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Trends in
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September‒December2016
Machine Design
ISSN 2455-3352 (Online)
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Machinery Engineering, Indian School
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Engineering, Amrita School of
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Engineering, National Institute of
Technology, Raipur, India.

8. Editorial Board
Prof. Rakesh Sehgal
Mechanical Engineering Department,
National Institute of Technology,
Hamirpur, HP.
Dr. Raghunandan Bhat
Professor, Dept. of Mechatronics
Engineering, MIT, Manipal.
Dr. Srikanth Bontha
Asst. Professor, Dept. of
Mechanical Engineering,
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M. K. Pradhan
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Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad
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Asst. Professor, Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering,
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Sujan Chakraborty
ME Department, R.V. College of
Engineering, Bangalore
Chetan Patel
Mechanical Engineering, RK University,
Kasturbadham Rajkot, Gujarat.

9. It is my privilege to present the print version of the [Volume 3, Issue 3] of our Journal of Trends in
Machine Design(TMD), 2016. The intension of TMD Journal is to create an atmosphere that
stimulatesvision,researchandgrowth intheareaofMechanicalEngineering.
Timely publication, honest communication, comprehensive editing and trust with authors and
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Ihopeyouwillenjoyreadingthisissue andwewelcomeyourfeedbackonanyaspectof theJournal.
Dr.ArchanaMehrotra
ManagingDirector
STM Journals
Director's Desk
STM JOURNALS

10. Design
To develop state-of-the-art and worthwhile engineered products, it is very critical to address the user needs and
preferences which is intrinsically challenging. It is also necessary to assimilate user likings with technical and cost-
effective necessities throughout the engineering design process. Since the past few years, there was a substantial
progression in user-concentrated design research that presents ideologies from altered fields like social science,
cognitive science, economics and market research; there is still a deficiency of incorporation of these procedures, either
quantitative or qualitative, for straight backup engineering design judgments. Hence it is necessary to improve
interdisciplinary design tactics to discourse “interface” matters amid various fields and engineering design, considering
environmentalimpactassessments,socialbehavior,usagecontext,marketdemandandotherissues.
The worthiness of a product/service will be influenced by; on to what degree the product/service gratifies the customer
desires. In adding to categorical customer desires, concealed customer wishes are predominantly precarious to product
modernizationandrealization.Commonmethodstocustomerrequirementselicitationencompassstepssuchas:
1.Rawdatacollectionfromcustomers,
2.Assigningthecollecteddataintocustomerdesires,
3.Consolidatingthecustomerdesiresintoapeckingorderofprimary,secondaryandtertiarywishes,
4.Listingthecustomerdesireswithqualifiedprominence,and
5.Replicatingontheoutcomesandprocess.
Thedifficultiesinlatentcustomerneedselicitationare:
1.Multichanneldatacollection.
2.Linguisticinvestigationofcustomerdesires.
3.Ignoranceoflatentcustomerdesires.
Consumers play a dynamic role in the succeeding generation product development. The chief users help the designers to
determine appropriate product feature likings beforehand the general customer base desires. The prevailing design
procedures which are used to mine the chief user likings are typically constrained by heterogeneity, geographic, temporal
and size limitations. To moderate such tasks, a fixed number of mathematical prototypes that mine social media set-ups
forchiefconsumers,andtheproductlandscapes,thattheypromptconnectingtotheexactproductscanbedeveloped.
The important stage in the design procedure is accepting the consumer desires which would lead to the success of the
product. For various trademarked merchandises, the companies do not achieve direct consumer studies but depend on the
market inclinations that product creators and marketing divisions have and the general knowledge of the target customer.
Consumer likings generally account for the appearance and functions of the product, and feel to interact with the
trademark and familiarity for consumers. Design of products is typically dispersed over numerous groups of specialists,
who occasionally conduct their specific distinct consumer studies and reviews. The design groups comprise specialists
from diverse disciplines with an altered information and understanding of the product, which have different
interpretationsofwhatcustomersneedandwish.
As the cost, performance and manufacturing feasibility of the product is important, so does the appearance. Hence both
traits should be well thought out during the design process. Generally, the consumers will not be able to spell out their
needs correctly. Even if they are successful, it would be in nontechnical words. Product designers, marketing experts and
engineering experts act as substitutions for the consumers in the absence of market studies, by assuming what the
consumer needs. After inserting these assumptions in the product specification, the document is handed over to the
manufacturing cell. Typically, the final product which is manufactured may feel and look dissimilar from what was
originally envisioned due to engineering fluctuations during the design procedure. Finally, the product manufactured
mayvaryfromthoseformerlywished-forbytheproductdesigners.
Editorial

