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10. It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 6 Issue 3] of our Journal of NanoScience,
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11. 1. A Study on the Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Metal Nanoparticles with
Acrylic Acid-Acrylamide (AA) Copolymer as Mediating Agent
B. Sanjeeva Rao, K. Rajendra Prasad, S. Kalahasti, Ch. Srinivas, B. Suresh Babu 1
2. Characterization of Mn Dopped SrAlO Nano-Phosphors Prepared via Sol-Gel Method
V.T. Jisha 5
3. Effect of Annealing on Structural and Surface Properties of Nanostructured ZnO Thin Films
T. Shiyani, U.D. Khachar, R. Mansuriya, P. Solanki, R. Doshi, P. Vachhani, J.H. Markna, D.G. Kuberkar 11
4. Influence of Dip Cycles on the Structural, Optical and Morphological Properties of CdS-SILAR
Deposited Thin Films
Kester O. Ighodalo, Tochukwu M. Emeakaroha, Blessing N. Ezealigo, Kenneth Iloure 19
5. Growth and Description of Cu Nanostructure via a Chemical Reducing Process
S.C. Barman, D.K. Saha, H. Mamur, M.R.A. Bhuiyan 27
ContentsJournal of NanoScience, NanoEngineering & Applications

12. JoNSNEA (2016) 1-4 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Journal of Nanoscience, Nanoengineering & Applications
ISSN: 2231-1777(online), ISSN: 2321-5194(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
A Study on the Synthesis and Characterization of Silver
Metal Nanoparticles with Acrylic Acid-Acrylamide (AA)
Copolymer as Mediating Agent
B. Sanjeeva Rao1
, K. Rajendra Prasad2
, S. Kalahasti3
, Ch. Srinivas4
, B. Suresh Babu5
1
Department of Physics, Government Degree College, Mulugu, Warangal, West Bengal, India
2
Department of Physics, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science, Warangal,
West Bengal, India
3
Department of Physics, Kakatiya University, Warangal, West Bengal, India
4
Department of Physics, SR Degree College, Hanamkonda, West Bengal, India
5
Department of Physics, Kakatiya Government College, Hanamkonda, West Bengal, India
Abstract
Silver metal nano-particles (MNP) have been synthesized by chemical methods with acrylic
acid- acryl amide (AA) copolymer as mediating agent. Formation and interaction of silver
metal nano- particles with AA copolymer has been confirmed by ultraviolet–visible (UV-VIS),
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) techniques. Thermal and morphological properties of the
composite have been studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning
Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques. Change in intensity together with shift of FTIR
absorption bands in the regions of 3500–3150 cm-1
and 1700 cm-1
position in an evidence for
interaction of silver metal particles with amide (CONH2) and carboxylic acid functional
(COOH) groups of the copolymer. Presence of 280 nm, 350 nm and 450 nm optical
absorption bands indicate the formation and existence of silver nano metal particles in
copolymer matrix. DSC thermogram indicates that the thermal stability of the complex is more
than the copolymer. The silver nano metal particles are found to lie on the surface of
copolymer matrix.
Keywords: Copolymer matrix, nanoparticles, optical absorption, silver metal
INTRODUCTION
The metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have
attracted the attention of various researches
due to their attractive electrical, optical and
catalytic properties. The MNPs can be
produced by both chemical and physical
methods. As the generated MNPs have a
tendency to agglomerate, surface passive
elements, surfactant molecules like polymers
are used to prevent this. In this context, Choo
et al. [1], Shin et al. [2] have used poly (vinyl
pyrrolidone) (PVP) and Kumar et al. [3], Luo
et al. [4] have used poly (ethylene glycol)
(PEG) as mediator for the synthesis of silver
nanoparticles and to prevent the agglomerates.
