This document outlines research design principles presented by Dr. Tushar Chaudhari. It discusses key aspects of research design including the stages of the research process, data collection methods, sampling techniques, and data analysis. The document emphasizes that research design aims to maximize systematic variance and minimize error variance through careful planning and control of extraneous variables. It also presents different types of research design such as exploratory, descriptive, and causal research and their objectives.
The document discusses key aspects of research methodology. It begins by defining research and methodology. It then covers the basic elements of research, including empiricism, determinism, and skepticism. Several definitions of research from different authors are provided. The key steps of the scientific method and research methodology cycle are outlined. It also discusses formulating hypotheses, including expressing hypotheses and guidelines for framing hypotheses. Experimental testing of hypotheses is discussed, including collecting and analyzing results and concluding research. Finally, it provides examples of potential science project topics and factors to consider for a good science research method.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of research methodology. It discusses that research is a systematic, careful investigation aimed at establishing facts or principles. Some key characteristics of research outlined are that it must be controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable. The research process involves formulating a research problem, designing the study, developing instruments, selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Important steps include reviewing literature, identifying variables, developing hypotheses, writing a proposal, and considering ethical issues.
This study examined the effects of different warm-up conditions on explosive force production and jumping performance. Sixteen participants performed warm-ups consisting of no warm-up (control), running, static stretching, running plus stretching, and running plus stretching plus practice jumps. Two jumping tests were then performed to assess force production and jumping ability. The results showed that the static stretching warm-up produced the lowest force and jumping scores, while the running and running plus practice jumps warm-ups produced the highest scores. There were no differences between the control and running plus stretching warm-ups, but running alone produced better scores than running plus stretching. This suggests that running and practice jumps have a positive effect on explosive force and jumping, while static stretching
Research methodology - Analysis of DataThe Stockker
Processing & Analysis of Data, Data editing, Benefits of data editing, Data coding, Classification of data, CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING THE ATTRIBUTES, CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF INTERVAL, TABULATION of data, Types of tables, Graphing of data, Bar chart, Pie chart, Line graph, histogram, Polygon / ogive, Analysis of Data, Descriptive Analysis, Uni-Variate Analysis, Bivariate Analysis, Multi-Variate Analysis, Causal Analysis, Inferential Analysis, PARAMETRIC TESTS, Non parametric Test,
This document outlines the key steps and components of the research process for a study titled "A Study on Pragmatic Approaches and Quality Initiatives for Enhancing Teachers’ Caliber in Post Graduate Institutes offering MBA Programme under Bangalore University". The research methodology section defines different types of research and the scientific research process. It also provides details on key aspects of research design including objectives, hypotheses, sampling, data collection and analysis. The document concludes by mentioning the final steps of report writing and research reporting.
The document discusses various aspects of research methodology including defining the research problem, reviewing literature, and formulating hypotheses. It provides details on:
1) Defining the research problem involves identifying and selecting a problem and then precisely formulating it.
2) Reviewing literature helps gain background knowledge and identify relationships between concepts to form hypotheses. Literature is recorded systematically.
3) A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between variables. It predicts the influence of independent variables on dependent variables.
Dr. Sandhya Dhokia provides an overview of research methodology. She defines research as a careful investigation to discover new facts through scientific procedures. The objectives of research can include gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, accurately portraying characteristics of a situation, determining how frequently something occurs, and testing hypotheses. Motivations for research include obtaining degrees, solving problems, intellectual enjoyment, and helping society. The document also outlines different types of research approaches and methods.
The document discusses key aspects of research design and types of research. It provides definitions and explanations of important concepts in research design including variables, experimental and control groups, and treatments. It also summarizes several major types of rural research such as survey research, case studies, ex-post facto research, and qualitative vs. quantitative research. Finally, it outlines the typical format for a research proposal.
The document discusses key aspects of research methodology. It begins by defining research and methodology. It then covers the basic elements of research, including empiricism, determinism, and skepticism. Several definitions of research from different authors are provided. The key steps of the scientific method and research methodology cycle are outlined. It also discusses formulating hypotheses, including expressing hypotheses and guidelines for framing hypotheses. Experimental testing of hypotheses is discussed, including collecting and analyzing results and concluding research. Finally, it provides examples of potential science project topics and factors to consider for a good science research method.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of research methodology. It discusses that research is a systematic, careful investigation aimed at establishing facts or principles. Some key characteristics of research outlined are that it must be controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable. The research process involves formulating a research problem, designing the study, developing instruments, selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Important steps include reviewing literature, identifying variables, developing hypotheses, writing a proposal, and considering ethical issues.
This study examined the effects of different warm-up conditions on explosive force production and jumping performance. Sixteen participants performed warm-ups consisting of no warm-up (control), running, static stretching, running plus stretching, and running plus stretching plus practice jumps. Two jumping tests were then performed to assess force production and jumping ability. The results showed that the static stretching warm-up produced the lowest force and jumping scores, while the running and running plus practice jumps warm-ups produced the highest scores. There were no differences between the control and running plus stretching warm-ups, but running alone produced better scores than running plus stretching. This suggests that running and practice jumps have a positive effect on explosive force and jumping, while static stretching
Research methodology - Analysis of DataThe Stockker
Processing & Analysis of Data, Data editing, Benefits of data editing, Data coding, Classification of data, CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING THE ATTRIBUTES, CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF INTERVAL, TABULATION of data, Types of tables, Graphing of data, Bar chart, Pie chart, Line graph, histogram, Polygon / ogive, Analysis of Data, Descriptive Analysis, Uni-Variate Analysis, Bivariate Analysis, Multi-Variate Analysis, Causal Analysis, Inferential Analysis, PARAMETRIC TESTS, Non parametric Test,
This document outlines the key steps and components of the research process for a study titled "A Study on Pragmatic Approaches and Quality Initiatives for Enhancing Teachers’ Caliber in Post Graduate Institutes offering MBA Programme under Bangalore University". The research methodology section defines different types of research and the scientific research process. It also provides details on key aspects of research design including objectives, hypotheses, sampling, data collection and analysis. The document concludes by mentioning the final steps of report writing and research reporting.
