4. 2.2 COUNTRIES IN SOUTH ASIA
INDIA PAKISTAN BANGLADESH
AFGHANISTAN
NEPAL BHUTAN SRI LANKA THE
MALDIVES
5. 3.0 INTRODUCTION
• Consists of the land from the Himalayan peaks to the Indian Ocean
• The region home to 1.5 billion people
• May reach 2 billion by 2025, but still the smallest world region
• A varied history with their natural environment influences the global
but with uneven political, social, economic geographies
• Historically, the material and region’s cultural wealth compete with China
and later, Europe.
• Physically, the region is surround by the northern mountain wall.
• Internally, it is control by the great plains of Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra rivers.
6. • The first waves people entered by the northern mountain passes to access the rich plains
• Later, attackers came from ocean –Muslims, Europeans
• The left marks in land, people, culture
• Today, this region consist of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Mountain
and Island Rim countries interacts with the rest of world
• India’s media industry shows how people with such ancient cultures
live with modern globalization.
• In 1990s, TV programs enabled the globalization media to replace the single
channel Indian government programs to other channels mainly in language
spoken by fewer than half the total population.
7. 4.0 SOUTH ASIA CLIMATE
4.1 Tropical Monsoon
Rain Climate
4.2 Alpine/Mountain
Climate
4.3 Tropical Savannah
Climate
9. 4.1 TROPICAL
MONSOON RAIN
CLIMATE
• This type of climate results from
the monsoon winds which change
direction according to the seasons.
• This climate has wet and dry with extremely
wet season with rainfall less than 60 mm
monthly, but more than 1/25 the total annual
precipitation.
• Cities featuring Tropical Monsoon Climate
are Chittagong (Bangladesh) and
Malé (Maldives)
Tropical Monsoon Rain Climate at Chittagong,
Bangladesh
10. 4.2 ALPINE/MOUNTAIN CLIMATE
• The northern most part of India meeting the
Himalayan Mountains.
• Temperatures drops during the winter months of
May to October with cold winds and snow fall.
• In summer, June to September, the temperature
rises to 15 degrees Celsius
• Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh
and Sikkim experience this climateAlpine/Mountain Climate in Kashmir
11. 4.3 TROPICAL
SAVANNAH CLIMATE
• Cities that featuring Tropical Savannah Climate
are Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Kolkata, West
Bengal (India), Dhaka (Bangladesh) and
Trincomalee (Sri Lanka)
• Tropical savannah is characterized by a
strongly pronounced dry season and a wet
season, and a landscape that tends to be
halfway between a rainforest and a desert,
essentially tropical grasslands
• Dry season, with the driest month having
precipitation less than 60 mm and less than 1/25
of the total annual precipitation
Tropical Savannah Climate in Assam, India
12. 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM
5.1 NATURAL DISASTER
5.1.1 Hazard
5.1.2 Flood
5.1.3 Drought
5.1.4 Tsunami
5.2 HUMAN-INDUCED ENVIRONMENT PROBLEM
5.2.1 Air Pollution
5.2.2 Water Pollution
13. 5.1 NATURAL DISASTER
5.1.1 HAZARD
• Human clearance of land
• Earthquakes by Himalayas
• Loss of life and destroyed poorly constructed housing
• Large earthquakes occurred in 1905,1934,2005
Landslide from the Himalayas earthquakes
Human clearance effected Taj Mahal
14. 5.1.2 FLOOD
• Major problem in the Lower Ganges and Brahmaputra valleys
• Affected 30 million people
• Impossible to move people to unfloodable areas
• Causing deforestation in India, Nepal, Tibet
• No cooperation to reduce this effect
Flood in Nepal Flood in India
15. 5.1.3 DROUGHT
• Water shortages in urban and rural areas of India
• Urban middle classes can install storage tanks in short time
• Slum dwellers wait in line
• Village upper castes use the “untouchables” –find their water elsewhere
• In future, Maldive Islands and Brahmaputra Delta face drowning by rising
ocean –Global warming
16. People crowd around a tanker to store water
Drought affected farmers plantation
Deep well in IndiaAnimals death from worst drought
17. 5.1.4 TSUNAMI
• Southeastern India and Sri Lanka struck by tsunami by a massive
earthquake off northern Sumatra
• Later, UN plans to establish an early warning system
Tsunami caused damage and loss of life
18. 5.2 HUMAN-INDUCED
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
• Making herbicides and pesticides in Green Revolution
• It resulted in dangerous concentrations of chemical factories.
• Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India.
• Water leaked produce chemical reaction and a cloud of toxic gases
5.2.1 AIR POLLUTION
19. • After 20 years, the site now owned by the state
of Madhya Pradesh
• Remains highly contaminated
• Both state and Dow Chemical deny responsibility
for cleaning the site.
• Well publicized but not isolated.
• Damage to the Taj Mahal, only can take
expensive action on a local scale.
• The number of industrial development north
of Mumbai and Delhi has massive air pollution
The Union Carbide Chemical factory
Union Carbide Chemical plant nearby housing area in India
20. 5.2.2 WATER POLLUTION
• 40% of Indian lives in middle and lower Ganges River basin.
• The land cultivated and many factories and urban areas.
• The faithful believe Mother Ganga preserve them from harm
• Example, heavily polluted from concentration of leather tanning works
enter the Ganges River to main Hindu ritual bathing sites
• In recent years, trash dump in Ganges with funeral pyres.
• Washing cattle add polluted the rivers
• Ganga Action Plan aimed to clean up the river
21. Trash dump in Ganges River
Indian women washing clothes in Ganges
Praying along the Ganges River
Hindu funeral, corpse of the dead washed before cremation
22. 6.0 HISTORY AND CULTURE
6.1 PRECOLONIAL CULTURES
6.1.1 Hindus and caste
6.1.2 Buddhism and Jainism
6.1.3 Many Invasions
6.1.4 Muslims, Mughals, Sikhs
6.1.5 Mountain Isolation and
Island Openness
6.3 PATHS TO INDEPENDENCE
6.3.1 The Origins of India and Pakistan
6.3.2 Ceylon Becomes Sri Lanka
6.2 COLONIAL IMPACTS
6.2.1 Trading Expension
6.2.2 British Indian Empire
6.2.3 Ceylon and The Maldives
6.2.4 Afghanistan
23. HISTORY
• The history of South Asia is marked by attempts to unify the people of
the subcontinent and protect them from external invaders.
• A strong social culture developed and has survived many political and
economic changes
• Cultural differences, including gender issue, emerged from religious
allegiances that became entrenched in political attitudes.
24. 6.1 PRECOLONIAL CULTURES
6.1.1 Hindus and caste
6.1.2 Buddhism and Jainism
6.1.3 Many Invasions
6.1.4 Muslims, Mughals, Sikhs
6.1.5 Mountain Isolation and Island Openness
25. 6.1 PRECOLONIAL CULTURES
• The Dravidian people of southern India are thought to be modern descendants of
some of the oldest inhabitants of the region.
• By 3000 BC the Dravidians most likely established irrigation farming in the Indus
Valley.
• They left ruins of cities and irrigation works, but their written heritage was only a
small number of seals, which has not been translated.
• The Harappan civilization rivaled those in Tigris-Euphrates and Nile valleys.
27. 6.1.1 HINDUS AND CASTE
• By 1500 BC , lighter and taller Indo-Aryan people invaded through the
northwestern passes and drove Dravidians southward into the Indian peninsula.
• As a result, of Aryan influences, Hinduism crystallized in the Indus River valley
around 1200 BC.
• The Aryans brought together traditional myths and gods to form Hinduism as an
inclusive nationalistic religion, based on the Sanskrit Vedas (1500-1000 BC),
which rank among the world’s greatest religious literature.
28. • Hinduism can most accurately be described as “the religion of the people”.
This makes it an ethnic religion that people are born into.
• Today nearly all of the world’s 800 million Hindus live in India.
• They has a series of “Great Tradition” as set out by religious expert and
“Little Traditions”.
• They also recognizes million of gods, beliefs in reincarnation.
• 80% of Indian classified as Hindu, particularly in rural area people
recognized Hinduism as their way of life.
• There were missions about 2000 years ago that wanted to spread Hindu to
Southeast Asia, and the modern Hare Krishna groups recruit worldwide.
29. • Caste order is similar to ethnic or class divisions
elsewhere.
