2. Course Contents
⢠Building Construction Technology
⢠Bridge Construction Technology
⢠Road Construction Technology
3. Building Construction Technology
⢠Lecture 1-Prehistoric construction techniques
⢠Lecture 2-Contemporary construction
methodologies
⢠Lecture 3-Construction technology of the future
(Green technology, Energy Saving Technology,
Sustainable technology etc.)
⢠Lecture 4-Timber Trenches
⢠Lecture 5-Type of Foundations
4. Building Construction Technology
⢠Lecture 6-Brick works and Masonry
Construction
⢠Lecture 7-Cavity wall construction
⢠Lecture 8-Arches and Lintels
⢠Lecture 9-Ground and upper floors
⢠Lecture 10-Single roofs
⢠Lecture 11-States and tiled roofs
⢠Lecture 12-Built up roof and cladding
5. Building Construction Technology
⢠Lecture 13-Windows and doors
⢠Lecture 14-partition walls
⢠Lecture 15-Plastering
⢠Lecture 16-Plumbing installation
⢠Lecture 17-Electric installation
⢠Lecture 18-Fire fight equipments and
installation
6. ⢠Lecture-19: Bridge Construction Technology
⢠Lecture-20: Road Construction Technology
⢠Lectture-21: Overall discussion on Question
and Exam.
7. Building Construction Technology
⢠History of Human civilization
⢠Civilization in Indian Subcontinent
⢠Prehistoric Construction Technology
Lecture 1: Prehistoric construction techniques
9. What is Civilization?
It is the collective and organized human
endeavor to bring changes in life, society and
state.
⢠Necessities: Food, water, shelter, reproduction/child
raising, waste, reflection, creativity, spiritual expression
⢠Subsistence: Scavenging, hunting-fishing/gathering,
horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture
⢠Social Organization: Family, clan, tribe, nation (semi-
nomadic, or nomadic), village, town, city, state.
10. Adaptations to change Agents of change
Culture Environment
Beliefs Geographical
Observations (receptivity) Theo-philosophical
Social Ideological
Political Technological
Economic Economic
Technologic
Change may be gradual or drastic
11. Society: A society is an artificial construction of a collection
of linked formal and informal institutions that govern group
behavior.
Culture: Culture is the set of conscious and unconscious
beliefs and assumptions about the way in which world works that
governs individual behavior.
Diffusion: The movement or spread of one or more
elements of a society or culture from one place to another.
13. WORLD CIVILIZATION
IN THE TIME OF PRE-LITERACY
15,000 YEARS BC
Sophisticated hunter-gatherer cultures with diverse toolkits appropriate
to their environments and resources. Dogs have been domesticated.
Art flourishes.
10,000 YEARS BC
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA EUROPE OCEANA
SAN hunter-gathers Tehuacanos Jarmo ----------- Mammoth cave
Qadan horticulture (Mexico) Natufian Jericho Knossos
(Egypt) (olives)
Saharan cattle herders Karanovo
(Tassili)
14. ⢠5000BC
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA EUROPE OCEANA
Badarian agriculture Cochise (SWNA) Yangshao Danubian Kuk
(wheat/barley) (maize) (rice) (wheat) (yams/taro)
Hacilar
Catal Huyuk
⢠4000 BC
Pre-unification Egypt Archaic period Ubaid Minoan Melanesian
Unified archaic Egypt Harrapan Varna expansion
Narmer/Menes Non Nok Tha
Loang Spean
15. ⢠3000 BC
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA EUROPE OCEANA
Old Kingdom Egypt Preclassic Indus (Kurgan) Battle Axe Lapita
Pyramids Ban Chieng Beaker Folk
Lungshan Troy
Sumer
Sargon of Akkad
⢠2000 BC
Old Kingdom Egypt Early Olmecs Shang China Myceneans
Intermediate Period Hitittes Thera
Middle Kingdom (Iron)
Babylonians
Aryan Invasions Barbarian Invasions
16. ⢠1000 BC (1000BC)
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA EUROPE OCEANA
Middle Kingdom Olmecs Assyrians Hellenic Greece
New Kingdom Adena Phoenicians (Pericles through Alexander)
Late Period Hopewell Canaanites Carthage
Bantu Kingdoms Anasazi Gupta India Etruscans/Rome
Han China La Tene/Hallstatt
Celts & Germania
⢠1 AD
Ghana Maya China Rome Polynesians
18. ⢠Built by hunter-gatherers (no sign of agriculture here).