The document discusses various aspects of research methodology including defining the research problem, reviewing literature, and formulating hypotheses. It provides details on:
1) Defining the research problem involves identifying and selecting a problem and then precisely formulating it.
2) Reviewing literature helps gain background knowledge and identify relationships between concepts to form hypotheses. Literature is recorded systematically.
3) A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between variables. It predicts the influence of independent variables on dependent variables.
Dr. Sandhya Dhokia provides an overview of research methodology. She defines research as a careful investigation to discover new facts through scientific procedures. The objectives of research can include gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, accurately portraying characteristics of a situation, determining how frequently something occurs, and testing hypotheses. Motivations for research include obtaining degrees, solving problems, intellectual enjoyment, and helping society. The document also outlines different types of research approaches and methods.
The document discusses key aspects of research design and types of research. It provides definitions and explanations of important concepts in research design including variables, experimental and control groups, and treatments. It also summarizes several major types of rural research such as survey research, case studies, ex-post facto research, and qualitative vs. quantitative research. Finally, it outlines the typical format for a research proposal.
Randomized control trials (RCTs) randomly assign individuals to experimental and control groups to compare the effect of an intervention. RCTs are blinded, meaning patients, researchers, or data analysts may not know which group received the intervention. This eliminates confounding biases. However, RCTs have limited external validity since volunteers may differ from the general population. They also cannot be used to study exposure to harmful materials.
1. The document discusses various types of medical research designs including observational and experimental studies.
2. Observational studies are divided into descriptive studies which aim to describe health problems without comparisons, and analytical studies which aim to identify associations between exposures and outcomes.
3. Experimental research designs involve assigning subjects to treatment or control groups randomly to evaluate new interventions while controlling for confounding factors. Randomized controlled trials are considered the gold standard for evaluating new treatments.
UNIVARIATE & BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
UNIVARIATE BIVARIATE & MULTIVARIATE
UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS
-One variable analysed at a time
BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
-Two variable analysed at a time
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
-More than two variables analysed at a time
TYPES OF ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
Transformation of raw data
Facilitate easy understanding and interpretation
Deals with summary measures relating to sample data
Eg-what is the average age of the sample?
INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
Carried out after descriptive analysis
Inferences drawn on population parameters based on sample results
Generalizes results to the population based on sample results
Eg-is the average age of population different from 35?
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF UNIVARIATE DATA
1. Prepare frequency distribution of each variable
Missing Data
Situation where certain questions are left unanswered
Analysis of multiple responses
Measures of central tendency
3 measures of central tendency
1.Mean
2.Median
3.Mode
MEAN
Arithmetic average of a variable
Appropriate for interval and ratio scale data
x
MEDIAN
Calculates the middle value of the data
Computed for ratio, interval or ordinal scale.
Data needs to be arranged in ascending or descending order
MODE
Point of maximum frequency
Should not be computed for ordinal or interval data unless grouped.
Widely used in business
MEASURE OF DISPERSION
Measures of central tendency do not explain distribution of variables
4 measures of dispersion
1.Range
2.Variance and standard deviation
3.Coefficient of variation
4.Relative and absolute frequencies
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF BIVARIATE DATA
There are three types of measure used.
1.Cross tabulation
2.Spearmans rank correlation coefficient
3.Pearsons linear correlation coefficient
Cross Tabulation
Responses of two questions are combined
Spearman’s rank order correlation coefficient.
Used in case of ordinal data
The document discusses various types of research designs. It describes exploratory research design as research undertaken when little is known about a problem to gain background information and develop hypotheses. Descriptive research design aims to describe and measure phenomena at a point in time. Qualitative research design uses informal techniques to gather and analyze non-numerical data to understand perceptions and opinions. Interventional research design controls variables to test hypotheses and determine causal relationships.
1. The document discusses various research designs including descriptive designs like case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies as well as analytical designs like case-control and cohort studies.
2. Key aspects of different research designs are explained, including their merits and limitations. For example, case reports are useful for rare diseases but cannot assess statistical associations, while cohort studies directly measure risk but are time-consuming.
3. Randomized controlled trials are covered, outlining basic steps like drawing protocols, randomization, and intervention/follow-up. Randomization techniques like simple, block, and stratified methods are also summarized.
Research methodology provides guidance on conducting research systematically and scientifically. It explains both qualitative and quantitative research methods and the steps of the research process, including defining the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Key aspects of research methodology include formulating testable hypotheses, designing studies (e.g. experiments) to test hypotheses, and using statistical analysis to accept or reject null hypotheses.
