This document provides an overview of the Construction Technology and Materials course, focusing on Building Construction Technology. It covers the history of construction from prehistoric techniques to future green technologies. Specific lectures cover foundations, brickwork, roofs, windows/doors, and electrical/plumbing installations. Bridge and road construction technologies are also briefly addressed. The document includes detailed timelines and descriptions of construction methods throughout history.

1. Construction Technology and
Materials

2. Course Contents
• Building Construction Technology
• Bridge Construction Technology
• Road Construction Technology

3. Building Construction Technology
• Lecture 1-Prehistoric construction techniques
• Lecture 2-Contemporary construction
methodologies
• Lecture 3-Construction technology of the future
(Green technology, Energy Saving Technology,
Sustainable technology etc.)
• Lecture 4-Timber Trenches
• Lecture 5-Type of Foundations

4. Building Construction Technology
• Lecture 6-Brick works and Masonry
Construction
• Lecture 7-Cavity wall construction
• Lecture 8-Arches and Lintels
• Lecture 9-Ground and upper floors
• Lecture 10-Single roofs
• Lecture 11-States and tiled roofs
• Lecture 12-Built up roof and cladding

5. Building Construction Technology
• Lecture 13-Windows and doors
• Lecture 14-partition walls
• Lecture 15-Plastering
• Lecture 16-Plumbing installation
• Lecture 17-Electric installation
• Lecture 18-Fire fight equipments and
installation

6. • Lecture-19: Bridge Construction Technology
• Lecture-20: Road Construction Technology
• Lectture-21: Overall discussion on Question
and Exam.

7. Building Construction Technology
• History of Human civilization
• Civilization in Indian Subcontinent
• Prehistoric Construction Technology
Lecture 1: Prehistoric construction techniques

8. History of Human civilization

9. What is Civilization?
It is the collective and organized human
endeavor to bring changes in life, society and
state.
• Necessities: Food, water, shelter, reproduction/child
raising, waste, reflection, creativity, spiritual expression
• Subsistence: Scavenging, hunting-fishing/gathering,
horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture
• Social Organization: Family, clan, tribe, nation (semi-
nomadic, or nomadic), village, town, city, state.

10. Adaptations to change Agents of change
Culture Environment
Beliefs Geographical
Observations (receptivity) Theo-philosophical
Social Ideological
Political Technological
Economic Economic
Technologic
Change may be gradual or drastic

11. Society: A society is an artificial construction of a collection
of linked formal and informal institutions that govern group
behavior.
Culture: Culture is the set of conscious and unconscious
beliefs and assumptions about the way in which world works that
governs individual behavior.
Diffusion: The movement or spread of one or more
elements of a society or culture from one place to another.

12. TECHNOLOGY
• Building technologies
• Water technologies
• Agricultural technologies
• Architecture
• Military technologies

13. WORLD CIVILIZATION
IN THE TIME OF PRE-LITERACY
15,000 YEARS BC
Sophisticated hunter-gatherer cultures with diverse toolkits appropriate
to their environments and resources. Dogs have been domesticated.
Art flourishes.
10,000 YEARS BC
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA EUROPE OCEANA
SAN hunter-gathers Tehuacanos Jarmo ----------- Mammoth cave
Qadan horticulture (Mexico) Natufian Jericho Knossos
(Egypt) (olives)
Saharan cattle herders Karanovo
(Tassili)

14. • 5000BC
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA EUROPE OCEANA
Badarian agriculture Cochise (SWNA) Yangshao Danubian Kuk
(wheat/barley) (maize) (rice) (wheat) (yams/taro)
Hacilar
Catal Huyuk
• 4000 BC
Pre-unification Egypt Archaic period Ubaid Minoan Melanesian
Unified archaic Egypt Harrapan Varna expansion
Narmer/Menes Non Nok Tha
Loang Spean

15. • 3000 BC
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA EUROPE OCEANA
Old Kingdom Egypt Preclassic Indus (Kurgan) Battle Axe Lapita
Pyramids Ban Chieng Beaker Folk
Lungshan Troy
Sumer
Sargon of Akkad
• 2000 BC
Old Kingdom Egypt Early Olmecs Shang China Myceneans
Intermediate Period Hitittes Thera
Middle Kingdom (Iron)
Babylonians
Aryan Invasions Barbarian Invasions