All bones found are wild animal. There is no
evidence of inhabitation; the structures are
interpreted as temples. After 8,000 BCE, the site
was abandoned and purposefully covered up with
tons of soil below the hill.
19. Segment D is one of the near circular shaped pillared areas in the
best condition of GĂśbekli Tepe. The largest weigh about 50
tons
24. Great Indian Civilization
The Indus River is located
in Pakistan. It was along
this river that a civilization
developed around 2,500
BCE. It is called the
Indus Valley Civilization.
Two major cities of this
civilization were Harappa
and Mohenjo-Daro.
25.
26. Geography and Early India
Indian civilization first developed on the Indus
River.
Main Ideas
⢠The geography of India includes high
mountains, great rivers, and heavy seasonal
rain.
⢠Harappan civilization developed along the
Indus River.
27.
28. Mountains
⢠North: The
Himalayas are
the highest
mountains in
the world.
⢠West: The
Hindu Kush
provide
protection
from enemies.
Plains and
Plateaus
⢠Rivers and
melting snow kept
the plains fertile.
⢠Both sides of the
river thrived.
Indian Geography
Water
⢠Monsoons
⢠Heavy rainfall
⢠Civilizations
arose around
seasonal rainfall.
29. People
⢠Population grew
in the Indus
River Valley.
⢠Growth came as
irrigation and
farming
techniques
improved.
⢠Cities were built
as surplus food
was produced.
Cities
⢠Harrapa
⢠Mohenjo Daro
⢠Fortresses for
defense against
enemies
⢠Well-planned
public areas
Harappan Civilization
Achievements
⢠Wells and indoor
plumbing
⢠Pottery, cotton
clothing, jewelry
⢠Indiaâs first writing
system
30. The Indus Valley Culture
⢠The people of the Indus
Valley were mostly
peaceful farmers. They
built large cities with
ordered streets and bricks
made all the same size.
This indicates they had a
strong central government.
This statue is probably a
priest or king.
31. The Indus Valley people had an advanced civilization
with large cities, running water and sewer systems.
They built walls around their cities which indicated that
they might have had to defend themselves against
other people. We do not know a lot about them
because we cannot yet read their writing.
The picture at the right shows
an example of Indus Valley
writing. Linguists are still
trying to decode the
language. We know they
traded with the people of
Mesopotamia and Egypt so
perhaps those people knew
how to read and speak this
language!
32. Indus Valley Script
⢠Here are several
examples of Indus
Valley writing. It is
believed that the
Indus Valley people
may have also
written on palm
leaves or cloth but
no evidence of this
has survived.
33. This is a photograph of âThe Great Bathâ at Mohenjo
Daro. This is one of the earliest examples of a public
bath or water storage system found in the world. The
Indus Valley people were great architects and city
planners.
34. Here is a reconstruction of what the entrance to
Mohenjo Daro might have looked like.
35. ⢠Around 1500 BCE, a group of nomadic
warrior-herders crossed the narrow Khyber
Pass in the Hindu Kush Mountains and
invaded the Indus Valley culture. These
people, the Aryans, came from Eastern
Europe between the Black Sea and Caspian
Sea, probably looking for pastures for their
animals. Flooding and earthquakes had
weakened the Indus Valley culture and they
were unable to withstand the newcomers.
Aryan Invasion
36.
37. Religion
Government
Language
Invaders from
the West
When the Harappan civilization dissipated in
1700 BC, Central Asians called Aryans began
taking over territory.
The Aryans left behind vast collections of
poems, hymns, myths, and rituals. They
also had religious writings known as Vedas.
No central government: small communities
ruled by rajas
Sanskrit is the root of many modern South
Asian languages.
Aryan Invasion
38. Origins of Hinduism
Hinduism, the largest religion in India today,
developed out of ancient Indian beliefs and practices.
