This document discusses research design relevant to nursing. It outlines different types of researchers and considerations for developing a research project. Key points include: - Research design should be selected to answer a specific research question, not fit a predetermined design. - Quantitative designs include experiments, surveys, and trend analysis while qualitative designs allow exploration of experiences. - Randomized controlled trials in nursing face challenges like randomization and blinding patients within clinical settings. - Mixed methods combine quantitative and qualitative approaches to provide a broader perspective. - Systematic reviews synthesize diverse evidence using methods like meta-analysis, integrative reviews, and realist reviews. - Pilot studies and review registration on sites like PROSPERO can help develop

1. Research design relevant
to nursing
护理相关科研设计
Roger Watson

2. The basic equipment for research科研基本要求
• Passion激情
• Vision眼光
• Patience耐心
• Enthusiasm热情

3. The typology of researchers研究者的分类
• Starters versus finishers

4. Developing a project
• Barriers
– Research based practice or practice based research?研究
源于临床或是临床源于研究
– Lack of focus缺乏聚焦
– Wanting to change the world企图改变世界
– But which bit will you change但可以改变的时很微小的部
分
– Setting out to ‘prove’ something证明某事
• You may be wrong!

5. What’s in it for you? (Will the project offer you the
right breadth of experience?)对你有什么好处呢？
• Project planning and management项目计划和管理
• Ethical processes伦理
• Gaining access to participants获得寻找参与者的方法
• Methodology方法学
• Presentation skills报告技巧
• Writing and publication skill写作发表技巧
• and…you may discover something new!

6. What if you have an idea…
• …but don’t know what to do?
• You’re not alone
• Get help from an expert...
– …a nice one!
• BEWARE of

7. The research project
• What will you do?
– Research question/aims研究问题/目的
• Why will you do it?
– Background literature and gaps to be filled背景文献/填补
空白
• How will you do it?
– Design and methods设计和方法
• How will you know that you’ve done it?
– Analysis分析
• Reporting
– The job’s not done until it’s written up你写完才算完成

8. Research design
• A research design is selected to answer a question研究设计适
用于回答问题的

9. Research design
• A research design is selected to answer a question研究设计是
回答问题的
• Don’t fall into the trap finding a research question to fit a
design别因为一个研究设计而去寻找研究问题

10. Identify the gap

11. Decide how best to fill the gap

12. Research design process
• Research question
• Research design
• Research methods
• Analysis
This is the
‘pivotal’ point
in the process
and links the
question with
the methods
These dictate
what type of
analysis you
will use.

13. Developing a research question
A clear statement in the form of a question of what you set out
to investigate, eg:清楚的表达你想研究的问题
• Does intervention A work better than intervention B?A干预
比B干预更好?
• Is previous experience of healthcare work an advantage to
nursing students ?之前的经验对护理学生是有利的？
• What happens to nurses in the transition from student to
Registered Nurse?从学生到注册护士发生了什么？

14. “You must do a…”
• Don’t listen to people who say:
– “this is the only way to do it”
– Instead of thinking:
• It can’t be done
– Think:
• How best can I do it?

15. Quantitative定量分析
• Experiments试验
– RCTs随机对照试验
– Quasi-experiments类实验
• Surveys调查
– Cross-sectional横断面研究
– Longitudinal纵向研究
• Trend
• Cohort
• Panel

16. RCTs
• Explanatory 解释性的
– aim to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention in a well-
defined and controlled setting

17. RCTs
• Explanatory
– aim to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention in a well-
defined and controlled setting
– but how feasible are these in nursing?如何在护理中实践
– Issues:
• Randomisation to groups随机
• Blinding of participants盲法

18. Randomisation
• Used to minimise bias in allocating participants to the arms
of an experiment减少偏见

19. Randomisation
Problems:
• Randomisation within one clinical area
– ‘contamination’ between groups组间污染
– ‘sabotage’ by nurses护士破坏
• Cluster RCTs
– Require huge sample sizes
– 需要很大的样本量

20. Blinding
• Used to minimise biased responses:降低偏差
– by participants受试者
– by data collectors数据收集者
• Single-blind单盲
• Double-blind双盲

21. RCTs
• Explanatory
– aim to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention in a well-
defined and controlled setting
• Pragmatic实际操作中
– designed to test the effectiveness of the intervention in a
broad routine clinical practice

23. RCTs
• Explanatory
– aim to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention in a well-
defined and controlled setting疗效
• Pragmatic
– designed to test the effectiveness of the intervention in a
broad routine clinical practice效果
• Non-inferiority trials
– aims to demonstrate that the test product is not worse
than the comparator by more than a small pre-specified
amount

29. Qualitative

30. Mixed methods
• …is an approach to inquiry and research that combines
quantitative and qualitative methods into one study in order
to provide a broader perspective 定量和定性方法同时存在于
一个研究中
• …involves collecting and analyzing both quantitative and
qualitative data.

32. Systematic reviewing
• Meta-analysis
• Integrative reviews综合的综述
– The integrative review method is an approach that allows
for the inclusion of diverse methodologies (i.e.
experimental and non-experimental research)
• Realist reviews现实主义综述
– Realist synthesis is an increasingly popular approach to
the review and synthesis of evidence, which focuses on
understanding the mechanisms by which an intervention
works (or not).

33. Network meta-analysis网络meta分析
…is a meta-analysis in which multiple treatments (that is,
three or more) are being compared using both direct and
indirect comparisons of interventions within randomised
contolled trials and indirect comparisons across trials based
on a common comparator.直接或间接比较

35. Review registration
综述注册
• Prospero
• PROSPERO includes protocol details for systematic reviews
relevant to health and social care, welfare, public health,
education, crime, justice, and international development,
where there is a health related outcome.PROSPERO包括各
个方面系统回顾的计划书
• Systematic review protocols on PROSPERO can include any
type of any study design. Reviews of reviews and reviews of
methodological issues that contain at least one outcome of
direct patient or clinical relevance are also accepted.
PROSPERO包括各类系统回顾的计划书

36. Pilot studies预实验

37. r.watson@hull.ac.uk
0000-0001-8040-7625
@rwatson1955