16. • 1000 BC (1000BC)
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA EUROPE OCEANA
Middle Kingdom Olmecs Assyrians Hellenic Greece
New Kingdom Adena Phoenicians (Pericles through Alexander)
Late Period Hopewell Canaanites Carthage
Bantu Kingdoms Anasazi Gupta India Etruscans/Rome
Han China La Tene/Hallstatt
Celts & Germania
• 1 AD
Ghana Maya China Rome Polynesians

17. Cro-Magnon Man:
The Late Pleistocene Hunter and the first real artists.
about 30,000 years ago.

18. • Built by hunter-gatherers (no sign of agriculture here).
All bones found are wild animal. There is no
evidence of inhabitation; the structures are
interpreted as temples. After 8,000 BCE, the site
was abandoned and purposefully covered up with
tons of soil below the hill.

19. Segment D is one of the near circular shaped pillared areas in the
best condition of Göbekli Tepe. The largest weigh about 50
tons

23. Middle-Eastern Civilization
(Mesopotamian)
The Tigris & Euphrates River Valleys

24. Great Indian Civilization
The Indus River is located
in Pakistan. It was along
this river that a civilization
developed around 2,500
BCE. It is called the
Indus Valley Civilization.
Two major cities of this
civilization were Harappa
and Mohenjo-Daro.

26. Geography and Early India
Indian civilization first developed on the Indus
River.
Main Ideas
• The geography of India includes high
mountains, great rivers, and heavy seasonal
rain.
• Harappan civilization developed along the
Indus River.

28. Mountains
• North: The
Himalayas are
the highest
mountains in
the world.
• West: The
Hindu Kush
provide
protection
from enemies.
Plains and
Plateaus
• Rivers and
melting snow kept
the plains fertile.
• Both sides of the
river thrived.
Indian Geography
Water
• Monsoons
• Heavy rainfall
• Civilizations
arose around
seasonal rainfall.

29. People
• Population grew
in the Indus
River Valley.
• Growth came as
irrigation and
farming
techniques
improved.
• Cities were built
as surplus food
was produced.
Cities
• Harrapa
• Mohenjo Daro
• Fortresses for
defense against
enemies
• Well-planned
public areas
Harappan Civilization
Achievements
• Wells and indoor
plumbing
• Pottery, cotton
clothing, jewelry
• India’s first writing
system

30. The Indus Valley Culture
• The people of the Indus
Valley were mostly
peaceful farmers. They
built large cities with
ordered streets and bricks
made all the same size.
This indicates they had a
strong central government.
This statue is probably a
priest or king.

31. The Indus Valley people had an advanced civilization
with large cities, running water and sewer systems.
They built walls around their cities which indicated that
they might have had to defend themselves against
other people. We do not know a lot about them
because we cannot yet read their writing.
The picture at the right shows
an example of Indus Valley
writing. Linguists are still
trying to decode the
language. We know they
traded with the people of
Mesopotamia and Egypt so
perhaps those people knew
how to read and speak this
language!

32. Indus Valley Script
• Here are several
examples of Indus
Valley writing. It is
believed that the
Indus Valley people
may have also
written on palm
leaves or cloth but
no evidence of this
has survived.

33. This is a photograph of “The Great Bath” at Mohenjo
Daro. This is one of the earliest examples of a public
bath or water storage system found in the world. The
Indus Valley people were great architects and city
planners.

34. Here is a reconstruction of what the entrance to
Mohenjo Daro might have looked like.

35. • Around 1500 BCE, a group of nomadic
warrior-herders crossed the narrow Khyber
Pass in the Hindu Kush Mountains and
invaded the Indus Valley culture. These
people, the Aryans, came from Eastern
Europe between the Black Sea and Caspian
Sea, probably looking for pastures for their
animals. Flooding and earthquakes had
weakened the Indus Valley culture and they
were unable to withstand the newcomers.
Aryan Invasion

37. Religion
Government
Language
Invaders from
the West
When the Harappan civilization dissipated in
1700 BC, Central Asians called Aryans began
taking over territory.
The Aryans left behind vast collections of
poems, hymns, myths, and rituals. They
also had religious writings known as Vedas.
No central government: small communities
ruled by rajas
Sanskrit is the root of many modern South
Asian languages.
Aryan Invasion

38. Origins of Hinduism
Hinduism, the largest religion in India today,
developed out of ancient Indian beliefs and practices.
Main Ideas
• Indian society divided into distinct groups under the
Aryans.
• The Aryans practiced a religion known as Brahmanism.
• Hinduism developed out of Brahmanism and influences
from other cultures.
• The Jains reacted to Hinduism by breaking away to form
their own religion.