• Both the outcasts and the menials live separately
and use separate wells.
• The religious based on major caste division (Varna)
was paralleled by the common interests of groups
of people (Jatis, or subcastes) who worked in
similar craft industries and roughly equal status.
Brahmins
Priest and scholars
Kshatriyas
Warriors and rulers
Vaishayas
Merchants and artisans
Shudras
Servants, farmer, laborer
Untouchable, outcast, out of cast
Street sweepers and latrine cleaners
Caste Order System
30. • Membership become hereditary, based on intermarriage within the group;
birth determined status in society.
• In the typical South Asian village of the past, landowners, tillers, carpenters,
potters, barbers, priests, and other groups worked within local hierarchies
for the common (or landowner’s) good.
31. 6.1.2 BUDDHISM
AND JAINISM • Founded in Ganges River Valley in 500s BC –most
Hinduism
• Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) began life as Hindu
• Major early his teachings was rejection of millions
Hindu gods
• Buddha questioned the rigid caste system and
believe in possibility of greater social mobility
• When Mauryan empire expanded to incorporate
most Indian Subcontinent, its most celebrated
emperor, Asoka
• He adopted Buddhism and propagated the dharma
policy, a code of conduct focusing on social
responsibility,Human dignity, socioreligious harmony.
32. • After Asoka’s death empire fall apart and Brahman Hinduism took over
• Hinduism renewed dominance force Buddhists to move out of Indian mainland
• Jainism followed nonviolent code
• Later was taken up by Mahatma Gandhi and use it in his early 1900s for
India’s independence from the British
• Jains became an exclusive group
• Many in Mumbai (Bombay) area are
wealthy traders –from small proportion
by Indian population
Mahatma Gandhi
33. 6.1.3 MANY INVASIONS
• Invasions kept historical Indian societies in a constant change
• Especially in the northern plains, where a mosaic of distinctive
peoples, landscapes, anarchic governments resulted.
• For example, the short-lived invasion by the Greeks under
Alexander the Great in 326 BC
• At the end of his losses in western and central Asia, left the military
and legal influences.
• The Gupta Empire from AD 319 to 950
brought peace, economic growth, new art,
literature
Alexander the Great
34. 6.1.4 MUSLIMS, MUGHALS, AND SIKHS
• Over the next 600 years, Invading Mongols groups, Muslims, and Turks were unable to
establish lasting or total rule.
• After Muslims invaded the north in the 1100s,they pushed southward from the Indus and
Ganges Plains.
• However, it was not until the 1500s that the Mughal (Mongul) dynasty extended Muslims
beliefs to the rest of the region.
• The Mughals were Persian Turks led by Babar, a descendant of the Mongols.
• India experienced developments in such fields as art and architecture; the Taj Mahal and many
examples of other Mughal buildings constructed in the 1600s survived through out the region.
36. • Sikhims emerged in the early 1500s as one of the several responses by some
Hindus in the Punjab to the Mughal dynasties.
• The religious movement later resisted absorption into mainline Hinduism.
• Marked by a strict code of conduct and many temples that have kitchen providing
food for all.
• The Golden Temple at Amritsar is the holiest temple.
• Constructed by Guru Arjan Singh in the late 1500s, it contains the Sikh scriptures
that he compiled.
• Although few in number, many Sikhs became wealthy from their bumper crops in
Punjab and lobbied for a separate state or even an independent country (Sikh
Khalistan, the “land of the pure”).
38. 6.1.5 MOUNTAIN ISOLATION AND
ISLAND OPENNESS
• Places along the mountainous northern margin of the region-the present
countries of Afghanistan, Nepal, and Bhutan-mixed isolation with occasional
intrusions of wider influences.
• Tribes in the Himalayas established their own ways of living, but Nepal and
Bhutan were occasionally invaded from Tibet.
• The area that is Afghanistan became a mountain refuge for many ethnic groups.
• The Pashtuns formed the majority in the southern parts, but Tajiks and Kyrgyz
people dominated the north.
39. • In medieval times, Herat near the present Iranian border was home to a fusion
of Bhuddist and Persian cultures that left buildings and statues.
• Until the 1980s, the rich cultural heritage from these experiences was on
display in the Kabul National Museum until the Soviet military looting and
export through Pakistan, and vandalism under the Taliban government from
1996 destroyed this collection.
