizer, flexural behaviour
INTRODUCTION
General: Self-Compacting Concrete
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a fluid
concrete mixture that can consolidate under its
weight. The highly fluid nature of SCC makes
it suitable for placing in severe conditions and
sections with congested and heavy
reinforcement.
Use of SCC can also help to minimize
hearing-related damages on the worksite that
developed due to vibration of concrete. SCC
also reduces the time required to place large
sections is considerably reduced.
Advantages of SCC
SCC has the following advantages:
 Save the cost on machinery and requires
less power.
 To shorten construction period.
 Used for lighter and more slender structure
also.
 To assure compaction in the structure,
especially in confined zones where
compaction by vibration is difficult.
 Requires less manpower and electric
power, as no vibration is required.
 Better adhesion between cement binder
and aggregates.
 Extremely suitable for slim and
complicated formwork.
 Improvement in durability on account of
better compaction and structural
performance.
 To eliminate noise due to vibration.
Applications of SCC
 SCC can be used in pre-cast industry or
for concrete placed on the site.
 In complicated steel reinforcement area.
 Construction element in high-rise
buildings.
 Pre-cast industry filigree construction
elements.

Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Experimental Study of Sulphate Attack on Steel
Embedded in Reinforced Concrete
Ashutosh S. Trivedi*, R.P. Sharma
Department of Civil Engineering, Birsa Institute of Technology, Sindri, Jharkhand, India
Abstract
Corrosion is one of the biggest problems of steel in reinforced concrete (RC) structure, which
deteriorates the durability of concrete structure at a considerable rate. In this paper, we have
studied the corrosion density, corrosion rate, and resistivity to a solution of 0.78 N H2SO4 with
the help of electrochemical process to a temperature range of 307–309±1 K by using Stern
Geary equation and Tafel slope on 12 and 8 mmϕ bar. The current work gives a deep review
on the corrosion rate and weight loss caused due to sulphuric acid attack on steel embedded
in concrete in existing and new infrastructure as well as building infrastructure. The result
obtained shows that corrosion rate of mild steel bar of 8 mmϕ in H2SO4 is fast as compared to
12 mmϕ bar taken periodically.
Keywords: Corrosion, Fe 415 mild steel, electrochemical, resistivity, corrosion rate, sulphuric
acid
INTRODUCTION
The RC structures are built on the land and
under the water bodies. Everywhere the
moisture is present in our environment in
different forms. If the moisture is present in
the form of acid, then it will increase the rate
of corrosion and reduce the strength and life of
the RC structure as shown in Figure 1.
Corrosion is the result of chemical reaction
between metal and its surrounding
environment and can take many forms.
General corrosion tends to result in a relatively
uniform removal of a surface but specific
features in the surface of the metal (e.g. grain
boundaries, precipitates and metal/inclusion
interfaces) may be preferentially or selectively
attacked.
The surface film covering the metal which
protects it from corrosion, but the breakdown
of this layer can give rise to localized
corrosion attack and pitting corrosion [1]. The
formation of this film in steel is almost
instantaneous in an oxidizing atmosphere such
as air and moisture, once the passive layer has
been formed on the metal surface, the
"rusting" rate will slow down to less than
0.04 mills per year (mpy) [2]. The normally
alkaline environment (pH=12.0–13.5) which is
provided for steel reinforcement, gives
excellent corrosion protection by forming a
passive film on the steel surface. The concrete,
because of its strength and resistance to
penetration by fluids, also acts as a physical
barrier to the access of aggressive agents and
harmful compounds. Consequently, in a
properly designed, built and maintained
reinforced concrete structure, there may be
few problems of steel corrosion during its
design service life. The basic problem
associated with the weakening of reinforced
concrete is corrosion, i.e. rust. The formation
of rust involves a substantial volume increase
(a factor of about 4) which causes cracking,
spalling and straining of concrete, and reduces
the effective cross-sectional area of reinforcing
bars and weakens the bond between
reinforcement and concrete, seriously affecting
the durability and the service-life of
structures [3].
The main objective of this paper is to
investigate the corrosion behavior on steel
embedded in concrete of characteristic
strength of 20 MPa in uniform concentration
of 0.78 N sulphuric acid solution. This paper
also emphasizes to study the alkaline solutions
impact and behavior of steel corrosion pattern
in a water cement ratio of 0.6 through
electrochemical techniques.