39. Kshatriyas
Vaisyas
Sudras
Brahmins Priests
Rulers and warriors
Laborers and non-Aryans
Indian Society Divides
Varnas
Farmers, craftspeople, and traders
Social divisions in Aryan society

40. Individuals
• Place in society based
on birth, wealth, or
occupation
• 3,000 castes once
existed in India.
• Individuals could rarely
change castes.
Caste Rules
• Sutras (guides) listed all
the rules for the caste
system.
• Breaking rules resulted
in a transfer to a lower
class.
Caste System

41. Brahmanism
• Aryan priests
were called
Brahmins.
• Wrote Vedic
texts, which
were their
thoughts about
the Vedas
Evolving Beliefs
The Vedas,
Upanishads, and
other Vedic texts
began blending
with beliefs from
different cultures,
creating Hinduism.
Brahmanism develops into Hinduism
Hinduism
• Many gods
• Reincarnation:
could be reborn
into new forms
and castes
• Men and women
could both gain
salvation, but
women were
inferior.

42. Origins of Jainism
Four Principles of Jainism
• 599 BC, established as an alternative to Hindu
ritualism
• Based on the teachings of Mahavira, who abandoned
his life of luxury to become a monk
• Injure no life.
• Tell the truth.
• Do not steal.
• Own no property.
Jains React to Hinduism

43. Origins of Buddhism
Buddhism began in India and became a major
religion.
Main Ideas
• Siddhartha Gautama searched for wisdom in
many ways.
• The teachings of Buddhism deal with finding
peace.
• Buddhism spread far from where it began in
India.

44. 1.
Suffering and unhappiness are a part of human life. No one
can escape sorrow.
Teachings of Buddhism
Four Noble Truths
2.
Suffering comes from our desires for pleasure and material
goods.
3.
People can overcome desire and ignorance and reach
nirvana, a state of perfect peace.
4.
People can overcome ignorance and desire by following an
eightfold path that leads to wisdom, enlightenment, and
salvation.

45. Ancient Ways
• The Buddha
taught that
following the
Vedic texts was
unnecessary.
• Challenged the
authority of
Hindu priests
Changing Society
• A more
individualistic
approach to
enlightenment
• Rebirth as a
means to evolve
Challenging Hindu Ideas
Caste System
• Opposed caste
system
• The Eightfold
Path could lead
any individual to
nirvana.
• The Buddha’s
teachings
reached all
classes.

46. Buddhism branches out
Buddhism splits
• Asoka, one of the most powerful kings in India, became a
Buddhist and spread Buddhism in India and foreign lands.
• Buddhist missionaries traveled the world to teach
enlightenment.
• Buddhism split into two main sects: Theravada and Mahayana.
• Members of the Theravada followed the Buddha’s teachings
exactly.
• Members of the Mahayana believed that individual
interpretation was important.
Buddhism began in India and then became a major
religion.

47. Indian Empires
The Big Idea
The Mauryas and the Guptas built great empires in India.
Main Ideas
• The Mauryan Empire unified most of India.
• Gupta rulers promoted Hinduism in their empire.

48. Candragupta Maurya
• Candragupta seized control
of northern India and
created a society
dominated by war.
• Candragupta became a
Jainist monk and gave up
his throne.
Asoka
• The grandson of
Candragupt extended
Mauryan rule over most of
India.
• Asoka converted to
Buddhism and stopped
waging war, choosing
instead to rebuild cities
and spread Buddhist
teachings.
Mauryan Rule

49. Gupta Empire
• After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, India remained primarily
Buddhist for 500 years.
• Under the rule of Candra Gupta I, India became unified and
prosperous again.
• Gupta rulers spread Hinduism in their empire through the
building of temples and the promotion of Hindu writings and
rituals.
• Widespread religious tolerance was encouraged for Buddhists
and Jainists.