Comparing to the conventional reducing
agents like hydrazine, sodium boroxide and
dimethylformamide, ethylene glycol (EG) or
polyethylene glycol (PEG) is reported to be
environmentally benign. Various types of
reducing agents are reported in the literature
[5], to produce nanoparticles. In this context,
the authors have used poly (acrylic acid) as
mediating agent to synthesize the silver MNPs
[6]. In the present studies, authors were
attempted to generate silver MNPs with
acrylic acid-acryl amide (AA) copolymer as
reducing or mediating agent. The
spectroscopic, thermal and morphological
properties are investigated.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Silver nanoparticles are synthesized by
chemical method with AA copolymer as
reduction agent. The AA copolymer is
dissolved in 100ml of water and aqueous
solution of 0.1 AgNO3 is added to it by drop
by drop with constant stirring for several hours
at 80°C.The resultant solution is annealed to
get the powder of complex. Optical absorption

13. JoNSNEA (2016) 5-10 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 5
Journal of Nanoscience, Nanoengineering & Applications
ISSN: 2231-1777(online), ISSN: 2321-5194(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Characterization of Mn Dopped SrAlO Nano-Phosphors
Prepared via Sol-Gel Method
V.T. Jisha*
Research Centre, S.T. Hindu College, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
Strontium aluminate with Mn dopped phosphor was synthesized by Sol-Gel method using
Strontium Acetate, Aluminium Acetate as raw material and 2-methoxyethanol as complexing
agent. The transparent sol was preheated at 100C for 2 h and then the precursor was finally
annealed at 950C for 2 h. The phosphor emits luminescence with peak wavelength at 395 nm
and 520 nm under near-ultraviolet excitation at 360 nm. The morphology, composition and
structure of the synthesized phosphors were characterized by scanning electron microscope
(SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) respectively.
Keywords: Strontium aluminate, stoichiometry, nanocrystals, aluminium acetate, sol-gel
method
INTRODUCTION
For the synthesis of aluminum-based oxide
phosphors, this method has been widely
accepted nowadays. Several reports are
available on the synthesis of different
strontium aluminate family hosts, such as
Sr3Al2O6, Sr4Al14O25, SrAl2O4, and SrAl12O19
using low temperature combustion technique
[1–4]. Sol-gel synthesis possesses some
benefits, namely, relatively low preparation
temperature, easy control of the stoichiometry,
high levels of product homogeneity, and no
need for the use of expensive equipment.
Luminescent semiconductor nano-crystals,
especially II-VI semiconductors, have
attracted great deal of attention in the past few
decades due to their unique properties and
potential applications [5–10].
The most extensively investigated doped
semiconductors are Mn, Dy and Eu doped
BaAIO, CaAlO and SrAlO nano-crystals. The
doping ion act as recombination centers for the
excited electron-hole pairs and result in strong
and characteristic luminescence. In doped
compound semiconductors, in contrast to the
undoped semiconductors, the impurity states can
play a special role in affecting the electronic
energy structures and transition probabilities.
Phosphors based on oxide matrices are attractive
host materials for the development of advanced
phosphors due to their ease of synthesis and
stability. We have developed a phosphors of
SrA1O:Mn and studied its photoluminescence
properties [11, 12].
EXPERIMENT
The procedure of synthesizing nanoparticles is
thoroughly described as follows: 98 wt% of
2 M Strontium acetate [(CH3.COO)2 Sr.2H2O
was dissolved in 25 ml of 2-methoxyethanol
with vigorous stirring. 1 wt% of 2M
Manganese nitrate [(CH3.COO)2 Mn.2H2O]
was dissolved in 25 ml of 2-methoxyethanol
with vigorous stirring. Simultaneously, 1 wt%
of 2M Aluminum acetate [C4H6AlO4.4H2O]
was dissolved in 25 ml of 2-methoxyethanol
with vigorous stirring and subsequently, it was
added to the first solution to reach 50 ml in
total. Then it was stirred for 30 min at room
temperature for the second time.
Ammonia was slowly added to this solution
with a constant stirring until a pH of 10.5 was
achieved. After the stirring of the solution for
30 min, acetic acid and ethylene glycol in the
ratio 1:1 was added to the solution. The sol
was heated at 80°C while being mechanically
stirred with a magnetic stirrer. As the evaporation
proceeded, the sol turned into a viscous gel. The
gel was aged for 2 h and then dried at 100°C for
about 5 h. The resulting materials were well
grinded and annealed at 950°C for 5 h to obtain
Mn doped SrAl4O7 nanopowders. For the

14. JoNSNEA (2016) 11-18 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 11
Journal of Nanoscience, Nanoengineering & Applications
ISSN: 2231-1777(online), ISSN: 2321-5194(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Effect of Annealing on Structural and Surface Properties
of Nanostructured ZnO Thin Films
T. Shiyani1,2,
*, U.D. Khachar1
, R. Mansuriya1
, P. Solanki1
, R. Doshi1
,
P. Vachhani1
, J.H. Markna1,2
, D.G. Kuberkar1
1
Department of Physics, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
2
Department of Nanotechnology, VVP Engineering College, Gujarat Technological University,
Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Abstract
ZnO thin films with different grain size were grown on amorphous quartz substrate using spin
coating method. We have reported the effect of annealing temperatures on the structural and
surface properties of ZnO thin films. The surface properties were characterized by AFM.