11. Thechallengesfacedbythecompany'smanufacturingandmarketingtrademarkedgoods:
1.Aconsistentstyleshould bemaintainedacross theentireproductoffering;
2. The emotional responses and perceptions of the consumers which are subjective and semantically unclear in their
words shouldbeunderstoodproperly.
3.Aconstant communication about the trademark values across the range of different brand products should be conveyed
totheconsumers;
4. To ensure that the trademark values and the anticipated user observations and sentiments are not battered by
anticipatedandunintentionalengineeringchangeselicitedby technicalrestraintsorcost.
It is interesting to note that the user inclinations and needs in design of trademarked product face numerous negotiation
layers like, the design group and consumers can be addressed by additional user-focused design approaches, and the
negotiation layer inside the multidisciplinary design team necessitates appropriate support for the communication of
subjectiveandoftenambiguousconcepts.
The products with continuous improvement in design will meet the requirement of the customers which will result in
purchase of the product of his desire. Initially, the design groups will generate many design alternatives and then select
one from those alternatives for further development. Feedback will be obtained from the consumers and other
stakeholders on conditional design ideas by provoking a design direction.This feedback will be integrated into the future
design direction by the design team. To draw financial investment, the phenomenon of tracking down feedback on
conditional design representations has become more dominant through the rise of online crowdfunding sites that present
consumers with preproduction designs. To authenticate business ideas with probable consumers, entrepreneurs have
incorporatedminimumviableproductdesigns withlow-costandquickprototypes.
Since the forecast of forthcoming demand of a product, as a function of engineering design traits and target market
picture is important, the customer choice modelling is gaining increasing thoughtfulness in engineering design. A wide
range of design interests such as design under market competition, platform-based product family design, social context
and usage based design, hierarchical systems design, multilevel and multidisciplinary design, robust design, and
consider-then-choose model to design optimization, are a few recent efforts considered towards incorporating customer
preferences into engineering design. Design of products in this line is the need of the hour and would felicitate the
customers.
Raghunandana
Departmentof MechatronicsEngineering
ManipalInstituteofTechnology
(AConstituentInstituteof ManipalUniversity)
Manipal,Karnataka,India
Editorial

12. 1. Influence of Internal and External Dampings on Shaft Whirl Speeds
Ravindra Gardas, Bangarubabu Popuri 1
2. Six Sigma DMAIC Approach for Increasing Effectiveness of Heat Exchanger
Akash A Shukla, Dhaval B Patel 12
3. Finite Element Analysis of Tool Wear Rate in Electrical Discharge Machining and Comparison with
Experimental Results
C.R. Sanghani, G.D. Acharya, K. D. Kothari 18
4. An Experimental Study of Wear and Frictional Behaviour of Different Metal
Pairs under Different Normal Loads
Deependra Singh Patel, Ashesh Tiwari 23
5. Stress Analysis of Variable Thickness FGM Rotating Disks by Element based Material Gradation under
Thermomechanical Loading
Amit Kumar Thawait, Lakshman Sondhi, Shubhankar Bhowmick, Shubhashis Sanyal 32
6. Failure Analysis of Bearing: A Review
Pranav P. Bagdiya, Ashok J. Keche 43
ContentsTrends in Machine Design