This document discusses key aspects of research methodology. It begins by defining research as a systematic process of examining a topic closely through various methods such as observation and experimentation. The document then outlines several types of research including pure research, applied research, descriptive research, and correlational research. It also discusses different research methods like library research, field research, and laboratory research. The rest of the document delves into various steps of research methodology such as formulating hypotheses, preparing a research design, identifying variable types, and qualifying a rigorous research. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of conceptualizing and planning a scientific research study.
This document defines and describes different types of research. It discusses research purposes including exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research. It also covers research uses in basic and applied contexts. The time dimension of cross-sectional and longitudinal research is outlined. Finally, it details quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques.
this session differentiates between univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. it covers practical assessment of table of critical values and understanding of the degree of freedom
This document discusses various sampling methods used in research studies. It begins with defining key terms like population, sampling, target population and sampling frame. It then describes the main types of sampling methods - probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling and cluster sampling as well as non-probability sampling methods like convenience sampling and snowball sampling. The advantages and limitations of different sampling methods are provided. The document emphasizes that probability sampling allows generalization of results to the target population while non-probability sampling does not. It concludes by noting some sources of error in sampling.
This document discusses research design. It defines research design as the planned sequence of the entire research process, including the framework of methods chosen. A good research design includes accurate purpose and methodology statements, appropriate settings and techniques for data collection and analysis, and consideration of timeline and measurements. Key aspects of research design include type of data needed, participants, variables or research questions, and data analysis methods. Choosing a research design requires considering priorities, practicalities, and the type of primary or secondary, qualitative or quantitative data required, as well as how that data will be collected and analyzed.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines what research is, including that it is a formal, systematic process using the scientific method. The document discusses the aims of research as discovering new information, expanding knowledge, and solving problems. Basic research aims to contribute to knowledge, while applied research aims to solve current problems. The document also discusses internal vs. external research teams, how managers should interact with researchers, research ethics, and the scientific investigation process. It provides examples of research areas and defines different types of hypotheses used in research.
This document provides an overview of different types of research designs, including exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing designs. It defines what a research design is and lists key features of a good research design such as minimizing bias. For each type of design, it provides a brief definition and highlights important aspects to consider, such as the objective, data collection methods, sample selection, and data analysis. The overall purpose is to introduce and compare different approaches to research design.
The document discusses key aspects of research design for marketing research projects. It defines research design as a framework that details the procedures needed to obtain required information to solve research problems. The components of a research design include defining needed information, designing exploratory, descriptive or causal phases, specifying measurement and sampling, and developing a data analysis plan. Exploratory research provides insights while descriptive research describes characteristics and causal research tests hypotheses.
This document provides an overview of research methodologies. It defines research as a systematic investigation to discover and revise facts. The objectives of research are to gain new insights, accurately describe phenomena, determine relationships between variables, and test hypotheses. Research can be descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, or empirical. The significance of research is that it leads to progress, promotes logical thinking, and helps address business, economic, social and policy issues.
Research is a process through which new knowledge is discovered. Conducting research has to follow certain steps and these may vary with the type and goals of research. But the variation in the process would be minor according to the study involves quantitative or a qualitative approach and data.
Research is defined as a systematic, empirical investigation guided by theory to understand natural phenomena. It involves identifying a problem, reviewing existing literature, developing hypotheses and variables, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. There are important components to research including the research design, methodology, instrumentation, sampling, data analysis, and conclusions. Sampling involves selecting a subset of a population to study. Probability sampling aims to give all population members an equal chance of selection, while non-probability sampling does not. Common probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and multistage sampling.
This document discusses research methodology and sampling techniques. It defines key terms like population, sample, census, and probability and non-probability sampling. It describes different sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it discusses issues around internet sampling and methods like using web site visitors, panels, and opt-in lists.
Sampling and sampling distribution ttttpardeepkaur60
This document discusses sampling and sampling distributions. It defines sampling as selecting a subset of a population for study. Random sampling gives each member of the population an equal chance of being selected, while non-random sampling uses other factors like convenience. The document outlines the steps in sampling design and describes different random and non-random sampling methods. It also distinguishes between sampling errors and non-sampling errors and discusses the concept of sampling distributions and how they allow inferences to be made about population parameters from sample statistics.
Randomized control trials (RCTs) randomly assign individuals to experimental and control groups to compare the effect of an intervention. RCTs are blinded, meaning patients, researchers, or data analysts may not know which group received the intervention. This eliminates confounding biases. However, RCTs have limited external validity since volunteers may differ from the general population. They also cannot be used to study exposure to harmful materials.
1. The document discusses various types of medical research designs including observational and experimental studies.
2. Observational studies are divided into descriptive studies which aim to describe health problems without comparisons, and analytical studies which aim to identify associations between exposures and outcomes.
3. Experimental research designs involve assigning subjects to treatment or control groups randomly to evaluate new interventions while controlling for confounding factors. Randomized controlled trials are considered the gold standard for evaluating new treatments.
UNIVARIATE & BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
UNIVARIATE BIVARIATE & MULTIVARIATE
UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS
-One variable analysed at a time
BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
-Two variable analysed at a time
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
-More than two variables analysed at a time
TYPES OF ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
Transformation of raw data
Facilitate easy understanding and interpretation
Deals with summary measures relating to sample data
Eg-what is the average age of the sample?
INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
Carried out after descriptive analysis
Inferences drawn on population parameters based on sample results
Generalizes results to the population based on sample results
Eg-is the average age of population different from 35?