From XRD analysis, it can be seen that, the FWHM decreases with an increase in annealing
temperature from 500 to 575ºC which is reflected in the increase in the particle size with
annealing temperature. The grains are well developed in nature with the size ranging between
100 and 200 nm and the height of the grains range between 25 and 55 nm. The absorption
spectrum in the UV-visible range of ZnO film was taken to confirm the diameter of
nanoparticle. The value of the average diameter (D) of ZnO particle in the CSD grown film is
estimated to be ~10 nm, which is in the range of the particle size obtain from XRD.
Keywords: ZnO, thin film, microstructure, annealing
INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology is the technology of materials
usually in the range of 1 to 100 nm. When at
least one of the dimensions of any type of
material is reduced below ~100 nm, its
mechanical, thermal, optical, magnetic and
other properties change at some size
characteristic of that material [1, 2]. Thus
within the same material one can get range of
properties. There are two fundamental
approaches to fabricating nanomaterials. First,
bottom-up approach corresponds to
construction of nanomaterials from
fundamental building blocks such as
molecules or atoms. Second, top-down
approach corresponds to create a nanostructure
from a bulk material [3]. There are large
numbers of physical, chemical, biological and
hybrid techniques available to synthesize
different type of nanomaterials in the form of
colloids, clusters, powders, tubes, rods, wires,
thin films, etc.
A bulk material should have constant
mechanical properties regardless of its size,
but at the nanoscale this is often not the case.
The properties of materials change
dramatically as their size reaches to the
nanoscale. Mechanical properties such as
hardness, mechanical strength, ductility,
toughness, etc. are affected at nanoscale. The
enhanced diffusivity observed in the grain
boundary structure of nanostructured materials
is the mechanism thought to be responsible for
the changes in thermal properties. In metals,
thermal conductivity and melting point have
been observed to decrease while thermal
expansion coefficients have been observed to
increase. An increased chemical activity can
be obtained by the large number of atoms on
the surface of nano-crystallites providing
active sites for reactions. The size of
dispersion materials in a composite can alter
the wavelength of light that is absorbed by the
particulates. Altering the size of a particle can
change the associated energy and wavelength
of light absorbed. In semiconducting materials,
the band gap between the valance band and
conduction band increases as the size of the
particle decreases. The resistivity of
nanomaterials is higher because of the electron
scattering at grain boundaries [2–6]. ZnO is a
semiconductor with direct bandgap energy of
3.37 eV at room temperature. It is soluble in

15. JoNSNEA (2016) 19-26 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 19
Journal of NanoScience, NanoEngineering & Applications
ISSN: 2231-1777(online), ISSN: 2321-5194(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Influence of Dip Cycles on the Structural, Optical and
Morphological Properties of CdS-SILAR Deposited Thin
Films
Kester O. Ighodalo*, Tochukwu M. Emeakaroha, Blessing N. Ezealigo, Kenneth Iloure
Crystal Growth and Characterization Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Abstract
Cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin films were deposited on a glass substrate by a relatively simple
and cost effective successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method at
temperature 80ºC at different deposition cycles. For a fine nanocrystalline thin film growth,
the parameters include concentrations of cationic and ionic precursors, number of immersion
cycles, and the immersion time. A study was made to know how dip cycles affects the
structural, surface morphological and optical properties of the film using X-ray diffraction
(XRD), EDAX, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-VIS (ultraviolet visible)
spectrophotometer. The deposited CdS thin films were found to be greenockite αCdS film with
a strong preferred orientation along the (002) plane exhibit hexagonal phase with optical
band gaps between 2.38 and 2.70eV. The band gap with a value to a certain extent larger than
the distinctive value of the bulk CdS (2.42 eV), can be ascribed to quantum confinement effects
due to the nanometer crystallite size of the CdS thin films.
Keyword: Thin films, SILAR, SEM, XRD, UV-VIS
INTRODUCTION
SILAR deposition technique is known to be a
simple and inexpensive large-scale deposition
technique. It has been used in the deposition of
semiconductor thin films for many years. This
technique does not require high quality target
or substrate and it does not need high vacuum
to work. Also we can easily control the
thickness and deposition rate of the films in
wide variation by changing the duration of
rinsing, changing the number of cycles and so
on. Nanometer-sized semiconductors exhibit
structural, electronic, optical, luminescence,
and photo conducting properties [1, 2].