13. TMD (2016) 1-11 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
Trends in Machine Design
ISSN: 2455-3352(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Influence of Internal and External Dampings on Shaft
Whirl Speeds
Ravindra Gardas1,
*, Bangarubabu Popuri2
1
Rotating Machines Division, General Electric, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal,
Telangana, India
Abstract
A mathematical model is developed for the estimation of rotor forward and backward whirl
speeds by considering the stationary and rotational dampings. Stationary damping includes
external viscous damping in the bearings and rotational damping includes internal viscous
and hysteretic damping in the shaft material. The rotors in gas turbines and steam turbines
commonly used in military and commercial rotating machines operate at high speeds. These
rotors are provided with a set of holes in the shaft to send the coolant to cool the turbine
blades. The estimation of the rotor whirl speeds with the above conditions is very difficult. The
developed mathematical model predicts the whirl speeds by considering all the above
conditions. As the rotor speed increases, the difference between forward whirl and backward
whirl increases due to the gyroscopic effect. The study has been done to understand the
percentage change in the ratio of forward whirl to backward whirl speed for normal rotor and
rotor with above conditions. The whirl speed prediction is done with the combinations of
external damping, internal viscous damping and internal hysteretic damping. The more we
understand these effects, the more likely we are to make accurate rotating machine diagnoses
and to develop appropriate plans for knowledge based maintenance.
Keywords: Whirl speed, rotor, external damping, internal viscous damping and internal
hysteretic damping
INTRODUCTION
High speed machinery is used in a wide
variety of applications, ranging from
turbomachines in power generation to
industrial machine tools. Uncontrolled and
undesired vibrations in the rotating systems
can lead to catastrophic failures meaning extra
cost due to downtime and repair with human
and property loss.
The rotors in many commercial and military
rotating machines operate above the critical
speeds. These rotors are highly unstable at
high speed. The primary destabilizing
mechanism for these high speed rotors is the
presence of internal damping. The internal
damping may be a linear viscous and/or
hysteretic in nature.
The focus of the proposed paper is on the
consideration of different types of internal
damping and external damping effect on the
rotor critical speed and whirl speeds viz.
backward whirls and forward whirls. The
fundamental work in this field was pioneered
by Rankine in 1869 who performed the first
analysis of a spinning shaft and attempted to
establish accurate method for the estimation of
whirl speeds of complex systems is explained
by Downham [1]. The rotors could be operated
safely beyond their first critical speeds with
proper rotor balancing, that the trend in rotor
dynamics design changed only after Jeffcott’s
analysis.
The first researchers to identify internal
hysteretic damping in rotating machines and
the internal friction which is one of the main
causes of oil whipping were concluded [2].
Ehrich made the mathematical model of
internal friction, which states that the internal
friction stresses act in a direction
perpendicular to the shaft deflection plane and

14. TMD (2016) 12-17 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 12
Trends in Machine Design
ISSN: 2455-3352(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Six Sigma DMAIC Approach for Increasing
Effectiveness of Heat Exchanger
Akash A. Shukla*, Dhaval B. Patel
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vadodara Institute of Engineering, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Abstract
In a small sized furnace manufacturing company, heat exchanger is a fundamental segment.
The productivity of the furnace relies on upon the proficiency and adequacy of the heat
exchanger. This research uncovers the experimental execution of Six Sigma DMAIC (Define-
Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control) stages to enhance the adequacy of shell and tube heat
exchanger and along these lines enhance the quality and productivity of the furnace. The
basic goal is to enhance the nature of the furnace through DMAIC stages. In this case study,
the define phase assesses the furnace performance, through distinguishing and lessening
different multiple operational energy losses to enhance the general proficiency. In measure
stage, the present effectiveness of the heat exchange rate for the heat exchanger was measured
and found as 0.61. In analysis stage, there as on for the lessening of effectiveness was
distinguished as less heat exchange area through cause and effect diagram. In improve stage;
the existing design was modified through various alternative solutions such as factors that
identify the performance of heat exchanger by conducting brain storming sessions. In this
stage, the solution was identified with the introduction of circular fins over the bare tubes to
improve the effectiveness in the shell and tube heat exchanger. Therefore, the effectiveness has
been raised from 0.61 to 0.664. In control stage, the control techniques were prescribed to
manage the upgrades in shell and tube heat exchanger.
Keywords: Six Sigma, DMAIC, CTQ, quality, effectiveness, furnace, shell, tube heat
exchanger
INTRODUCTION
In the modern era of business practice, furnace
plays an authoritative role in metal mining,
metal forming and heat treatment process. The
furnace products producers uphold overall
competitiveness through strategic energy
management by using energy efficient
technologies. The execution of the furnace
endeavors to upgrade the quality by
considering effectiveness and execution of the
furnace together. Among the different
techniques accessible to enhance the furnace
execution, an efficient approach ought to be
utilized for accomplishing stimulus change at
a moderate cost. In engineering field, the
many-sided quality diminishment of the
functional unit can be accomplished through
either breakdown of the framework or process.
The furnace has some basic performance
influential components namely heat
exchanger, nozzle, burner and control valve.
The performance of individual components
can be evaluated and integrated to embark the
total performance of the furnace. The strict
investigation was taken over to identify and
eliminate the vital parameters that affect the
efficiency of the furnace through a systematic
approach namely Six Sigma DMAIC (Define,
Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control)
phases. Six Sigma is a quality management
tool introduced by Bill Smith of Motorola in
1980 [1]. It is said to be fierce approach that
directly hits imperative woes faced in
customer end, by reducing the variation to
achieve 3.4 defects per million opportunities
(DPMO) that subsequently enhance the
quality, market share of the manufacturing
organization. The variations are controlled by
using a hierarchical approach of Six Sigma
DMAIC, which have been derived from
Deming’s improvement cycle namely PDCA
(Plan-Do-Check-Act). This case study
performs examinations on enhancing current
execution of heat exchanger that enhances the
general effectiveness of the furnace by
utilizing the Six Sigma DMAIC approach. In