• Ceylon’s (modern Sri Lanka) closeness to the Indian peninsula and its
openness to ocean-borne trade and conquest attracted competing group.
40. • Around 100 BC-AD 1200s, Indo-Aryan people with Buddhist belief from northern
India developed a civilization based on irrigated rice agriculture in north centre of
the island.
• Later, Tamils-Dravidian peoples from southern India established kingdoms in
northern Sri Lanka based around Jaffna.
• The majority Sinhalese people drifted southward, abandoning the irrigation
system and relying on rain-fed agriculture as Tamil expanded their influence.
• They grew spices such as cinnamon.
Cinnamon
41. • Arab traders settled in the country and controlled the overseas spice traded.
• The growing Arab (Muslim) control of medieval Indian Ocean trade routes
included in Maldives Island, which stretch southward into the Indian Ocean.
• Chinese and Arab merchants set up trading posts there to exchange their
goods for local fish, coconuts, and shells. The island became solidly Muslims
by the AD 1100s and remain so.
43. 6.2 COLONIAL IMPACTS
6.2.1 Trading Expension
6.2.2 British Indian Empire
6.2.3 Ceylon and The Maldives
6.2.4 Afghanistan
44. 6.2 COLONIAL IMPACTS
6.2.1 TRADING EXPANSION
• This region great wealth built on internal gem and metal deposits and
external trading links to Africa, Arab, Southeast Asian lands
• It became a goal for European adventurers in the phase of trading
expansion from mid-1400s.
• The alternative route to get Indian products, riches to Europe without travelling
will increase the hostile Muslim countries of south western Asia
Picture of Gem
45. • In 1498, the Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama reached India by sailing
around southernmost Africa.
• During 1500s, the Portuguese and Dutch est. trading stations like Goa
• During the 1600s, the Dutch forced (British) East India Company out of
the East Indies, and the British switched to India,
• The company took the Portuguese port of Bombay, built a new port at
Madras, began trading with the Bengal most popular area and became the
company’s main center
46. • Early 1700s, political chaos by internal factions in Mughal Empire break
up South Asia into small and large kingdoms ruled by Muslim or Hindu
leaders
• Foreigners took control of overseas trade in cotton, cloth, rice, opium
• Next 100 years, British East India Company, backed by the British Indian
army. Employed Indians as foot soldiers
• It increased its hold on South Asia, especially in Bengal, Peninsula
• The company’s area was extended southward into Ceylon in 1798 and
westward into Punjab in mid-1800s
47. 6.2.2 BRITISH INDIAN EMPIRE
• Following several uncoordinated revolts, a major mutiny of its Indian sepoy
troops in 1857, which many Indians see as “The First Independence War”, led
the British government take full political control of South Asia.
• Britain abolished the British East India Company and established the British
Indian Empire or “British Raj”.
48. • It included all the subcontinent, however 40% of
the area, with almost one-fourth of the total
population, remained under “independent”
princely family governments, who ordered
matters in harmony with British policies.
• The 600 princely states ranged from
Hyderabad, with 14 million people in 1947, to
Jathiamar, with only 200.
Map of India - Hyderabad
49. • The British saw their role as “civilizing” India through Western education, new
technology, public works, and a new system of law.
• However, benefits went both ways. British interests redirected India’s farms to
produce raw materials for British industries, while the Indian textile industry
was suppressed in favor of British cotton goods.
• The region entered the expanding global economy of the later 1800s, when the
export of Indian cotton compensated for British negative trade balances.
• Furthermore, the British Indian army became a tool of attempted imperial
expansion into Afghanistan and Burma in 1880s and into Tibet in 1903-1904.
50. • Burma became part of the British Indian Empire in 1885, but Britain established
Afghanistan as a separate country.
• From 1850s, Nepal had a close relationship with Britain, and many Nepalese
served in the British Indian army.
• Following British attacks in the 1800s, Nepal remained independent under pro-
British rulers, who hired out Gurkha soldiers to the British.
• Bhutan was annexed by Britain in 1826 and given autonomy in 1907.
• British imperial rule had massive effects on the geography of the peninsula.