Nanocrystalline cadmium sulphide (CdS) is a
wide band gap material, which belongs to II-
VI group compound materials in the periodic
table. Its band gap varies between 2.1 and 2.4
eV, depending upon chemical composition and
many other factors. This CdS thin films have
been vastly used in the world due to its
applications in piezoelectric transducers,
photoconductors, transistors, photo-resistors,
laser materials and photovoltaic cells, also it
can be used as a window material together
with several semiconductors such as CdTe,
Cu2S and CuInSe2 [3, 4].
In CdS/CdTe heterojunction solar cells, where
CdS acts as the n-type semiconductor for the
window layer. A thicker CdS layer is believed
to yield a includes a cadmium salt, a
complexing agent, and thiourea as sulphur
source. CdS films have lower transmittance. In
addition, as CdS films become thinner, the
probability of a short circuit between the CdTe
and the front contact increases. The SILAR
process for the preparation of CdS thin films
been prepared by many techniques, some of
the techniques including electrochemical
method, chemical bath deposition method,
thermal evaporation method, chemical vapor
deposition method, vapor–liquid–solid growth
method, pulsed laser deposition method, spray
pyrolysis method, chemical bath technique
under rotation method [5–13]. Thus, the
deposition rate can be improved by changing
the chemical reagents concentrations,
changing the bath temperature and deposition

16. JoNSNEA (2016) 27-31 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 27
Journal of NanoScience, NanoEngineering & Applications
ISSN: 2231-1777(online), ISSN: 2321-5194(print)
Volume 6, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Growth and Description of Cu Nanostructure via a
Chemical Reducing Process
S.C. Barman1
, D.K. Saha2
, H. Mamur3
, M.R.A. Bhuiyan3,
*
1
Department of Applied Physics, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Islamic
University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
2
Materials Science Division, Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh
3
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Cankiri Karatekin University,
Cankiri 18100, Turkey
Abstract
Chemical reduction process has been employed to produce copper (Cu) nanostructure by
using L-ascorbic acid. The use of L-ascorbic acid makes this process cost effective. In this
process, copper chloride (CuCl2.2H2O) has been used as a precursor to produce the Cu
nanostructure. They were characterized through UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray
diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental findings
revealed that the molar concentrations of L-ascorbic acid played an important influence over
the particles size. The result observed was the average particle size ~50 nm.
Keywords: Cu nanostructure, ascorbic acid, particle size, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning
electron microscopy (SEM)
INTRODUCTION
Copper (Cu) is more conductive, economical
and cost-effective element than gold (Au) and
silver (Ag). For this reason, Cu is the best
alternative material instead of Au and Ag.
Nowadays, the easiest and most useful
processes are employed for the growth of Cu
nanostructure in the chemical reduction
process. In the process, a copper salt
(CuCl2.2H2O) has been decreased by a
reducing agent such as L-ascorbic acid. To
avoid oxidation, the process has been normally
activated in a non-aqueous solution at very
low concentration and under nitrogen gas
atmosphere conditions.
Looking at the application areas of Cu
nanostructure such as magnetic, electronic,
optical and catalytic properties [1–5], its
technological and commercial importance has
been introduced by using several areas such as
storage information [6], magnetic biosensors
[7], drug delivery, and hard strong materials
[8]. Recently, a number of processes such as
chemical reduction, laser ablation, polyol
synthesis and thermal decomposition have been
also developed to produce Cu nanostructure [1,
9–11]. The chemical reduction process among
them is normally employed to produce nano-
sized materials because of its easier handling,
minimum-cost and more efficiency [12].
During the process, the growth and
morphology could be controlled by an
optimizing molar concentration. Moreover, it
could improve a crystalline dimension to
control the optimization of experimental
measurement tools.
Fig. 1: Growth of CU-NPs.
On the other hand, the growth rate of nano-
sized particles depends on so many factors—
one of them is the concentration of metal ions.
The flexibility of enormous number of nuclei

17. Journal of
NanoScience, NanoEngineering
& Applications
ISSN 2231-1777 (Online)
ISSN 2321-5194 (Print)
September–December 2016
(JoNSNEA)
conducted
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Energy Science/ /
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