15. TMD (2016) 18-22 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 18
Trends in Machine Design
ISSN: 2455-3352(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Finite Element Analysis of Tool Wear Rate in
Electrical Discharge Machining and Comparison
with Experimental Results
C.R. Sanghani1,
*, G.D. Acharya2
, K.D. Kothari3
1,3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, R. K. University,
Rajkot, Gujarat, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atmiya Institute of Technology and Science,
Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is one of the precise non-traditional machining
processes in which desired shape is obtained in workpiece using electrical sparks. In EDM,
material removal from workpiece and tool takes place by means of successive sparks
occurring between them. The tool wear is a critical problem in EDM as the change in tool
shape directly affects the final shape of the workpiece. In this paper, finite element analysis of
tool wear in electrical discharge machining is carried out for copper tool. The input data
required for simulation are taken from experimental details available in existing literature.
For energy distribution factor, an empirical formula is used. The simulation results are
compared and validated with experimental results which showed good agreement.
Keywords: EDM, TWR, experiment, finite element analysis
INTRODUCTION
The electrical discharge machining (EDM)
process uses principle of spark erosion for
material removal from workpiece and tool. At
present, EDM is an extensively used process in
industry for machining of materials which
requires high precision. To run machine tools at
their maximum level, there is a need to
optimize process parameters affecting
performance of process. Many researchers have
tried different techniques for optimization of
EDM process but the experimental optimization
is not cost effective and consumes more time.
Hence, finite element analysis can be used as a
tool for process optimization and certain
methodology should be established for that. The
thermo-physical model was developed by Joshi
and Pande for parametric studies of EDM
process using finite element analysis [1].
Liu et al. used finite element method to
simulate tool wear during small hole drilling in
titanium alloy by EDM [2]. Mohanty et al.
carried out thermal-structural analysis of EDM
process to analyze effect of process parameters
on performance measures [3]. For prediction of
recast layer, a numerical model was developed
by Tan and Yeo based on multiple discharge
approach in micro EDM [4].
Kansal et al. developed a finite element model
to predict material removal rate in powder
mixed electric discharge machining process [5].
In this work, experimental data are taken from
available literature and used as input for finite
element analysis (FEA) of tool wear in
electrical discharge machining process.
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Table 1 shows experimental parameters and
TWR from experiments as well as Patel’s
model in which steel workpiece and copper tool
were used [6]. These experimental parameters
are used as input for modeling of EDM process.
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF EDM
PROCESS
Thermal analysis of EDM process is carried out
to predict tool wear rate (TWR) using
experimental data available in literature.