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF UNIVARIATE DATA
1. Prepare frequency distribution of each variable
Missing Data
Situation where certain questions are left unanswered
Analysis of multiple responses
Measures of central tendency
3 measures of central tendency
1.Mean
2.Median
3.Mode
MEAN
Arithmetic average of a variable
Appropriate for interval and ratio scale data
x
MEDIAN
Calculates the middle value of the data
Computed for ratio, interval or ordinal scale.
Data needs to be arranged in ascending or descending order
MODE
Point of maximum frequency
Should not be computed for ordinal or interval data unless grouped.
Widely used in business
MEASURE OF DISPERSION
Measures of central tendency do not explain distribution of variables
4 measures of dispersion
1.Range
2.Variance and standard deviation
3.Coefficient of variation
4.Relative and absolute frequencies
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF BIVARIATE DATA
There are three types of measure used.
1.Cross tabulation
2.Spearmans rank correlation coefficient
3.Pearsons linear correlation coefficient
Cross Tabulation
Responses of two questions are combined
Spearman’s rank order correlation coefficient.
Used in case of ordinal data
The document discusses various types of research designs. It describes exploratory research design as research undertaken when little is known about a problem to gain background information and develop hypotheses. Descriptive research design aims to describe and measure phenomena at a point in time. Qualitative research design uses informal techniques to gather and analyze non-numerical data to understand perceptions and opinions. Interventional research design controls variables to test hypotheses and determine causal relationships.
1. The document discusses various research designs including descriptive designs like case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies as well as analytical designs like case-control and cohort studies.
2. Key aspects of different research designs are explained, including their merits and limitations. For example, case reports are useful for rare diseases but cannot assess statistical associations, while cohort studies directly measure risk but are time-consuming.
3. Randomized controlled trials are covered, outlining basic steps like drawing protocols, randomization, and intervention/follow-up. Randomization techniques like simple, block, and stratified methods are also summarized.
Research methodology provides guidance on conducting research systematically and scientifically. It explains both qualitative and quantitative research methods and the steps of the research process, including defining the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Key aspects of research methodology include formulating testable hypotheses, designing studies (e.g. experiments) to test hypotheses, and using statistical analysis to accept or reject null hypotheses.
This document discusses key aspects of research methodology. It begins by defining research as a systematic process of examining a topic closely through various methods such as observation and experimentation. The document then outlines several types of research including pure research, applied research, descriptive research, and correlational research. It also discusses different research methods like library research, field research, and laboratory research. The rest of the document delves into various steps of research methodology such as formulating hypotheses, preparing a research design, identifying variable types, and qualifying a rigorous research. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of conceptualizing and planning a scientific research study.
This document defines and describes different types of research. It discusses research purposes including exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research. It also covers research uses in basic and applied contexts. The time dimension of cross-sectional and longitudinal research is outlined. Finally, it details quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques.
this session differentiates between univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. it covers practical assessment of table of critical values and understanding of the degree of freedom
This document discusses various sampling methods used in research studies. It begins with defining key terms like population, sampling, target population and sampling frame. It then describes the main types of sampling methods - probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling and cluster sampling as well as non-probability sampling methods like convenience sampling and snowball sampling. The advantages and limitations of different sampling methods are provided. The document emphasizes that probability sampling allows generalization of results to the target population while non-probability sampling does not. It concludes by noting some sources of error in sampling.
This document discusses research design. It defines research design as the planned sequence of the entire research process, including the framework of methods chosen. A good research design includes accurate purpose and methodology statements, appropriate settings and techniques for data collection and analysis, and consideration of timeline and measurements. Key aspects of research design include type of data needed, participants, variables or research questions, and data analysis methods. Choosing a research design requires considering priorities, practicalities, and the type of primary or secondary, qualitative or quantitative data required, as well as how that data will be collected and analyzed.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It defines what research is, including that it is a formal, systematic process using the scientific method. The document discusses the aims of research as discovering new information, expanding knowledge, and solving problems. Basic research aims to contribute to knowledge, while applied research aims to solve current problems. The document also discusses internal vs. external research teams, how managers should interact with researchers, research ethics, and the scientific investigation process. It provides examples of research areas and defines different types of hypotheses used in research.
This document provides an overview of different types of research designs, including exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing designs. It defines what a research design is and lists key features of a good research design such as minimizing bias. For each type of design, it provides a brief definition and highlights important aspects to consider, such as the objective, data collection methods, sample selection, and data analysis. The overall purpose is to introduce and compare different approaches to research design.
The document discusses key aspects of research design for marketing research projects. It defines research design as a framework that details the procedures needed to obtain required information to solve research problems. The components of a research design include defining needed information, designing exploratory, descriptive or causal phases, specifying measurement and sampling, and developing a data analysis plan. Exploratory research provides insights while descriptive research describes characteristics and causal research tests hypotheses.
This document provides an overview of research methodologies. It defines research as a systematic investigation to discover and revise facts. The objectives of research are to gain new insights, accurately describe phenomena, determine relationships between variables, and test hypotheses. Research can be descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, or empirical. The significance of research is that it leads to progress, promotes logical thinking, and helps address business, economic, social and policy issues.
Research is a process through which new knowledge is discovered. Conducting research has to follow certain steps and these may vary with the type and goals of research. But the variation in the process would be minor according to the study involves quantitative or a qualitative approach and data.