• British engineers irrigated land in the Indus and Upper Ganges river basins to
produce cotton for export. They build railroads from main ports to move troops
and exports.
52. • Former communal land was reallocated to larger and smaller landowners,
forming interest groups that were expected, in return, to support the colonial
administration.
• The cities of Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras grew faster than others after the
British East India Company designated them as focuses where lines of overseas
trade and internal communications met.
• The English language became the unifying language among the traders,
lawyers, and elite families.
54. 6.2.3 CEYLON AND THE MALDIVES
• Ceylon and the Maldives were also incorporated into the world economic
system
• It focused on demands and other wealthier markets rather than local needs.
• In Cylon, the Portuguese and Dutch had been the early traders and colonists
• The Portuguese left a strong legacy of Roman Catholic missions and of
Portuguese as a trading language.
55. • In 1795 the British took Ceylon, that
remained a crown colony until its 1948
independence
• British companies set up plantations for
growing tea, rubber, coconuts instead
spices
• More Indian Tamil labor was brought in to
work on plantations, increasing the local
ethnic tensions
• Their better education in Christian schools
enabled Tamils to take most of the
colonial clerical jobs
Tea Farm
Rubber Tree
56. 6.2.4 AFGHANISTAN
• British created Afghanistan in the late 1800s.
• The northern border defined the time established a limit to Russian expansion.
• But the new country brought the fragmented groups by language, creed,
geography, historic cultural traditions.
• King Abdur Rahman, backed by British money and weapons, to create the basis
of a centralized Afghanistan.
• His and later attempts to build the new country that were often ruthless, generally
unsuccessful
57. 6.3 PARTS TO INDEPENDENCE
6.3.1 THE ORIGINS OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN
6.3.2 CEYLON BECOMES SRI LANKA
58. 6.3.1 THE ORIGINS OF INDIA
AND PAKISTAN
• The extension of British rule during the late 1800s created an awareness of an
emerging national identity across the subcontinent.
• In 1885 the Indian National Congress Party were formed by Hindu elite due to
personal interest and combination of cultural background.
• It had secular and multicultural basis with the aim of an inclusive India, Hindus
(majority), Muslims, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists, Christians, Jews, and others.
• Leaders of the Muslim population, the minority, were skeptical of the Congress
Party motives. They formed the Muslim League in 1906 to promote Muslim
interests in British India.
59. • During World War I (1914-1918) the Indian army fought alongside Europeans in a
European war, leaving many in India to suffer from disrupted trade, injuries, and deaths.
• After the war, India became less vital to Britain’s economic interests of trade,
investment, and political empire.
• In 1920s Mahatma Gandhi welded together a coalition of interests seeking
independence, and his policy of nonviolent resistance brought the country to a standstill
on several occasion.
• Population of the Indian Empire began to increase in 1920s around 250 million people,
but the British government did nothing to slow the rise at a time of frequent famines.
• The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS, National Volunteers Association), founded
in 1925, wanted national unity on the basis of Hindu supremacy.
61. • By 1940 Britain and the National Congress Party favoured a single country in
South Asia with a political structure based on a weak central government and
strong provinces.
• Muslim fears that they would be underprivileged, they insisted on a separate
country formed of provinces in which there was a majority Muslims.
• However, the two large provinces of Punjab and Bengal had Muslim majorities of
only some 56% and large numbers of Hindus and Sikhs.
• The British government proposed dividing the provinces of Bengal and Punjab
between India and Pakistan, which separates the Muslims into two areas, west
and east of India.
62. • After the World War II, pressures for a rapid handover of government resulted
in grudging Muslim acceptance of the smaller East and West Pakistan.
• The partition of British India into two countries of India and Pakistan took place
in 1947.
• Many Muslims and Hindus caught in the wrong country fled accrossed the
borders to avoid ethnic bloodshed.
• Some 12 million people were displaced, but over a million died in clashes.
• Kashmir remains a major border issue between India and Pakistan.
64. 6.3.2 CEYLON BECOMES SRI LANKA
• Majority Buddhists in Ceylon pressed for independence early in the 1900s.