16. TMD (2016) 23-31 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 23
Trends in Machine Design
ISSN: 2455-3352(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
An Experimental Study of Wear and Frictional Behaviour
of Different Metal Pairs under Different Normal Loads
Deependra Singh Patel*, Ashesh Tiwari
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Devi Ahilya Vishvavidyalaya, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Abstract
In the present study, wear and friction coefficients of different material pairs, such as
aluminium, brass, copper and steel, are investigated and compared experimentally. In order
to do so, a pin-on-disc apparatus is used. Experiments are carried out when different types of
pins such as aluminium, brass, copper and mild steel slide on different disc materials such as
aluminium, brass, copper and mild steel. Experiments are conducted at normal load of 5, 10,
15 and 20 N, sliding velocity 1 m/s and relative humidity 70%. Variations of wear and friction
coefficient at different normal load are investigated. Results show that wear and friction
coefficient varies with normal load. The obtained results reveal that friction coefficient
increases with the increase in normal load for most of the tested pairs and decreases for
others. The magnitudes of friction coefficient are different for different material pairs
depending on normal load. Moreover, the wear increases with the increase in normal load for
all the tested pairs.
Keywords: Friction coefficient, wear, normal load, aluminium, brass, copper, mild steel
INTRODUCTION
In the past few years, numerous investigations
have been carried out and several researchers
observed that friction and wear depend on
several parameters such as normal load,
surface roughness, sliding velocity, relative
humidity, lubrication etc. There have been also
many investigations to explore the influence of
type of material, temperature, stick-slip,
contact geometry and vibration [1–13].
Normal load is the important parameter that
dictates the tribological performance of metals
and alloys. Copper and copper-based alloys
are widely used in many engineering
applications because of high thermal and
electrical conductivity, very good corrosion
and wear resistance and self-lubrication
property [14, 15]. Copper-based alloys are
used as bearing materials to achieve a high
wear resistance [16]. Pure aluminium and
aluminium-based alloys can be used in
applications where corrosion is a problem.
Aluminium alloys are used as bearing
materials where low friction is required [17].
Wear resistance of Si added aluminium alloys
is higher than that of the other aluminium
alloys [18]. Aluminium, lead, tin, copper and
their alloys can be used as a coating material
to steel bearing due to their superior wear
properties [19–21].
Bearing materials are expected to have several
good properties such as high load capacity,
low friction coefficient, high corrosion
resistance, high wear resistance and high heat
conductivity. All of these properties
significantly affect the fatigue and wear life
[16]. In the high load regime, friction
coefficient either increases or decreases with
load for many metallic pairs. It is believed that
due to a large amount of wear debris and
increased surface roughening, friction force
decreases [22, 23]. At loads from micro to
nano-Newton range, friction coefficient may
be very low when the contacting surfaces are
very smooth [24, 25].
In the previous investigations, metals and alloys
sliding against different pin materials showed
different frictional properties under a range of
operating conditions [26–29]. Despite these
investigations, friction and wear of aluminium,
brass, copper and mild steel sliding against
aluminium, brass, copper and mild steel are yet

17. TMD (2016) 32-42 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 32
Trends in Machine Design
ISSN: 2455-3352(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Stress Analysis of Variable Thickness FGM Rotating
Disks by Element based Material Gradation under
Thermomechanical Loading
Amit Kumar Thawait1,
*, Lakshman Sondhi2
, Shubhankar Bhowmick3
, Shubhashis Sanyal4
1,2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Bhilai,
Chhattisgarh, India
3,4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur,
Chhattisgarh, India
Abstract
The present research work aims to analyze deformation and stresses, induced in functionally
graded rotating disks of variable thicknesses. The disks are made of exponential functionally
graded material, whose mechanical and physical properties vary in radial direction.
Functionally gradation of the properties is achieved by element-based gradation. Uniform as
well as variable thickness, namely concave profile, convex profile and linear varying profile
rotating disks are analyzed for clamped-free and free-free boundary conditions. Disks are
rotating in non-uniform temperature field, due to which thermomechanical elastic stresses
induced in the disks. These stresses and resulting deformation, due to centrifugal force and
uneven temperature distribution are evaluated and presented. Results obtained show that the
deformation and stress fields in a rotating disk under thermomechanical loadings can be
controlled by varying the thickness of the disk.
Keywords: Functionally graded material (FGM), variable thickness rotating disk, element
based gradation, thermoelastic analysis
INTRODUCTION
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are
special composite materials that have
continuous and smooth spatial variations of
physical and mechanical properties.
Functionally graded components, in recent
years, are widely used in space vehicles,
aircrafts, nuclear power plants and many other
engineering applications. Machine elements in
the fields of gas turbines, gears, turbo-
machinery etc. are the examples of rotating
disks where thermomechanical loadings come
into the picture. In such cases stresses due to
centrifugal load and uneven temperature
distribution, have important effects on the
strength and safety of the components.
Thus, control and optimization of stress and
displacement fields can help to reduce the
overall payload in industries. Optimization of
the stress to strength ratio is done by varying
the material property and thickness of the disk.
Disks made up of functionally graded
materials and of variable thickness, have
significant stress reduction over the disks
made up of homogeneous material and of
uniform thickness. Therefore, a higher limit
speed is permissible for FGM disks.
Literature review, although points towards the
popularity of the area of investigation of disk
stresses and deformation states, however,
research on varying geometry rotating disk
made of functionally graded material is scarce.
Eraslan et al. (2003) has obtained analytical
solutions for the elastic plastic stress
distribution in rotating variable thickness
annular disks [1]. Thickness of the disks has
parabolic variation and the analysis is based on
the Tresca’s yield criterion. Bayat et al. (2009)
reported work on analysis of a variable
thickness FGM rotating disk [2].
Material properties vary according to power
law and the disk is subjected to both the
mechanical and thermal loads. Afsar et al.