50. Economy and
Culture
The Caste
System
Social
Ramifications
Growth
Under Candra Gupta II, the Gupta Empire
reached the height of its power. It spread
across northern India and prospered.
The economy boomed, allowing citizens the
time and money to create great works of art
and literature.
It was believed that keeping citizens under
strict caste rule would stabilize the empire.
Women in the caste system were not seen
as equals and had few basic rights.
Candra Gupta II

51. Time Line
• 320 BC Candragupta Maurya becomes the first Mauryan emperor.
• 301 BC Candragupta Maurya relinquishes the throne to become a
Jainist monk.
• 270 BC Asoka becomes the second Mauryan emperor.
• 261 BC Asoka’s empire gains great power, and he leaves to
become a Buddhist.
• AD 375 Candra Gupta I invades and conquers northern India and
brings Hinduism, prosperity, and a strict caste system back into
popular culture.

52. Indian Achievements
The people of ancient India made great contributions to the
arts and sciences.
Main Ideas
• Indian artists created great works of religious art.
• Sanskrit literature flourished during the Gupta period.
• The Indians made scientific advances in metalworking,
medicine, and other sciences.

53. • Both Hindu and Buddhist temples began flourishing under
Gupta rule.
• Once simply constructed meeting places, Hindu temples
became complex towers covered with intricate carvings.
• Buddhist temples were large and impressive, some carved
out of mountainsides.
• Buddhist stupas were built to house sacred objects from
the life of the Buddha. They were covered with detailed
carvings.
Religious Art: Temples

54. • Great artists were commissioned by rich and powerful
members of society.
• Paintings offered a perspective on the daily life and
religious belief of the ancient Indians; many of these
paintings could be found on the walls of temples.
• Indian sculptors carved columns, statues, and entire
temples in the likenesses of the Buddha and Hindu gods.
Religious Art:
Paintings and Sculpture

55. Mahabharata
• One of the world’s longest
literary works
• The story of two Indian
families struggling for
control of a kingdom
• Many long passages of
Hindu beliefs and practices
Ramayana
• The story of a god, Vishnu,
who has taken human form
• Written long after the
Mahabharata; contains
models for the ideal ruler
(Rama) and the ideal mate
(Sita)
Sanskrit Literature

56. Sanskrit Literature
• Chadra Gupta II hired a famous writer named
Kalidasa to write plays for the royal court.
• The Panchatantra, a book of stories intended
to teach moral lessons and quick thinking,
was translated into many languages.
Other Works

57. Mathematics
Medicine
Astronomy
Metalworking
Pioneers of metallurgy, the Indians created
tools and weapons by mixing iron and other
metals together.
The Indians invented the concept of zero and
developed a sophisticated number system,
the Hindu-Arabic numerals.
Using plants and minerals, Indian doctors
made advances in medicinal science. They
were among the first to practice inoculation
and perform surgery.
Indian astronomers knew of seven about the
nine planets in the solar system and could
predict eclipses of the sun and moon.
Scientific Advances

69. Timeline of History
• Indus Civilization Began around : 5000 B.C.
• Horoppa and Mohenjo Daro Civilizations : 2500 - 1000 B.C.
• Aryan Civilization (Birth Hinduism, Jainism , Buddhism) 563 -
400 B.C.
• Mauryan Dynasty : 325 - 175 B.C.
• Gupta Dynasty : 300 - 650 A.D.
• Regional Kingdoms and Muslim Invasions : 700 – 1200 A.D.
• The Mughal Empire : 1300 - 1700 A.D.
• The British East-India Company : 1600 A.D.
• The British Empire : 1700 - 1900 A.D.
• India's Freedom Struggle : 1857 - 1947
• Independence : 1947

70. Hierarchy of Rulers
Samudra Gupta
(335 – 375 A.D.)
ChandraGupta II
Vikramaditya
(375 – 415 A.D.)
Chandragupta I
(320 – 335 A.D.)
Kumar Gupta
(415 – 445 A.D.)
Harsha Vardhana
(606– 647A.D.)

71. Golden Age of Culture and Arts
• Royal support gave funding to build Hindu temples
dedicated to worship of Gods like Siva, Visnu, and
Divine Mother Durga.
• This period is noted for the development of cave art and
sculpture. Ajanta’s cave paintings and sculptures of
human figures are historic mementoes of the people’s
life during the Gupta period.
• Science, Mathematics, Painting, Sculpture and Music
reached the climax of development.