Main Ideas
⢠Indian society divided into distinct groups under the
Aryans.
⢠The Aryans practiced a religion known as Brahmanism.
⢠Hinduism developed out of Brahmanism and influences
from other cultures.
⢠The Jains reacted to Hinduism by breaking away to form
their own religion.
40. Individuals
⢠Place in society based
on birth, wealth, or
occupation
⢠3,000 castes once
existed in India.
⢠Individuals could rarely
change castes.
Caste Rules
⢠Sutras (guides) listed all
the rules for the caste
system.
⢠Breaking rules resulted
in a transfer to a lower
class.
Caste System
41. Brahmanism
⢠Aryan priests
were called
Brahmins.
⢠Wrote Vedic
texts, which
were their
thoughts about
the Vedas
Evolving Beliefs
The Vedas,
Upanishads, and
other Vedic texts
began blending
with beliefs from
different cultures,
creating Hinduism.
Brahmanism develops into Hinduism
Hinduism
⢠Many gods
⢠Reincarnation:
could be reborn
into new forms
and castes
⢠Men and women
could both gain
salvation, but
women were
inferior.
42. Origins of Jainism
Four Principles of Jainism
⢠599 BC, established as an alternative to Hindu
ritualism
⢠Based on the teachings of Mahavira, who abandoned
his life of luxury to become a monk
⢠Injure no life.
⢠Tell the truth.
⢠Do not steal.
⢠Own no property.
Jains React to Hinduism
43. Origins of Buddhism
Buddhism began in India and became a major
religion.
Main Ideas
⢠Siddhartha Gautama searched for wisdom in
many ways.
⢠The teachings of Buddhism deal with finding
peace.
⢠Buddhism spread far from where it began in
India.
44. 1.
Suffering and unhappiness are a part of human life. No one
can escape sorrow.
Teachings of Buddhism
Four Noble Truths
2.
Suffering comes from our desires for pleasure and material
goods.
3.
People can overcome desire and ignorance and reach
nirvana, a state of perfect peace.
4.
People can overcome ignorance and desire by following an
eightfold path that leads to wisdom, enlightenment, and
salvation.
45. Ancient Ways
⢠The Buddha
taught that
following the
Vedic texts was
unnecessary.
⢠Challenged the
authority of
Hindu priests
Changing Society
⢠A more
individualistic
approach to
enlightenment
⢠Rebirth as a
means to evolve
Challenging Hindu Ideas
Caste System
⢠Opposed caste
system
⢠The Eightfold
Path could lead
any individual to
nirvana.
⢠The Buddhaâs
teachings
reached all
classes.
46. Buddhism branches out
Buddhism splits
⢠Asoka, one of the most powerful kings in India, became a
Buddhist and spread Buddhism in India and foreign lands.
⢠Buddhist missionaries traveled the world to teach
enlightenment.
⢠Buddhism split into two main sects: Theravada and Mahayana.
⢠Members of the Theravada followed the Buddhaâs teachings
exactly.
⢠Members of the Mahayana believed that individual
interpretation was important.
Buddhism began in India and then became a major
religion.
47. Indian Empires
The Big Idea
The Mauryas and the Guptas built great empires in India.
Main Ideas
⢠The Mauryan Empire unified most of India.
⢠Gupta rulers promoted Hinduism in their empire.
48. Candragupta Maurya
⢠Candragupta seized control
of northern India and
created a society
dominated by war.
⢠Candragupta became a
Jainist monk and gave up
his throne.
Asoka
⢠The grandson of
Candragupt extended
Mauryan rule over most of
India.
⢠Asoka converted to
Buddhism and stopped
waging war, choosing
instead to rebuild cities
and spread Buddhist
teachings.
Mauryan Rule
49. Gupta Empire
⢠After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, India remained primarily
Buddhist for 500 years.
⢠Under the rule of Candra Gupta I, India became unified and
prosperous again.
⢠Gupta rulers spread Hinduism in their empire through the
building of temples and the promotion of Hindu writings and
rituals.
⢠Widespread religious tolerance was encouraged for Buddhists
and Jainists.