Research is defined as a systematic, empirical investigation guided by theory to understand natural phenomena. It involves identifying a problem, reviewing existing literature, developing hypotheses and variables, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. There are important components to research including the research design, methodology, instrumentation, sampling, data analysis, and conclusions. Sampling involves selecting a subset of a population to study. Probability sampling aims to give all population members an equal chance of selection, while non-probability sampling does not. Common probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and multistage sampling.
This document discusses research methodology and sampling techniques. It defines key terms like population, sample, census, and probability and non-probability sampling. It describes different sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it discusses issues around internet sampling and methods like using web site visitors, panels, and opt-in lists.
Sampling and sampling distribution ttttpardeepkaur60
This document discusses sampling and sampling distributions. It defines sampling as selecting a subset of a population for study. Random sampling gives each member of the population an equal chance of being selected, while non-random sampling uses other factors like convenience. The document outlines the steps in sampling design and describes different random and non-random sampling methods. It also distinguishes between sampling errors and non-sampling errors and discusses the concept of sampling distributions and how they allow inferences to be made about population parameters from sample statistics.
This document provides information about selecting samples for research. It discusses key concepts like population, sample, sampling unit and frame. It describes different types of sampling designs including random, non-random, and mixed methods. Random sampling designs discussed include simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling. Non-random designs include convenience, quota, judgmental, and snowball sampling. Systematic sampling is classified as a mixed method. Factors that influence sample size calculations are level of confidence, accuracy, and population variation. Sample size should allow for precise estimates while avoiding bias in selection.
This document discusses sampling and different sampling techniques. It defines sampling as selecting a subset of individuals from a population to gather data and make conclusions about the larger population. There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling, where every member of the population has a chance of being selected, and non-probability sampling, where not every member has a known chance of selection. Some common sampling techniques discussed are simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, convenience sampling, judgment sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. The document also distinguishes between random sampling error and non-sampling error.
The document defines key concepts related to sampling, including population, sample, sampling methods, and errors. It discusses different types of sampling methods like probability sampling (simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling) and non-probability sampling (convenience sampling, judgement sampling). It also explains sampling frame, sampling frame error, random sampling error, and non-response error that can occur in sampling. The document provides steps involved in conducting a sample survey from defining the target population to selecting the sampling technique and sample size.
Sampling is used to select a subset of individuals from a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. There are various sampling designs and terminologies discussed. Random sampling aims to give every unit an equal probability of selection and can be done with or without replacement. The document outlines principles of sampling design, advantages like being economical and accurate, and disadvantages like potential for bias. It also discusses planning sample surveys and determining appropriate sample sizes.
The document discusses various sampling methods used in statistical analysis including probability samples like simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, and stratified random sampling as well as non-probability samples. It covers the basic principles, processes, advantages and disadvantages of different sampling techniques. Probability sampling methods aim to provide a representative sample while non-probability relies on the researcher's selection.
This chapter outlines the research methodology that will be used in the study. It discusses the research design, population and sampling, data collection instruments, and procedures for gathering data. A quantitative research design and survey method will be employed. The target population are senior high school students in Hinunangan, Southern Leyte, Philippines. A purposive random sampling technique will be used to select respondents. Data will be collected using a researcher-made questionnaire that will be content validated and pilot tested. Descriptive statistics will then be used to analyze the data collected.
The document discusses different sampling methods used in statistical analysis and research. It defines sampling as selecting a subset of items from a larger population. There are two main types of sampling: probability and non-probability. Probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, and cluster random sampling aim to provide an unbiased representation of the population by giving all units an equal chance of selection. Non-probability methods rely on the researcher's judgment in selecting units. The document provides details on different probability sampling techniques and their processes. It also outlines advantages like reduced cost and speed, and disadvantages like difficulty in careful selection.
This document provides information on sampling methods for research. It defines key sampling concepts and discusses both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. Specifically, it describes simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, multi-phase sampling, sampling proportional to size, convenience sampling, judgment sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. It also outlines the purposes and steps of developing a sampling plan, and notes factors that influence sample size and the merits and demerits of sampling.
This document provides information on different sampling methods and concepts that can be used in research. It discusses both probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, and stratified sampling, as well as non-probability sampling methods like convenience sampling, judgment sampling, and snowball sampling. For each method, it provides a brief definition and example. It also covers key sampling concepts, the purposes and benefits of sampling, factors to consider when determining sample size, and sources of error in sampling.
Project Monitorig and Evaluation_Data Collection Methods is a Presentation by William Afani Paul for a Project MEAL Masterclass by Excellence Foundation for South Sudan
This session is designed to equip participants with essential knowledge and skills in monitoring and evaluating projects effectively.
During this masterclass, participants will delve into the fundamental concepts, tools, and techniques of project monitoring and evaluation. Through interactive discussions, case studies, and practical exercises, attendees will gain a comprehensive understanding of MEAL principles and their application in diverse project contexts.
Key Objectives
Understand the importance of project monitoring and evaluation in ensuring project success.
Learn how to develop and implement effective monitoring and evaluation frameworks.
Explore various data collection methods and analysis techniques for monitoring and evaluation purposes.
Gain insights into utilizing monitoring and evaluation findings to inform decision-making and improve project outcomes.
Learning Outcomes: By the end of the masterclass, participants will able to:
Define key concepts related to project monitoring and evaluation.
Develop a monitoring and evaluation plan tailored to specific project requirements.
Apply appropriate data collection methods and tools for monitoring and evaluation activities.
Utilize monitoring and evaluation findings to enhance project performance and impact.