72. Kalidasa
• Great poet and Dramatist.
• Considered the chief of the nine gems of
Vikramaditya’s court.
• Famous drama ‘Shakuntala’ and ‘Meghdoot’.
• The name ‘Bharat’ came from the classic
‘Shakuntala’.

73. Cave#11: Buddha Cave#16: Buddha
Ajanta Caves

74. Ajanta Caves contd..
Cave #13: Monks bed chambers

75. Ajanta Caves contd..
Cave #17 Entrance

76. Ajanta Caves contd..
Cave#19: Entrance

77. Ajanta Caves contd..
Cave#19: The famous horseshoe shaped
window

78. Ajanta Caves contd..
Cave#19: Exterior Sculpture Cave#19: Stupa

79. Ajanta Caves contd..
Cave#19: Pillar carvings and Sculpture

80. Ajanta Caves contd..
Cave #20: Inside View

81. Ajanta Caves contd..
Cave #26: Sculpture

83. THE MUGHAL EMPIRE (1526-1707)
• The Mughal emperors (first six rulers).
• BABUR (1526-30)
• HUMAYUN (1530-56)
• AKBAR (1556-1605)
• JAHANGIR (1605-28)
• SHAHJAHAN (1628-58)
• AURANGZEB (1658-1707)

84. • Founded in 1526.
• Dominated India between
17th and 18th centuries.
• Empire ended in mid-1900s.
• Descended from Mongolian
ancestors around Pakistan.
• Population at height:
between 110 and 130 million
people.
• Sophisticated, mixed Indo-
Persian culture.

85. HUMAYUN’S TOMB, DELHI

86. Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

87. Jamma Masjid
The biggest mosque in India

88. Gateway of India

89. Mysore Palace
Illuminated by 97,000 light bulbs

91. THE TAJ MAHAL
5th ruler Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in 1653.

92. ANOTHER VIEW OF TAJ

93. DIWAN-I-KHAS, DELHI

94. LAL QILA, DELHI

95. FATEHPUR SIKRI

96. The Golden Temple

97. SHALIMAR BAGH, KASHMIR

98. MUGHAL PAINTINGS

99. MUGHAL PAINTINGS

100. MUGHAL PAINTINGS

101. MUGHAL ART

102. MUGHAL JEWELLRY

104. Robert Clive Conquers India
• The EIC’s force of
armed guards was
growing into an
army; Clive joined
them as an officer
• In 1751 Clive led
500 men against
10,000 French and
Indian soldiers and
won!

105. • Clive led the EIC’s
army to victory
many more times,
forcing the French
out and making
the East India
Company very
powerful – it
wasn’t the British
government taking
over India – it was

106. History of World Structures
Egyptian Pyramids (2500 BC)
480 feet (146m) tall
Limited to stone
Not slender
Slope stability limit Tower of Pisa (1350 AD)
183 feet (56m) tall

107. Foundation settlement =
Geotechnical problem
High aspect ratio (H/W)=
sensitive to small base
movement
Verticality during and
after construction
Correction attempted
as they built
Angle of Tilt =?

108. Section-2
Modern Construction
Technology and Trend

109. Modern Building Construction
Technology
• Kind of symbol of domination and prestige
• City centers become expensive, so vertical
extension is needed
• Rapid urbanization in compacted area

110. Empire State Building
1931
102stories1453 feet
(443m) tall
Steel frame
Fullwidth moment frames
Window strips, masonry
strips, trim
Fast construction
Superorganized

111. Design by
Dr. F. R Khan
(1929-1982)
The Sears tower,
1974, 1454 ft, 110 floors

112. Recent tall buildings
Petronas Tower, Kuala Lumpur,
1998
Burj Dubai
2008,162stories

113. Building Design Issue
• Quality
• Cost
• Sustainability
• Comfort
• Aesthetic

114. Structural Material Selection 1
• Availability of local material
• Reliability of material quality control
• Reliability of local labor and training
• Constructability (ability to erect large,
heavy steel members)
• Relative cost
• Construction speed
• Architectural layout Impact
• Cultural attitudes

115. Structural Material Selection 2
 Building weight
– Foundation load
– Net uplift
– Seismic mass
 Dynamic behavior
• Stiffness
• Concrete E increases with strength
• Steel E constant for all strength
• Period (~ mass / stiffness)
• Damping