50. Economy and
Culture
The Caste
System
Social
Ramifications
Growth
Under Candra Gupta II, the Gupta Empire
reached the height of its power. It spread
across northern India and prospered.
The economy boomed, allowing citizens the
time and money to create great works of art
and literature.
It was believed that keeping citizens under
strict caste rule would stabilize the empire.
Women in the caste system were not seen
as equals and had few basic rights.
Candra Gupta II
51. Time Line
⢠320 BC Candragupta Maurya becomes the first Mauryan emperor.
⢠301 BC Candragupta Maurya relinquishes the throne to become a
Jainist monk.
⢠270 BC Asoka becomes the second Mauryan emperor.
⢠261 BC Asokaâs empire gains great power, and he leaves to
become a Buddhist.
⢠AD 375 Candra Gupta I invades and conquers northern India and
brings Hinduism, prosperity, and a strict caste system back into
popular culture.
52. Indian Achievements
The people of ancient India made great contributions to the
arts and sciences.
Main Ideas
⢠Indian artists created great works of religious art.
⢠Sanskrit literature flourished during the Gupta period.
⢠The Indians made scientific advances in metalworking,
medicine, and other sciences.
53. ⢠Both Hindu and Buddhist temples began flourishing under
Gupta rule.
⢠Once simply constructed meeting places, Hindu temples
became complex towers covered with intricate carvings.
⢠Buddhist temples were large and impressive, some carved
out of mountainsides.
⢠Buddhist stupas were built to house sacred objects from
the life of the Buddha. They were covered with detailed
carvings.
Religious Art: Temples
54. ⢠Great artists were commissioned by rich and powerful
members of society.
⢠Paintings offered a perspective on the daily life and
religious belief of the ancient Indians; many of these
paintings could be found on the walls of temples.
⢠Indian sculptors carved columns, statues, and entire
temples in the likenesses of the Buddha and Hindu gods.
Religious Art:
Paintings and Sculpture
55. Mahabharata
⢠One of the worldâs longest
literary works
⢠The story of two Indian
families struggling for
control of a kingdom
⢠Many long passages of
Hindu beliefs and practices
Ramayana
⢠The story of a god, Vishnu,
who has taken human form
⢠Written long after the
Mahabharata; contains
models for the ideal ruler
(Rama) and the ideal mate
(Sita)
Sanskrit Literature
56. Sanskrit Literature
⢠Chadra Gupta II hired a famous writer named
Kalidasa to write plays for the royal court.
⢠The Panchatantra, a book of stories intended
to teach moral lessons and quick thinking,
was translated into many languages.
Other Works
57. Mathematics
Medicine
Astronomy
Metalworking
Pioneers of metallurgy, the Indians created
tools and weapons by mixing iron and other
metals together.
The Indians invented the concept of zero and
developed a sophisticated number system,
the Hindu-Arabic numerals.
Using plants and minerals, Indian doctors
made advances in medicinal science. They
were among the first to practice inoculation
and perform surgery.
Indian astronomers knew of seven about the
nine planets in the solar system and could
predict eclipses of the sun and moon.
Scientific Advances
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69. Timeline of History
⢠Indus Civilization Began around : 5000 B.C.
⢠Horoppa and Mohenjo Daro Civilizations : 2500 - 1000 B.C.
⢠Aryan Civilization (Birth Hinduism, Jainism , Buddhism) 563 -
400 B.C.
⢠Mauryan Dynasty : 325 - 175 B.C.
⢠Gupta Dynasty : 300 - 650 A.D.
⢠Regional Kingdoms and Muslim Invasions : 700 â 1200 A.D.
⢠The Mughal Empire : 1300 - 1700 A.D.
⢠The British East-India Company : 1600 A.D.
⢠The British Empire : 1700 - 1900 A.D.
⢠India's Freedom Struggle : 1857 - 1947
⢠Independence : 1947
70. Hierarchy of Rulers
Samudra Gupta
(335 â 375 A.D.)
ChandraGupta II
Vikramaditya
(375 â 415 A.D.)
Chandragupta I
(320 â 335 A.D.)
Kumar Gupta
(415 â 445 A.D.)
Harsha Vardhana
(606â 647A.D.)