Types of research design, sampling methods & data collectionBipin Koirala
This document discusses different types of research design, sampling methods, and data collection techniques. It defines key terms like population, sample, sampling frame, and probability versus non-probability sampling. For probability sampling it describes simple random sampling, where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. For non-probability sampling it outlines purposive sampling, convenience sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. The document emphasizes that probability sampling allows estimating sampling errors and generalization to the population, while non-probability sampling is prone to bias.
This document discusses key principles of statistical sampling:
1) The principle of statistical regularity states that a randomly selected moderate sample will possess the characteristics of the larger population.
2) The principle of inertia of large numbers states that as sample size increases, results become more reliable and accurate due to balancing of variations.
3) It describes different sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling.
The paper discusses how to select representative samples and parameters for deciding sampling techniques. It also adopts a more friendly approach to the determination of samples for population parameters by adopting the use of sample size calculator
This document discusses different sampling methods used in research. It begins with defining sampling as selecting a representative part of the population to determine characteristics of the whole. The sampling process involves defining the population, selecting a sampling method, and determining sample size. Probability sampling methods like random, stratified, cluster and systematic sampling aim to give all units an equal chance of being selected. Non-probability methods like convenience, judgmental, snowball and quota sampling do not use chance and focus on easily available units. The document provides details on each sampling method and their advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides an overview of sampling techniques used in public health dentistry research. It defines key sampling terms and outlines the main types of sampling, including probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and multiphase sampling. It also discusses non-probability sampling methods such as convenience sampling, purposive sampling, snowball sampling, and quota sampling. The document explains how to calculate sample sizes and identifies potential sources of error in sampling. The goal is to help public health dentists understand sampling strategies to conduct and analyze dental and medical research studies.
The document discusses various sampling methods used in statistics. It begins by defining key concepts like population, sampling, and sampling frame. It then describes different probability sampling techniques including simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and multistage sampling. For each method, it provides details on the procedure and discusses their relative advantages and limitations. The document aims to help readers understand different sampling approaches and how to select the appropriate technique based on the study objectives and population characteristics.
1. There are two main types of sampling designs - probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling allows you to estimate errors and make statistical inferences, while non-probability sampling does not.
2. Some common probability sampling techniques include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and multi-stage sampling. These aim to select a sample that accurately represents the population.
3. When designing a sample, researchers must determine the sampling unit, sampling frame, sample size, and sampling procedure based on factors like the population, budget, and goal of reducing bias and sampling error. Probability sampling is generally preferred but non-probability techniques may also be used for small populations.
This document discusses the effects of India's 2016 demonetization initiative. It begins with an overview and definitions of demonetization. It then discusses the historical precedents of demonetization in other countries. The document outlines the reasons given by the Indian government for demonetization, including reducing black money, fake currency, and pushing for digital transactions. It notes both positive impacts like increased tax collections but also pitfalls like unpreparedness and negative effects on small businesses and jobs. It questions whether demonetization actually achieved its goals of curbing black money and corruption.
This document discusses the effects of India's 2016 demonetization initiative. It begins with an overview and definitions of demonetization. It then discusses the historical precedents of demonetization in other countries. The document outlines the reasons given by the Indian government for demonetization, including reducing black money, fake currency, and pushing for digital transactions. It notes both positive impacts like increased tax collections but also pitfalls like unpreparedness and negative effects on small businesses and jobs. It questions whether demonetization actually achieved its goals of curbing black money and corruption.
This document discusses the effects of India's 2016 demonetization initiative. It begins with an overview and definitions of demonetization. It then discusses the historical precedents of demonetization in other countries. The document outlines the reasons given by the Indian government for demonetization, including reducing black money, fake currency, and pushing for digital transactions. It notes both positive impacts like increased tax collections but also pitfalls like unpreparedness and negative effects on small businesses and jobs. It questions whether demonetization actually achieved its goals of curbing black money and corruption.
This document discusses the effects of India's 2016 demonetization initiative. It begins with an overview and definitions of demonetization. It then discusses the historical precedents of demonetization in other countries. The document outlines the reasons given by the Indian government for demonetization, including reducing black money, fake currency, and pushing for digital transactions. It notes both positive impacts like increased tax collections but also pitfalls like unpreparedness and negative effects on small businesses and jobs. It questions whether demonetization actually achieved its goals of curbing black money and corruption.
Commerce education provides knowledge and skills related to trade, commerce, and industry. It began in India in 1886 with the establishment of the first commerce school in Chennai. Commerce education ranges from classes 11-12 at the higher secondary level to professional degrees like B.Com, M.Com, and Ph.D. Subjects include accounting, economics, marketing, taxation, statistics, e-commerce, and business communication. Commerce education is important as it satisfies human wants, increases standards of living, links producers and consumers, generates employment, and increases national income and wealth. General skills required for commerce students include soft skills, computer skills, and English proficiency.
The document discusses entrepreneurship education in India. It aims to study the significance and current status of entrepreneurship education in India, and suggest ways to improve its quality. Entrepreneurship education can help address India's challenges of unemployment, especially among youth, and the need for more job creation and economic development. While universities and institutions have started entrepreneurship programs, there are still questions around how to best structure such education - whether teaching should focus on entrepreneurship itself or managing businesses, and how to balance academic and practical experience. The document analyzes various types of entrepreneurship education programs and institutions involved in India, and provides suggestions like reducing the research gap between coursework and industry needs.