• Ethic differences and resentments surfaced before independence in 1948
• Buddhist belief among the Sinhalese alerted the Tamil population to preserve
their separate identity
• Although Ceylon was not partitioned at independence, the pressure by the
dominance of Sinhalese nationalists in the new government and change
country’s name to Sri Lanka
65. 7.0 SUBREGIONS
7.1 INDIA
7.1.1 Agricultural Sector
7.1.2 Manufacture Sector
7.1.3 Service Sector
7.2 BANGLADESH AND PAKISTAN
7.2.1 Agricultural Sector
7.2.2 Manufacture Sector
7.2.3 Service Sector
7.3 MOUNTAIN AND ISLAND RIMS
7.3.1 Agricultural Sector
7.3.2 Manufacture Sector
7.3.3 Service Sector
69. 7.1.1 AGRICULTURE SECTOR
• Name : Crystal Crop Protection PVT LTD
• Location : India
• Establish : 34 years old
• Product :
- Crystal engages in the technical manufacturing,
- Formulation and marketing of agrochemical products
(insecticides, fungicides, herbicides)
- Plant growth regulators
70. 7.1.2 MANUFACTURING SECTOR
Name : Jansons Carpets
Location : New Delhi
Establish : Since 40 Years
Product :
- Exporting Handmade Silk carpets
- Woolen Carpets
- Old and New Tribal Carpets
- Persian Carpets and Kilims
72. 7.1.3 SERVICE SECTOR
• Name : Delhi Metro is a metro system
• Establish : Began operation since 2002
• Location : Delhi
• Service :
- Number of stations consists of 185
- Including 6 Airport Express stations
• World's 12th longest metro system
78. 7.2.1 AGRICULTURE SECTOR
• Name : IFAD GROUP is IFAD Agro Ltd. T
• Location : Dhaka, Bangladesh
• Establish : 1985
• Product : They make research in fish and they are had
the biggest amount of fish hatcheries
79. IFAD GROUP Logo
IFAD Agro Complex
IFAD GROUP Chairmain
(Mr. Iftekhar Ahmed Tipu)
82. 7.2.3 SERVICE SECTOR
• Name : Grameen Bank
• Establish : 1983
• Location : Dhaka, Bangladesh
• Services :
- Create a Micro-credit system to works on the assumption that
even the poorest of the poor can manage their own financial affairs
and development given suitable conditions.
- Woman were allowed equal access to the loans to generate their income.
- The instrument is microcredit: small long-term loans on easy terms.
83. Grameen Bank Logo Professor Muhammad Yunus the
founder of Grameen Bank
84. 7.3 MOUNTAIN AND ISLAND RIMS
7.3.1 MOUNTAIN
• Afghanistan
• Nepal
• Bhutan
7.3.2 ISLAND RIMS
• Sri Lanka
• Maldives
97. 7.3.3 SERVICE SECTOR
• Name : Crown Tours Maldives
• Establish : since 1985
• Location : Boduthakurufaanu Magu, Malé, Maldives.
• Service :
- Provides many interesting holiday package
- Organising trips to Maldives
98. ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT
at Conrad Maldives, Rangali Island
Water villa deck sunset view at Conrad Maldives
HIDEAWAY BEACH
Resort & Spa Maldives
Holiday package, Renewal of Vow, Beach
Wedding
99. 7.4 CURRENT ISSUE
7.4.1 South Asians Abroad
• Around 15 million ethnic Indians live abroad, with the largest groups in
Nepal, South Africa, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, the Persian Gulf States, the
United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.
• Under the British Empire, Indians provided cheap labor and were moved to
work on plantations and railroad construction in Carribbean, Eastern and
Southern Africa, Burma, Malaysia, and Pacific islands such as Fiji.
• Many stayed as shopkeepers and businesspeople.
101. • Recently, workers have flowed to oil-producing in the Persian Gulf.
• Professionals moved to United States and United Kingdom for better-
paid opportunities, creating a significant “brain-drain”.
• Many of the Indian “diaspora” come from Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.
• The increasingly work as high-tech centers such as Bengaluru
(Bangalore) and Hyderabad before moving abroad.
102. • From 1960s, many Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri
Lankans work in United Kingdom in a limited time
because the former colonial people allowed them a
British passport.
• More recently, these people moved to the Persian Gulf
and Southeast Asia to work.
• Because of the remittance to their families they form an
important income contribution.
British passport
1960s
Nepal immigrants in Malaysia