71. Golden Age of Culture and Arts
⢠Royal support gave funding to build Hindu temples
dedicated to worship of Gods like Siva, Visnu, and
Divine Mother Durga.
⢠This period is noted for the development of cave art and
sculpture. Ajantaâs cave paintings and sculptures of
human figures are historic mementoes of the peopleâs
life during the Gupta period.
⢠Science, Mathematics, Painting, Sculpture and Music
reached the climax of development.
72. Kalidasa
⢠Great poet and Dramatist.
⢠Considered the chief of the nine gems of
Vikramadityaâs court.
⢠Famous drama âShakuntalaâ and âMeghdootâ.
⢠The name âBharatâ came from the classic
âShakuntalaâ.
83. THE MUGHAL EMPIRE (1526-1707)
⢠The Mughal emperors (first six rulers).
⢠BABUR (1526-30)
⢠HUMAYUN (1530-56)
⢠AKBAR (1556-1605)
⢠JAHANGIR (1605-28)
⢠SHAHJAHAN (1628-58)
⢠AURANGZEB (1658-1707)
84. ⢠Founded in 1526.
⢠Dominated India between
17th and 18th centuries.
⢠Empire ended in mid-1900s.
⢠Descended from Mongolian
ancestors around Pakistan.
⢠Population at height:
between 110 and 130 million
people.
⢠Sophisticated, mixed Indo-
Persian culture.
104. Robert Clive Conquers India
⢠The EICâs force of
armed guards was
growing into an
army; Clive joined
them as an officer
⢠In 1751 Clive led
500 men against
10,000 French and
Indian soldiers and
won!
105. ⢠Clive led the EICâs
army to victory
many more times,
forcing the French
out and making
the East India
Company very
powerful â it
wasnât the British
government taking
over India â it was
106. History of World Structures
Egyptian Pyramids (2500 BC)
480 feet (146m) tall
Limited to stone
Not slender
Slope stability limit Tower of Pisa (1350 AD)
183 feet (56m) tall
107. Foundation settlement =
Geotechnical problem
High aspect ratio (H/W)=
sensitive to small base
movement
Verticality during and
after construction
Correction attempted
as they built
Angle of Tilt =?
109. Modern Building Construction
Technology
⢠Kind of symbol of domination and prestige
⢠City centers become expensive, so vertical
extension is needed
⢠Rapid urbanization in compacted area
110. Empire State Building
1931
102stories1453 feet
(443m) tall
Steel frame
Fullwidth moment frames
Window strips, masonry
strips, trim
Fast construction
Superorganized
111. Design by
Dr. F. R Khan
(1929-1982)
The Sears tower,
1974, 1454 ft, 110 floors
114. Structural Material Selection 1
⢠Availability of local material
⢠Reliability of material quality control
⢠Reliability of local labor and training
⢠Constructability (ability to erect large,
heavy steel members)
⢠Relative cost
⢠Construction speed
⢠Architectural layout Impact
⢠Cultural attitudes
115. Structural Material Selection 2
ďą Building weight
â Foundation load
â Net uplift
â Seismic mass
ďą Dynamic behavior
⢠Stiffness
⢠Concrete E increases with strength
⢠Steel E constant for all strength
⢠Period (~ mass / stiffness)
⢠Damping
116. Design of Super Structure-
Selection of Building Structural
System
⢠Gravity Load resisting System
Beam, Slab, Girder, Column etc
⢠Lateral Load resisting system
Column, Shear wall, Bracing etc
⢠Floor System
Provide in-plane floor stiffness
118. Evolution of Building Design
Approach
⢠Short Building : Strength Design
⢠Gravity Control: Strength Design
2PP
M 4M
119. Evolution of Building Design
Approach
⢠Intermediate Size Building: Deflection
⢠Lateral Load Control: StrengthDesign
120. Evolution of Building Design
Approach
⢠Tall Building:
⢠Wind Induced Bldg Motion (acceleration)
⢠Control â Dynamic Stiffness Design
121. ⢠Force Based Design
⢠Displacement Based Design
⢠Performance Based Design
Evolution of Building Design
Approach
122. Common Structural system
⢠Moment Resisting Frames
⢠Shear Wall-Frame Systems
⢠Shear Truss-Outrigger Braced Systems
⢠Framed-Tubes
⢠Tube-in-Tube Systems with interior columns
⢠Bundled Tubes
⢠Truss Tubes without interior columns
⢠Modular Tubes
124. Foundation Design
⢠Intensive soil investigation and analysis
⢠Concentrated building weight affecting
strength and settlement studies
⢠Construction sequences
⢠Model deep basement âanchorâ against
overturning vs. baseline at top of mat
⢠Pile depths â verticality
⢠Dewatering for deep basements
125.