The document discusses the impact of the global recession on the Indian banking sector. It provides historical context on the development of banking in India from 1786 to post-liberalization in 1991. It then discusses how the recession affected the Indian economy through decreased exports, GDP growth, and financial sector stability. While some public sector banks suffered losses from exposure to failed Western financial institutions, the Indian banking system avoided failure overall due to traditional practices, strong nationalized banks, and RBI regulation. The recession is predicted to return between 2015-2018, so lessons from it include borrowing only what is needed, seeing a house as shelter not investment, and prioritizing job stability.
This document discusses the marketing mix challenges faced by the Indian banking sector. It notes that the Indian banking sector will be the third largest in the world by 2025. However, it faces challenges such as new regulations, efficiency, and diffused customer loyalty. The marketing mix - product, price, place, promotion, physical evidence, process, and people - is an important consideration for banks. Banks must focus on reliable service delivery through technology investments and leverage their branch networks. Marketing research and feedback from customers are also crucial to formulating an effective marketing strategy. Banks need to enhance financial literacy and offer diverse products tailored to different customer groups.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
2. Course OutlineCourse Outline
Introduction to Research Design
Stages of Research Process
Research Methods for Collecting Data
Sampling and Fieldwork
Data Analysis and Presentation
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3. MaxiMinCon PrincipleMaxiMinCon Principle
Researchers are guided by the MaxiMinCon Principle
Maximize systematic variance
Minimize error variance
Control extraneous variance
Design is the researcher’s attempt at variance control.
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4. MaxiMinCon Principle,MaxiMinCon Principle, continuedcontinued
Four Primary Means to Control
Variance
1. Build the variable into the study
2. Exclude the variable from the study
3. Statistically control the variable(s)
through covariance analysis
4. Randomization
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5. When Should Research be Undertaken?When Should Research be Undertaken?
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Is sufficient time
available?
Is information
inadequate?
High importance
of decision?
Research benefits
greater than costs?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Undertake Research
NO Do not
Undertake Research
8. Rules for preparing research DesignRules for preparing research Design
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9. Benefits Research DesignBenefits Research Design
States the nature of required facts,
figures and various reliable sources
Encourages appropriate analysis of data
with confidence
Explains nature and purpose of variables
Minimizes errors and maximization of
authentication
Eliminates irrelevance and promotes
reliability
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10. Stages in the Research DesignStages in the Research Design
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Define
Problem
Planning a
Research Design
Planning
a Sample
Gathering
the Data
Processing and
Analysing the Data
Conclusions
and Report
11. The Process of
Problem Definition
Ascertain the
decision maker’s
objectives
Understand
background of
the problem
Isolate/identify
the problem, not
the symptoms
Determine unit of
analysis
Determine
relevant
variables
State research
questions and
objectives
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12. Type of Research DesignType of Research Design
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Exploratory
Research
Causal
Research
Test hypotheses about cause
and-effect relationships.
Test hypotheses about cause
and-effect relationships.
Gather preliminary information
that will help define the problem
and suggest hypotheses
Gather preliminary information
that will help define the problem
and suggest hypotheses
Descriptive
Research
Describe customer’s attitudes
and demographics
Determine product’s market
potential
Describe customer’s attitudes
and demographics
Determine product’s market
potential
Exploratory
Research
13. 02/23/16
Exploratory Conclusive
Objectives
To provide insight and understanding To test specific hypothesis
and examine relationship
Characteristics
Information needed is not fully available,
Research process is flexible and
unstructured , analysis of primary data is
quantitative
Information needed is clearly
defined, Research process is
formal and structured ,sample
is large and representative,
data analysis is quantitative
Finding results
Tentative Conclusive
Outcome
Generally followed by further exploratory
or conclusive result
Finding used as input in
decision making
14. Exploratory ResearchExploratory Research
• Exploratory research is most
commonly unstructured, “informal”
research that is undertaken to gain
background information about the
general nature of the research
problem.
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16. • A variety of methods are available
to conduct exploratory research:
• Secondary Data Analysis
• Experience Surveys
• Case Analysis
• Focus Groups
• Projective Techniques
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17. Descriptive ResearchDescriptive Research
• Descriptive research is undertaken
to provide answers to questions of
who, what, where, when, and how –
but not why.
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19. Casual ResearchCasual Research
• Causality may be thought of as
understanding a phenomenon in
terms of conditional statements of
the form “If x, then y.”
• Causal relationships are typically
determined by the use of
experiments, but other methods are
also used.
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20. SamplingSampling
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Population
SampleSample
A sample is a subset of a larger
population of objects individuals,
households, businesses,
organizations and so forth.
Sampling enables researchers to
make estimates of some unknown
characteristics of the population in
question
A finite group is called population
whereas a non-finite (infinite) group
is called universe
A census is a investigation of all the
individual elements of a population
23. Budget and time Constraints
High degree of accuracy and
reliability
There are more risks for making
interviewer and other errors due to
the high volume of persons
contacted and the number of census
takers, some of whom may not be
well-trained
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24. The Sampling ProcessThe Sampling Process
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Define the Target
population
Define the Target
population
Select a
Sampling Frame
Select a
Sampling Frame
Determine if a probability
or non-probability sampling
method will be chosen
Determine if a probability
or non-probability sampling
method will be chosen
Plan procedure for
selecting sampling units
Plan procedure for
selecting sampling units
Determine sample sizeDetermine sample size
Select actual sampling unitsSelect actual sampling units
Conduct fieldworkConduct fieldwork11
22
33
44
55
66
77
25. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
NON - PROBABILITY PROBABILITY
SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC
SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE
SAMPLING
JUDGMENTAL
SAMPLING
QUOTA
SAMPLING
SNOWBALL
SAMPLING
STRATIFIED
SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC
SAMPLING
CLUSTER
SAMPLING
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26. 02/23/16
Probability Sampling Non Probability sampling
The process of selection is
based on chance factor.