18. TMD (2016) 43-59 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 43
Trends in Machine Design
ISSN: 2455-3352(online)
Volume 3, Issue 3
www.stmjournals.com
Failure Analysis of Bearing: A Review
Pranav P. Bagdiya*, Ashok J. Keche
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad,
Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Ball and rolling element bearings are perhaps the most widely used components in industrial
machinery. They are used to support load and allow relative motion inherent in the
mechanisms involved, preventive measures and recommended corrections to enhance the life
of the bearing. In this paper, the most widely referred mechanisms are reviewed and
discussed, and their limitations are addressed. Heat flows within a bearing, scanning electron
microscope (SEM), Fourier infrared transform spectroscopy (FTIR), high-frequency natural
bearing resonance indicators (HFNBRI), and various modelling and simulation software such
as ProE, Ansys and LabVIEW are also discussed in these papers.
Keywords: Finite element method, rolling contact fatigue, ANSYS, phenolic composite,
thermal analysis
INTRODUCTION
The rolling bearing is a machinery component
that plays a very important role, since it
dominates the machine performance. If one of
the bearings fails, not only the machine, but
also the assembly line stops and the deriving
costs may be extremely high. Bearings are one
of the important machine elements used in
many applications, which include rotating
component. This supports another moving
machine element permitting the relative
motion between the rolling-element bearings
consisting of balls or rollers positioned
between raceways. Extreme operating
condition of heavy loading, very high speed,
and very high or low operating temperature
leads to early bearing failure.
Mostly the ball and roller bearing failures are
caused by interference of the lubricant supply
to the bearing or inadequate delivery of the
lubricating oil to the raceway contact. Ball
bearings can be divided into three categories,
i.e. radial contact, angular contact, and thrust.
Radial-contact ball bearings are designed to
support radial loads. Angular contact bearings
are designed to support combination of radial
and axial loads. Thrust bearings are designed
to support axial loads. Roller bearings have
higher load capacities than ball bearings for a
given size and are usually used in moderate
speed heavy duty applications. The
preliminary types of roller bearings are
cylindrical, needle, tapered, and spherical
roller bearing. The service life of bearings is
either as a period of time or as the total
number of rotations before the occurrence of
failures in the inner ring, outer ring or in
rolling element (ball or roller) because of
rolling fatigue, due to repeated stress. Rated
life of bearing which is expressed as the period
at which equipment or machine element fails
under specified conditions of use, is given by
its manufacturer. The service life of bearing
differs from rated life, where bearing failure
may be caused by poor lubrication,
misalignment, and mounting damage before its
actual life.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Graney et al. addresses the purpose to briefly
talk about how the high-frequency natural
bearing resonance indicator, discrete
frequency indicators (acceleration),
acceleration time waveform characteristics,
acceleration time waveform crest factor, and
the velocity amplitude of bearing fault
frequencies with respect to rolling element
bearings can be integrated to assert the
bearing’s health and the probability of a
catastrophic failure [1]. This paper also
introduces the multiple technologies and

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