126.
127.
128. Shun Hing Square â 1260 ft (382 m) 69 Floors IFC, HongKong, 1362 ft, 88 flrs
129. WFC, Shangshiâ 1614 ft (492 m) 101 Floors, 2008
Taipei 101â 1671 ft (509 m) 101 Floors,
2004
142. Wind tunnel studies offer the best estimate of the wind
loading on a building for cladding as well as structural
frame design
143. Seismic Design Issues
⢠Less critical than wind for tall building
with long natural period
⢠Minimum base shear may govern
seismic Inter-story drift
-Max at upper floors
⢠Ductile detailing still important!
⢠Geometric compatibility
⢠Performance Based Design
144. Shake Table Test
From the past experiences, it has demonstrated that building
materials, designs and construction methods can be responsible
for death or survival when an earthquake strikes
146. Structural Sustainable
Design
⢠Recycled materials
⢠Local manufacturers
⢠Less travel distance = less pollution
⢠No waste of materials
⢠Fly ash or slag in concrete mixes
147. Computer Applications in
Structural Engineering
⢠GRASP for structural analysis in 2D
⢠GEAR for the design of structural
members
⢠ETABS for analysis and design of
buildings
⢠SAP2000 for advanced structural
modeling and analysis
⢠STAAD Pro for analysis of 2D, 3D
structures
⢠ANSIS for FEM analysis of structure
164. Shell Structures
⢠shell structures
â thickness is small relative to other dimensions
â carry loads (in-plane and bending)
â geometry is extremely important
⢠widespread use
â architecture
â piping, pressure vessels, etc.
â aircraft fuselages, car bodies, etc.
165. Textured Shell Structures
Adding a local texture to thin-walled
sheets in order to change their global
mechanical properties.
The local texture is of an intermediate
scale, between the global structural
dimensions and material level.
166. Textured Shell Structures -
Examples
corrugated sheets
â improved stiffness to weight ratio
â countless examples in daily life
167. Textured Shell Structures -
Examples
bistable corrugated sheets
â combination of pre-stress and geometry
168. Textured Shell Structures -
Examples
dimpled sheets
â pre-stressed bistable dimples
â global shape depends on local up/down
pattern
171. Deformation of Folded
Textured Sheets
⢠mid-surface plane of the sheet can be twisted into a
global saddle shape
Miura sheet Eggbox sheet
172. Differential Geometry of
Surfaces
Differential Geometry
â study of the properties of surfaces
â how can one shape transform into another
â a very important property : Gaussian
curvature
173. Gaussian Curvature and Map
Making
Sphere: positive Gaussian curvature
Map: zero Gaussian c
176. Curvature of Folded Textured
Sheets
Folded Textured Sheets
â flat sheets can assume doubly-curved shapes
⢠change their âglobalâ Gaussian curvature
⢠possible due to opening and closing of folds
â âglobalâ Gaussian curvature
⢠no mathematical definition (yet)
⢠poorly defined: âsquint your eyesâ
187. Adaptable Doubly-Curved
Formwork
⢠Textured sheets as flexible formwork
â reusable for range of doubly-curved shapes
â few control points and actuators
⢠a lot of unknowns!
â possibly limited set of configurations
â manufacturing of large textured sheets
â deflection under dead load of concrete
188. Conclusions
Folded textured sheets
â fold patterns enable sheets to assume
globally doubly-curved configurations
Doubly-curved formwork
â existing methods
limited configurations and/or not reusable
â proposed alternative
folded textured sheets as formwork