Volume 6, Issue 3
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Analysis and Design of Cantilevered Steel False Work
Systems Subjected to Earthquake Loads
Mohamed Mohamed Salah El-Din Darwish*, Ahmed Hatem Romaih, Sama Tarek Taha,
Khaled Nassar
Department of Construction Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract
Construction of buildings with non-typical floors has been always problematic in extending
the false work all over the height to support non-regular cantilevered slabs extending from
upper floors. Cantilevered frames supporting formwork systems with no need for extending
the false work along the height of the building have been recently designed in previous
studies. However, the need to design such cantilevers in order to withstand dynamic loads has
emerged. Within this study, modal analyses of two different designs of cantilevered false
works are performed with varying spans and during the different stages of construction. The
results are used to judge whether these temporary structures are expected to resonate due to
dynamic loads such as winds and earthquakes or not. Furthermore, the behaviors of these
structures were studied under an actual earthquake through performing a time-history
analysis and the adjusted designs of the members due to the new load combination were
performed.
Keywords: Structural engineering, structural steel, construction engineering, structural
dynamics, earthquake engineering
INTRODUCTION
The architectural design of buildings with non-
typical floors creates risky situations at which
cantilevered slabs and beams are extended
while the floor beneath has no cantilevered
slabs on which the false work could rest. The
use of typical vertical shoring to support an
irregular cantilever under construction that is
five or six floor high (or even more) could be
typically seen in several countries. The
stability of such shores (whether steel or
wood) is under a major question mark in
addition to the fact that assembling such
shores and bracing them for such high heights
is for sure a time consuming process that
becomes even more complicated as the
number of floors increases [1].
For such multi-storey shoring cases, steel
tower frames are available to withstand the
concrete floor loads. These frames are erected
in sections; each section consists of four legs
with heights ranging between 2.4 and 3 m.
Each section has a shape of a three-
dimensional truss that is typically fabricated
from two welded frames and two X-welded
frames, usually the dimensions in the
horizontal and vertical directions are equal. Up
to four additional sections could be added to
reach a height of 12 m for a four-tier tower.
Each tower section is secured by fastening its
legs using frame couplers. Additionally, and in
order to enhance the stability, horizontal
braces are utilized to brace adjacent tower
sections to each other [2].
Hence, it is more economically sound and
more structurally stable to utilize the existing
structure to extend false work from it to
support the false work used in such cases
without having shoring activities for the full
height of the building beneath the cantilever
under construction. One of the advancements
reached in such field is the so-called “Flying
Deck Forms” that are composed of a set of
components assembled into units, called
decks, for forming concrete slabs in multistory
buildings [3].
However, this assembly involves a
significantly large amount of steel that could
be not necessarily needed if the cantilever is

JoCETM (2016) 48-53© STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 48
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Building Material Selection Ideology for
Sustainability in India
Tanima Shrivastava1
, Ashish Choudhary2
1
Department of Architecture, Amity University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
2
Department of Architecture, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior,
Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
Buildings are largest share of consumer of energy and also one of the major producers of
greenhouse gases. Buildings are a topic of discussion on an international platform.
Sustainability is one of major demands. It may be true that in the current phase, it is just a
demand of academicians and people concerned for sustainable development but sooner or
later every client will be demanding for sustainable buildings. It will be responsibility of us,
the designers, contractors and planners to provide proper service. Material selection is the
key aspect of sustainable construction. The paper discusses the ideology that can be followed
while selection of materials for sustainable building construction.
Keywords: Construction, building material, timber, sustainable
INTRODUCTION
Building materials account for 60–70% of the
total cost of construction (Table 1). Due to
large-scale construction programmers in the
country, the demand for conventional building
materials like cement, steel, bricks and timber
has outstripped their supply [1]. Moreover, the
exponential population growth and the existing
housing shortage have made the situation even
more alarming [2]. There is a general shortage
of conventional building materials like cement,
steel, bricks and timber in different parts of the
country. In 2003, there was an estimated
shortage of 55,000 million bricks, 17 million
tonnes of cement, 285 million tonnes of
stones, 2.7 million tonnes of steel and 13
million cum. of timber (Table 2) [3]. It is thus
quite obvious that the present available stock
of building materials in the country is not in a
position to meet the ever-growing demand of
housing [4]. In the present situation, the
country has very little option but to rely
increasingly on locally available cost-effective
building materials and components.
The R&D efforts undertaken in the country by
various research organizations like CBRI,
Roorkee; SERC, Madras; National Council for
Cement and Building Materials (NCB),
Ballabgarh; Central Fuel Research Institute
(CFRI), Dhanbad; NBO and BMTPC have led
to development of various low cost, low
energy consuming building materials using
several industrial and agricultural wastes [5-7].
There is considerable potential for exploitation
of the agro-industrial wastes for their
commercial production and large-scale
application in construction programmes.
Table 1: Average Cost Break-Up of Building Construction.
Materials (67%) Labour (33%) Component-wise (100%)
Cement 17% Mason’s wages 12% Foundation 10%
Iron and steel 9% Carpenter’s wages 6% Walls 30%
Bricks 15% Unskilled labour 15% Roofs 25%
Timber 12% Doors and Windows 15%
Sand 6% Flooring 10%
Aggregate 8% Finishing 10%

Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Flood Resistant Houses
Subhan Ahmad1,
*, Mohammad Kamil Khan2
, Mohd. Saqib3
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
2
Departmentof Civil Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
3
Department of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
Abstract
Unusual high stage of river is called flood. In flood, the water level rises to an extent in which
water starts spilling over the bank and spreading to the flood plains. The frequency and
intensity of floods has intensified in the country over the years primarily due to encroachment
of flood plains because of obvious advantages of water supply and irrigation. Flood causes
extensive damage to infrastructure, the economy and devastation to human settlements. Heavy
rains during the monsoon season lasting between June and September are a common peril
hazard in North-East India. Usually 80 to 90 percent of the annual rain falls over most parts
of the country, due to monsoon circulation cause severe floods in some of the Indian rivers
due to cyclonic precipitation. Out of the total geographical area of 329 mha of India, more
than 40 mha is flood prone. In the past three decades, about 481 natural disasters struck India
in which 184 were flood disasters affecting millions of people and took over 4000 lives.
According to the climate change reports from inter-governmental panel, warn that the climate
change in the country will lead to an increase in frequency, intensity, spatial extent, duration,
and timing of extreme weather events. For preparing to minimize the flood damages, many
techniques can be adopted in which construction of flood resisting houses is an important step
to be worked on. Measures to design of flood resistant houses and some case are discussed
and described in the present paper.
Keywords: Mitigation techniques, floating house
INTRODUCTION
An unusual high stage of river is called flood.
The events causing flood may be natural
meteorological phenomenon or result of some
human activities. The natural events such as
intense and prolonged rainfall spells, seismic
activities causing tsunami and astronomically
influenced phenomena such as high tides
coinciding with the occurrence of heavy
rainfall may cause floods. Failure of hydraulic
and other control structures and mis-
management of hydraulic structures may also
lead to flood. India is a peninsular country as it
is bordered by Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean and
the Bay of Bengal on three sides and a large
percentage of area is lying in flood prone zone,
i.e. 12.5% of total area is lying in major flood
prone zone according to the Geological Survey
of India (GSI). Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar,
Gujarat, Haryana, Kerala, Orissa, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal fall
in flood prone areas. During 1953 to 2011, the
average annual flood damage caused due to
floods in various parts of the country, are
tabulated in Table 1.
Table 1: Summary of Average Annual Flood
Damages in India [1].
Average Annual Flood Damage (1953–2011)
Total damage Rs.3612.12 Crores
Area affected 7.22 million hectare
Population affected 32.43 million
Human lives lost 1653 Nos.
Floods disasters can be avoided if well
preparations are made to deal with them in
advance, it will reduce the loss of life and
properties [2].
The flood resistant house (FRH) is a house in
which the flood’s impacts on the residents and
property and on the home itself are minimized.
In ideal design, the FRH should be impervious
to water while having a traditional home
appearance.

Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Use of Recycled Aggregates in Concrete Mix Used as
White Topping
Borde Pratik Sanjay1
, Nirkhe Saurabh P.2
*
1
Department of Applied Mechanics, Government Polytechnic, Autonomous Institute of Government
of Maharashtra, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Deogiri Institute of Engineering, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Concrete, steel, brick, stone, glass, clay, mud and wood are the key materials for construction
of any civil structure. Now a day’s cement concrete is the main construction material used
worldwide in construction industries. As per the environmental change, concrete conserve
resources, protect the environment, economize and lead to proper utilization of energy. To
triumph this, use of wastes and by-products in concrete mix used for new constructions in a
concrete mix, recycled aggregates play a very important role as a major constitute of
concrete. By using recycled aggregate, we reduced the ingesting of energy and natural
materials and ingesting of waste materials. Under this topic, we focus on sustainable
development for our country. In this paper, we focus on, using recycled aggregate as
alternative to natural aggregate with varying replacement percentage for the concrete mix
used for existing pavements.
Keywords: Cement concrete, recycled aggregate, bituminous pavements, IRC SP-76
INTRODUCTION
Recycled Aggregates
Recycled aggregate is produced by crushing
concrete, and sometimes asphalt, to reclaim
the aggregate. Recycled aggregate can be used
for many purposes. The primary market is
road base. The use of recycled aggregate can
save money for local governments and other
purchasers, create additional business
opportunities, save energy when recycling is
done on site, conserve diminishing resources
of urban aggregates, and help local
governments to meet the diversion goals.
Aggregate consists of hard, graduated
fragments of inert mineral materials, including
sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, rock dust, or
powder. Inert solid waste is concrete, asphalt,
dirt, brick, and other rubble. Portland cement
concrete (PCC) and asphalt concrete (AC)
consist primarily of aggregate. The cement and
asphalt serve as binders. Some PCC contains
steel reinforcement bars, or "rebar," such as a
bridge deck or tilt-up slabs. When a road or
structure is demolished, the rebar can often be
seen protruding from the broken chunks of
PCC. Recycled aggregate comes primarily
from PCC and AC from road rehabilitation
and maintenance, demolition, and leftover
batches of AC and PCC. After processing, the
rocks retain bits of cement or asphalt.
A roadway is built in several layers: pavement,
base, and sometimes subbase. The pavement is
the surface layer, and is made of PCC or AC.
The base layer supports the pavement, and is
made of aggregate base (AB) [1–3].
Sources of Recycled Aggregate
Recycled aggregates sources are from
demolition and repair work. We found the
demolished structure in Aurangabad city. We
collected the pieces of demolished slabs,
beams, columns and other components of
building made up of concrete (Figure 1-2).
We obtained recycling aggregates of required
size by crushing the pieces obtained from the
site. (Location: Plot No: 11, Pannalal Nagar,
Osmanpura, Aurangabad)

Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Use of Steel Slag in Fly Ash Based Concrete for
White Topping
R. S. Patil
Department of Civil Engineering, Deogiri Institute of Engineering and Management Studies,
Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
The fast growth in industrialization has resulted in tons of by products or waste materials,
which can be used as secondary cementitious materials such as fly ash, steel slag etc. The use
of these byproducts not only helps to utilize these waste materials but also improves the
properties of concrete in fresh and hydrated states. Steel slag and fly ash are the two
materials used in concrete. Most concrete produced nowadays includes one or multiple
materials. That is why their properties are usually compared to each other by mix designers,
needed to optimize concrete mixtures. In the present work, a number of tests were carried out
to make comparative studies of mechanical properties of concrete mixes prepared by using
ultra tech brand Portland cement, fly ash in 20, 25, 30 and 35% proportions of replacement,
steel slag in 20, 25, 30 and 35% of replacement. The fine aggregate used is natural sand
belongs to zone II as per IS 383-1982. The coarse aggregate used is of 20 mm size. The
properties were studied for 150 days for compressive and flexural strength.
Keywords: Concrete, fly ash, steel slag
INTRODUCTION
White topping is referred to as the resurfacing
of an existing distressed pavement with
concrete [1]. The bonded white topping is
categorized as ultra-thin white topping,
concrete surface thickness ranging from 51–
102 mm (2–4 in), and thin white topping
concrete surface thickness ranging from 102–
152 mm (4–6 in) [2–4].
Globally, concrete is the backbone for the
development of infrastructures leading to
utilization of large quantity of concrete [5]. In
today’s situation, concrete needs special
combination. The proper use of waste material
fundamentally affects our economy and
environment [6]. The modern techniques in
industries create wastes in nature, which
pollute environment. Such waste in concrete is
useful as ecofriendly materials [7–9].
LITERATURE
White topping, now a day is a very popular
technique for road construction and
development and it is used all around the
world. The UTW project was constructed on a
landfill disposal facility near Louisville, KY in
1991. In North America, 200 UTW projects
had been built in 1997 [10–14]. The Colorado
department of transportation had done a series
of white-topping projects using TWT
technology, with more than 705,000 square
yards of concrete placed, in 1990. In 1990
project, test section was placed directly over
existing asphalt pavement on SH 68. These
test sections performed well over 15 years, and
cost analysis showed a savings of 11 percent
over asphalt replacement [15–17].
Many researchers had worked on for analyzing
and designing guidelines for TWT and UTW
system. Out of these studies, it is found that
for proper UTW and TWT system, a good
bonding between concrete-asphalt interface is
essential (Figures 1 and 2) [18–20].
METHODOLOGY
The material which is produced at the time of
separation of molten steel from impurities in
steel making furnace; the slag act as a molten
liquid melt and is a mixture of silicates and
oxides and is removed from the furnace at
1600 to 1800ºC and cooled before being
crushed and separated into various sizes.

Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Understanding Quality in Construction
Ujjwal Prabhakar*, Purnima Bajpai
Department of Civil Environmental Engineering, The Northcap University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
Abstract
Quality has transformed into a fundamental part of the construction project management
industry. With creating competition between various private firms, quality control and quality
assurance has grown to accomplish its significance in the construction industry. Quality
administration has been inserted in as a part of the framework for quite a while now but still
defects arise. This conflict arises due to difference in the management’s and the consumer’s
perception of a quality product. This study has been carried out as an endeavor to understand
if there really is any distinction or not. Just when this is seen accurately, can quality genuinely
be judged? In other words, one should differentiate between the factual definition of quality
and quality as a perception. The providers of services or goods that meet specifications
achieve quality in fact. In other words, a product can be of high quality and yet it may not
meet customer's needs and vice versa. Thus, a hypothesis testing using t-test has been carried
out in this study to comprehend if there exist a difference in perception of people belonging to
different age groups and educational backgrounds.
Keywords: Hypothesis testing, t-test, quality, client-contractor, relationships
INTRODUCTION
In the last few years, an economic surge has
been observed in the consumers with respect
to the quality of the product. This growing
interest has forced the industry to implement
various strategies in order to achieve or meet
the consumer’s expectations. Quality has
become an integral part of the construction
project management industry in recent years.
With growing competition between various
private firms, quality control and quality
assurance has achieved its importance. In its
most basic definition, quality may be defined
as conformance to what is promised. This
definition although may sum up the basic
understanding of what quality means but in
reality the idea is a lot more complex. In recent
years, with such rapid expansion in the
construction industry due to increased
participation of private contractors, quality as
a concept has gained much importance.
Fischgrund et al., in their have research have
impressed on the fact that client enters into
any project with certain expectations [1].
These inherent expectations from the client
also have a large effect on how the quality of
the product may be judged. It has also been
observed that there may be a difference in
perception between the client, the contractor
and the engineers involved in the project. With
increasing complexity of projects, there are
various parties involved. Thus, binding all
contributing parties into a common goal may
cause issues. The understanding of quality as a
measure cannot be easily quantified because
the perception of good quality may differ from
one contributing party to another.
Attainment of acceptable levels of quality in
the construction industry has long been a
problem. Extraordinary consumptions of time,
cash and assets, both, human and material, are
squandered every year on account of wasteful
or non-existent quality administration systems.
This has long been an issue and lack of
common perception or understanding of what
a quality product means from a customer’s
point of view and a contractor’s point of view
are two very different concepts. The difference
between the services delivered to the customer
and the promise of the firm to the customer
about its service quality. Thus, the need for
better understanding of quality as a definition
and whether there really is a difference in
opinion on the topic among people belonging

Journal of Construction Engineering Technology & Management vol 6 issue 3

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Journal of Construction Engineering Technology & Management vol 6 issue 3