history of civilization

1. 2 N D S E M E S T E R
INDIAN CIVILIZATION

2. GEOGRAPHY
• India a three-cornered country occupies an
area fifteen times greater than Great
Britain.
• Bounded on the North by the Himalayas
• on the North-West by the Suleiman
mountains,
• the East by the heights of Southern Assam,
• the remaining portion is bounded by the
sea.
• The coasts, deficient in good harbours,
may have helped to keep the people aloof
from extraneous influences ;but by her
position she was destined to receive the
human overflow from the ancient breeding
ground of Central Asia

3. GEOGRAPHY
Important rivers and their role:
• Ganges, Indus, Krishna, and Jumna,
• Provided employment
• Transfer of timber
• Trade routes
• Fertile region
The Indus river is about 1,000 mile long and flows through Kashmir
onwards to the plains of Pakistan. When the Indus River overflows,
the soil is fertilized ensuring favourable cultivation of land. The
presence of fertile soil was essential to the formation of societies
and states in early India.

4. GEOGRAPHY
• The cities situated near the Indus Valley
are the first civilization emerged.
• The remains in of cities of Mohenjo- Daro
and Harappa was discovered by the
archaeologists.
• The Indus land was much larger since this
encompassed a huge portion of northwest
ancient India (modern day Pakistan).

5. GEOLOGY
• The centre of the Peninsula
• generally abound in excellent building stone which had considerable
influence on Indian architecture
• pink marble of Rajputana
• Lime for Building is obtained by limestone and Kankar.

6. CLIMATE
India lies mostly within the tropical zone. Two principal seasons, wet and dry
divide the year. Thus, the climate being tropical, flat terraced roofs, used for
coolness, exercise, or sleeping, predominate, as in Egypt , Assyria and Persia.
• Monsoon- seasonal wind
• October, winter monsoons blow from NE and bring hot, dry air that wither
crops
• June, wet summer monsoons blow from SW
-pick up moisture from Indian Ocean and drench land with daily heavy
shower
• If rains are late, famine may occur but if rains are early deadly floods occur
• Water storage

7. RELIGION
1. Hinduism
2. Buddhism
3. Jainism

8. RELIGION- Hinduism
Hinduism
• Sources of Buddhism:
1. Vedas
2. Mahabharata
3. Ramayana
• No temple construction
• Religious rituals in open area
• Statues of gods placed and then taken away.

9. RELIGION- Hinduism
1. VEDAS
• Most ancient religion
• The Aryans (a group of Indo-Europeans) come to India.
• They are herders who lived simply and spoke a language called Sanskrit.
• Legends says that the Aryans came in and conquered the Harappa's, but
historians believe that evidence shows that the Harappa cities were
destroyed by natural disaster long before the Aryans arrived.

10. RELIGION-Hinduism
• The Early Vedic religion, of which the “Rig-Veda" a collection of Poems
addressed to the gods, had existed long before the rise of Buddhism in
the sixth century B.C.
• The “Vedas” is a collection of books on battle hymns, sacred rituals,
sayings and tales.
• Consisted of about 70 verses, not written, was memorized and transfer
from generation to generation, added more verses and turned out to
be 700 verses.
• Represented their society, culture, customs, dresses way of living and
religious functions.

11. RELIGION-Hinduism
2. Mahabharata
Geeta- book of stories about the battle field,
religious sermons,
• War of good and evil.
• About the city of Haseena Pur
• Raja had three sons and it’s all about their
fights.

12. RELIGION-Hinduism
3. Ramayana
• Story of war heroes
• Hindu gods and goddesses Ram, lakhshman, sita
• After Hinduism, Buddhism came, then afterwards, there was revival of
Hinduism, and they started building temples for their prayers.
• Temple was constructed as a simple room and a raised platform for the
god statue and large space left for religious dancing and praying.
• Musical instruments

13. RELIGION-Hinduism
• Temple complexes developed for rituals and pilgrimage, provided food
and residential facilities.
• architectural schemes developed
• Lotus temple developed from the concept of center of the universe.
(Nuqta Bandi)
• Three types of temples according to the shape, size and structure:
1. N-Indian temples
2. Central Indian temples
3. South Indian temples

14. LOTUS TEMPLE IN DELHI

15. RELIGION-Hinduism
•The modern Hindu religion, generally known as the Brahmanical (the
name of the priestly order), dates from about A.D. 750. It was the joint
product of Vedic, Brahmanism.
•Hinduism was in reality a social league resting upon caste, complicated
system of division of the people according to face, occupation, and
geographical position.

16. RELIGION-BUDDHISM
2. BUDDHISM
• Sakya muni (Mahatma bhudda)
• founder of Buddhism, was born in B.C.323 and from the Age Of thirty-
five spent his life in Preaching Buddhism.
• Started temple construction
• monasteries or memorial shrines
• Relic worship
• Tree and serpent worship,

17. • 6th largest religion, 400million followers
• China, japan, Thailand, Vietnam, srilanka, Taiwan, Cambodia, Korea
Spread throughout India
• Pakistan has more than 50 sites and area covered around 90 acres
• KPK MARDAN, THE LAND OF GHANDAHRA
RELIGION-BUDDHISM

18. RELIGION-BUDDHISM
• Local Morian empire established by Chanda Gupta Morya
• Largest Hindu empire that converted to bhuddism
• Challenged the caste system of Hinduism
• Spread rapidly in lower class.
• Asoka converted to Buddhism.
• Building were patronized by royals

19. RELIGION-BUDDHISM
2. Monasteries or vehara
Teaching or training school, generally rock-cut
1. Primary education
2. Secondary
3. Final
TAKHT-E BAI
On the way from Mardan to swat, a small town still survived

32. RELIGION
JAINISM
This religion, which rose to importance about
1000 A.D., seems to have been founded on
Buddhism. A statue of one of the twenty-four
Jinas or saints (with distinctive sign, as a bull,
elephant, monkey, crocodile, lion) has been
placed in each of this temple.
Images of saints placed in the temples
JAIN TEMPLE

33. RELIGION
JAIN TEMPLES
The temples have small square shrine cells which receives light only
from the door, and crowned with high pyramidal tower with curvilinear
sides forming an imposing feature. Hall in front of the entrance.
Temples were located on high mountains and sometimes in valleys.
The external appearance with the domes of different heights and the
pointed sikra presents a rich character with the mountains as the
background.

34. JAIN TEMPLE

36. HISTORICAL
Alexander's conquests in North-West India (B.C. 327), brought
that country in touch with European and Western Asiatic art,
thus Greek, Assyrian And Persian influences are Apparent on the
architectural detail in that region.