116. Design of Super Structure-
Selection of Building Structural
System
• Gravity Load resisting System
Beam, Slab, Girder, Column etc
• Lateral Load resisting system
Column, Shear wall, Bracing etc
• Floor System
Provide in-plane floor stiffness

117. Structural System Behavior
Excitation
Loads,
Vibrations
Settlements
Thermal
Changes
Responses
Displacements
Stress
Strains
Crack

118. Evolution of Building Design
Approach
• Short Building : Strength Design
• Gravity Control: Strength Design
2PP
M 4M

119. Evolution of Building Design
Approach
• Intermediate Size Building: Deflection
• Lateral Load Control: StrengthDesign

120. Evolution of Building Design
Approach
• Tall Building:
• Wind Induced Bldg Motion (acceleration)
• Control – Dynamic Stiffness Design

121. • Force Based Design
• Displacement Based Design
• Performance Based Design
Evolution of Building Design
Approach

122. Common Structural system
• Moment Resisting Frames
• Shear Wall-Frame Systems
• Shear Truss-Outrigger Braced Systems
• Framed-Tubes
• Tube-in-Tube Systems with interior columns
• Bundled Tubes
• Truss Tubes without interior columns
• Modular Tubes

123. Lateral Load Resisting Systems

124. Foundation Design
• Intensive soil investigation and analysis
• Concentrated building weight affecting
strength and settlement studies
• Construction sequences
• Model deep basement “anchor” against
overturning vs. baseline at top of mat
• Pile depths – verticality
• Dewatering for deep basements

128. Shun Hing Square – 1260 ft (382 m) 69 Floors IFC, HongKong, 1362 ft, 88 flrs

129. WFC, Shangshi– 1614 ft (492 m) 101 Floors, 2008
Taipei 101– 1671 ft (509 m) 101 Floors,
2004

130. Structural System #1
Flared

131. Structural System #2 Bundled

132. Structural System
#3MegaFrame
(Outriggers)

133. Structural System #4 Linked
Nakheel Tower

134. Structural System #5 Tripod
Solution
CN Tower Tornto , Canada (1750 ft , Twice the height of Eif

135. Wind Design:
Building Shapes and Aerodynamics
Rectangular, Circular, Triangular

136. Vortex Effects

137. Modification to Building
Shapes to
reduce Wind Effect
• Stair Step Corner
• Through Building Openings
• Rotate ad Twist

138. Stair Step’ Corners (Taipei
101)
Rough corner can
reduce Vortex
Shedding effects

139. Through Building Openings
Openings
reduce wind
forces
Shanghai
Financial Center
(1614 ft)

140. Through Building Openings
151 Incheon Tower, Korea (1972
ft, 151 floor)
Floors Use
Area (square
metres)
148-151 Restaurant 13,194
120-145 Condominium 86,702
118-119 Observatory 8,707
59-115 Apartment 169,951
36-56 Hotel 71,124
7-36 Office 151,736
B1-4 Retail 106,738

141. Rotate/Twist
Rotate to minimize load
from prevailing
direction
Twist avoids
simultaneous vortex
Shedding along height

142. Wind tunnel studies offer the best estimate of the wind
loading on a building for cladding as well as structural
frame design

143. Seismic Design Issues
• Less critical than wind for tall building
with long natural period
• Minimum base shear may govern
seismic Inter-story drift
-Max at upper floors
• Ductile detailing still important!
• Geometric compatibility
• Performance Based Design

144. Shake Table Test
From the past experiences, it has demonstrated that building
materials, designs and construction methods can be responsible
for death or survival when an earthquake strikes

145. Other Consideration Think
Green
EDDIT Tower Singapore O14, Dubai

146. Structural Sustainable
Design
• Recycled materials
• Local manufacturers
• Less travel distance = less pollution
• No waste of materials
• Fly ash or slag in concrete mixes

147. Computer Applications in
Structural Engineering
• GRASP for structural analysis in 2D
• GEAR for the design of structural
members
• ETABS for analysis and design of
buildings
• SAP2000 for advanced structural
modeling and analysis
• STAAD Pro for analysis of 2D, 3D
structures
• ANSIS for FEM analysis of structure