The process of selection is
not based on chance factor
but on the basis of some
arbitrary method.
Example :- Lottery Example :- panel selection
27. Probability samplingProbability sampling
Simple random selection
This is a sampling technique which
selects those sampling units most
conveniently available at a certain
point in, or over a period, of time
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28. Probability samplingProbability sampling
Systematic sampling
This is a technique in which an initial
starting point is selected by a random
process, after which every nth number on
the list is selected to constitute part of
the sample
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30. Probability samplingProbability sampling
Cluster sampling
cluster sampling your sampling frame is the complete list
of clusters rather than complete list of individual cases
within population, you then select a few cluster normally
using simple random sampling,. Data are then collected
from every case within the selected clusters
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31. Non Probability SamplingNon Probability Sampling
Convenience Sampling
This is a sampling technique which
selects those sampling units most
conveniently available at a certain
point in, or over a period, of time
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32. Non Probability SamplingNon Probability Sampling
Judgment (purposive) Sampling
This is a sampling technique in which the
business researcher selects the sample based on
judgment about some appropriate characteristic
of the sample members
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33. Non Probability SamplingNon Probability Sampling
Quota Sampling
This is a sampling technique in which the
researcher ensures that certain
characteristics of a population are
represented in the sample to an extent
which is he or she desires.
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34. Non Probability SamplingNon Probability Sampling
Snow ball Sampling
This is a sampling technique in which individuals
or organizations are selected first by probability
methods, and then additional respondents are
identified based on information provided by the
first group of respondents
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35. calculation of sample sizecalculation of sample size
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http://www.surveysystem.com
36. ss =Z 2
* (p) * (1-p)
c 2
Where:
Z = Z value (e.g. 1.96 for 95% confidence
level)
p = percentage picking a choice, expressed
as decimal
(.5 used for sample size needed)
c = confidence interval, expressed as
decimal
(e.g., .04 = ±4)
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37. Graphical Depiction ofGraphical Depiction of
Sampling ErrorsSampling Errors
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Total Population
Sampling Frame Error
Random Sampling Error
Sampling Frame
Planned
Sample
Non-Response Error
Respondents
(actual
sample)
39. Points for data collectionPoints for data collection
Which data to collect
How to collect the data
Who will collect the data
When to collect the data
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42. Structured or directive interviewStructured or directive interview
This is an interview made with a detailed
standardized schedule.
The same questions are put to all the
respondents and in the same order.
Each question is asked in the same way
in each interviews.
This type of interview is used for large-
scale formalized surveys.
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43. Unstructured or Non-directive InterviewUnstructured or Non-directive Interview
The interviewer encourages the respondent
to talk freely about a given topic with a
minimum of prompting or guidance.
In this type of interview, a detailed pre-planned
schedule is not used. Only a broad interview
guide is used.
44. Focused interviewFocused interview
interview is taken asking perceptions,
opinions, beliefs, and attitudes towards a
product, service, concept, advertisement, idea,
or packaging.
Questions are asked in an interactive group
setting where participants are free to talk with
other group members
45. Clinical InterviewClinical Interview
It is concerned with broad underlying
feelings or motivation or with the course
of individuals life experience rather than
with effects of specific experience
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46. Depth interviewDepth interview
This is an intensive and searching
interview aiming at studying the
respondent's opinion, emotions or
convictions on the basis of an interview
guide.
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73. Initial PagesInitial Pages
Title Page
Certificate (by guide)
Declaration (by student )
Acknowledgement
Index
List of Tables
List of graphs and diagrams
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74. Chapter I Introduction
Introduction of the problem
Introductory detail of problem
Background information stating facts, happenings and
observations that prompted researcher to undertake this
particular research.
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75. Chapter II Review of Literature
It is the backbone of research.
It is the research undertaken by previous researcher over which
the researcher is going to contribute by way of his/her research.
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76. Chapter III
Objectives, Hypotheses and Methodology
Objectives :- What researcher is going to do to solve the researchable
problem.
Hypotheses:- Statement assumed for the sake of argument
Methodology:- Nature of problem , area and type of research,
sampling.
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77. Chapter IV
Collection of data
Details regarding the primary and secondary
data.
Details of questionnaire and schedules.02/23/16
78. Chapter V
Analysis of data
Tools and techniques which are used to
analysis of data.
Statistical techniques to test hypotheses.
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81. Sr.
no
Name of Chapter Tentative page
number
1 Introduction 40
2 Review of Literature 50
3 Objectives, Hypotheses and Methodology 20
4 Collection of data 80
5 Analysis of data 60
6 Finding 40
7 Suggestions and recommendations 30
Total 320
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83. Introduction,
Research Problems/
Objectives, &
Justification
What--What was studied?
What about--What aspects of the
subject were studied?
What for--What is/was the
significance of the study?
Literature Review What did prior lit./research say?
. Methodology
(Research sample, data
collection, measurement,
data analysis)
What was done--How was
the
study conducted?
Implications What was found?
Results & Discussion So what?
Conclusions and
Recommendations for
Future Research
What now?
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