148. ETABS user interface

149. Evaluation of Seismic
Performance

150. Wind Analysis of Building

151. Modern Construction in Bangladesh
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152. 2
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153. Skyline in Dhaka (Japan Garden City)

154. Small collage

155. Duplex

156. Ware house

157. Villa

160. Cottage

161. Irregular Structure and Forms
Shell Structures
– textured shell structures
– folded textured sheets (Origami)
Geometry of Surfaces
Freeform Architecture
– doubly-curved concrete formwork

162. Example Shell Structures -
Architecture
Milo Ketchum (1910-1999)
Sir Norman Foster (1997)
Eero Saarinen (1962)

163. Example Shell Structures -
Engineering
VernerPanton(1969)

164. Shell Structures
• shell structures
– thickness is small relative to other dimensions
– carry loads (in-plane and bending)
– geometry is extremely important
• widespread use
– architecture
– piping, pressure vessels, etc.
– aircraft fuselages, car bodies, etc.

165. Textured Shell Structures
Adding a local texture to thin-walled
sheets in order to change their global
mechanical properties.
The local texture is of an intermediate
scale, between the global structural
dimensions and material level.

166. Textured Shell Structures -
Examples
corrugated sheets
– improved stiffness to weight ratio
– countless examples in daily life

167. Textured Shell Structures -
Examples
bistable corrugated sheets
– combination of pre-stress and geometry

168. Textured Shell Structures -
Examples
dimpled sheets
– pre-stressed bistable dimples
– global shape depends on local up/down
pattern

169. Folded Textured Sheets
Miura sheet
Eggbox sheet

170. Deformation of Folded
Textured Sheets
Miura sheet Eggbox sheet

171. Deformation of Folded
Textured Sheets
• mid-surface plane of the sheet can be twisted into a
global saddle shape
Miura sheet Eggbox sheet

172. Differential Geometry of
Surfaces
Differential Geometry
– study of the properties of surfaces
– how can one shape transform into another
– a very important property : Gaussian
curvature

173. Gaussian Curvature and Map
Making
Sphere: positive Gaussian curvature
Map: zero Gaussian c

174. Developable Surfaces
Developable surface: zero Gaussian
curvature
– Gaussian curvature is invariant under bending

175. Developable Surfaces

176. Curvature of Folded Textured
Sheets
Folded Textured Sheets
– flat sheets can assume doubly-curved shapes
• change their ‘global’ Gaussian curvature
• possible due to opening and closing of folds
– ‘global’ Gaussian curvature
• no mathematical definition (yet)
• poorly defined: ‘squint your eyes’

177. ‘Global’ Gaussian Curvature
‘Squinting’

178. Freeform Architecture
Freeform Architecture, aka ‘BLOB’
KunsthausGra

179. Thin Concrete Shells
Thin concrete shells
– large span thin concrete shells
Oceanogràfic
Valencia, Spain
(2002)
Félix Candela, †1997

180. Thin Concrete Shells
decrease in popularity since its 1960s
heyday
– labour intensive and expensive
false- and formwork

181. Modern Thin Concrete Shell -
I
Imperial War Museum, Duxford (1997)
924 precast panels

182. Doubly-Curved Concrete
Formwork
• styrofoam blocks
• inflatable formwork
• ruled surfaces of wood formwork
– composed of straight wooden beams
Veltkamp (2

183. Doubly-Curved Concrete
Formwork
Problem:
no real solution for adaptable and
reusable formwork for (pre-cast) doubly-
curved
concrete shells

184. Adaptable Doubly-Curved
Formwork
• limited number
of linearly
actuated nodes
• doubly-curved shape
follows from these
control points

185. Adaptable Doubly-Curved
Formwork

186. Adaptable Doubly-Curved
Formwork

187. Adaptable Doubly-Curved
Formwork
• Textured sheets as flexible formwork
– reusable for range of doubly-curved shapes
– few control points and actuators
• a lot of unknowns!
– possibly limited set of configurations
– manufacturing of large textured sheets
– deflection under dead load of concrete

188. Conclusions
Folded textured sheets
– fold patterns enable sheets to assume
globally doubly-curved configurations
Doubly-curved formwork
– existing methods
limited configurations and/or not reusable
– proposed alternative
folded textured sheets as formwork

189. Thank You