This document discusses different types of educational research including basic vs applied research, qualitative vs quantitative research, and descriptive, correlational, causal-comparative, and experimental research. It provides details on the key steps and characteristics of each type of research. For example, it notes that qualitative research seeks to gain insight through narrative data collection while quantitative research aims to explain or predict through numerical data and statistics. The document also covers topics like sampling methods, research design, and reducing errors in research.

1. Educational RESEARCH
STEPS & TYPES
BY
DR RAKHI SAWLANI

2. Research
It is a formal process of studying any problem
by using scientific approach.
Research is simply putting curiosity into
question form, doing process systematically
and satisfying the curiosity of researcher.

3. Steps of Research
• Selection and definition of problem
• Execution of research procedures
• Analysis of data
• Drawing and Stating Conclusion

4. Classification of research
• On the basis of degree of applicability and
generalizability of research
BasicVS Applied
Qualitative VS Quantitative

5. Types of research
• Basic Research- Basic Research is conducted solely for the
development of theory and its refinement. It is basically a
scientific research which are conducted in laboratory
conditions .
• Applied Research – Applied research as its name suggests it
is a research this type of research is conducted for the
purpose of applying ,testing and evaluating theory.

6. Types Of Research
• Qualitative – Qualitative research is conducted to gain
insight into the area of interest.The data is of
Narrative Nature.
• Quantitative – Quantitative Research is conducted to
collect data in order to explain, predict or control the
area of interest.The data is of Numerical Nature

7. Difference between Qualitative and
Quantitative Research
Criteria कसौटी Qualitative Research
गुणात्मक शोध
Quantitative Research
मात्रात्मक शोध
Purpose उदेश्य Insight/understanding
समझ
Explain ,predict ,control
व्याख्या , पूर्ाानुमान तथा ननयंत्रण
Approach to
Inquiry
खोज का उपगाम
Inductive, Subjective
Holistic and Process Oriented
आगमनात्मक , व्यक्तिपरक ,
सतपूरणाात्मक तथा प्रनियंा क
े क्तित
Deductive, Objective and Product
Oriented
ननगमनात्मक , उदेश्यपरक , तथा
उत्पाद क
े क्तित
Hypotheses
पररकल्पना
Tentative, Evolving and
Particular नर्कासशील तथा
क
े क्तित
Specific, Testable, Stated prior to
study नर्नशष्ट , जातचनें यंोग्य तथा पूर्ा
में ननर्ााररत
Review
पूर्ा शोर् का
अध्ययंन
Limited
सीनमत
Extensive
गहन

8. Contd….
Criteria कसौटी Qualitative Research
गुणात्मक शोध
Quantitative Research
मात्रात्मक शोध
Research setting
शोर् व्यर्स्था
Naturalistic
प्राक
ृ नतक
Controlled
ननयंतन्त
Sampling
न्यादशा
Purposive
उदेश्यपरक
Random
यंादृक्तिक
Measurement
मापन
Non standardized
अमानकीक
ृ त
Standardized
मानकीक
ृ त
Design and
Method
प्राकल्प तथा नर्नर्
Flexible लचीला
• Historical ऐनतहानसक
• Ethnographic
•Case Study व्यक्ति अध्ययंन
Structured सतरनचत
• Descriptive नर्र्ररणात्मक
• Co rrelational सहसतबतर्ात्मक
•Causal – Comparative
काररण – तुलनात्मक
•Experimental
प्रयंोगात्मक

9. Contd…..
Criteria कसौटी Qualitative Research
गुणात्मक शोध
Quantitative Research
मात्रात्मक शोध
Data Collection
प्रदत्त सतकलन
Participative, सहभागी
Unstructured, असतरनचत
Extensive गहन
Non Participative, असहभागी
Structured,सतरनचत
Tests and Questionnaire
परीक्षरण एर्त प्रश्नार्ली
Data Analysis
प्रदत्त नर्श्लेषरण
Synthesis of words
शब्ोत का शतश्लेषरण
Statistics
सातक्तखनयंकी
Data
Interpretation
प्रदत्तोत की व्याख्या
Tentative
असामान्यीक
ृ त
Generalization
सामान्यीक
ृ त
Trends
र्ारा
Implicative
नननहताथाक
Replicative
दोहराने यंोग्य

10. Quantitative Research
• Descriptive Research
• Correlation Research
• Causal-Comparative Research
• Experimental Research

11. Descriptive Research
• Descriptive research describes WHAT IS?
• It is concerned with conditions or relationships that exist, opinion
that help , processes that are going on , effects that are evident or
trends that are developing. It describe ,analyze, record and
interpret conditions that exist.
It involves comparison, contrast and attempts to discover
relationship between existing NONMANIPULATIVEVARIABLES.
• Compilation of information bulletin on Academic programmes
ofTeaching Departments Of D.A.V.V.
• Developmental trend of Selected Cognitive variables Among
students of XI and XII studying science
• Study of Job Satisfaction ofTeachers in relation to Job
stressors and Role commitment

12. Co -relational Research
• Co-relational Research attempts to determine whether
and to what extent a relationship exists between two
or more quantifiable variables.
example – result is that there is a high degree of
relationship between no of years of schooling and
income but it cannot be concluded that stay in school
longer will increase income.
Ex. Relationship between Intelligence and Self Esteem
Relationship between Anxiety and Achievement
PS - BUT CORELATIONAL RESEARCH NEVER ESTABLISHES
CAUSE –EFFECT RELATIONSHIP ONLY RELATIONSHIP

13. Causal Comparative Research
Causal- Comparative research is a research of studying the
cause of any phenomena without manipulating the
independent variable Independent variables in causal
comparative research cannot be manipulated .
Ex. Effect of preschool attendance on social maturity at the
end of the first grade
Ex. Effect of having working mother on school absenteeism

14. Experimental Research
Experimental Research refers to such research in which
an independent variable is manipulated. In other words
the cause of the studied phenomena is manipulated.
Thus it implies two words control and manipulation.
Ex. Effectiveness of personalized instruction on
computational skills
Ex. Effect of open book examination system with
discussion on achievement

15. Survey research
• A survey is an attempt to collect data from the
members of a population in order to determine the
current status with respect to some variable. It is a
type of self report research studies.
• Survey may be of two nature- sample survey and
census.
• Other than this there are types of surveys like- Cross
sectional and longitudinal

16. Contd….
• Cross Sectional Survey
Information is collected at one point of time
• Longitudinal Survey-
Data are collected at different point of time in order to study changes
a.Trend- population is sampled at each data collection point of time.
b. Cohort – a specific population is followed over a period of time
c. Panel – selects sample and same sample is studied at
subsequent point of time
• DelphiTechnique- Delphi technique is used to reach at consensus on
any issue

17. Steps of survey research
• Define Objectives-
• Decide kind of Survey-
• Formulate research question-
• Decide the focus-
• Decide the information needed-
• Decide the sampling required-
• Decide the tools –
• Generate the instruments-
• Decide the procedure-
• Pilot the instruments-
• Train the interviewers –
• Collect the data-
• Analyze the data –
• Report the result –

18. Triggers Of Descriptive Research
• Current status is studied
• Reports the things as they are
• No manipulation in variable
• No decision about who will receive the treatment
• No prior arrangement for the events
• Data is generally collected through self report

19. Precautions for Descriptive
Research
• Sample selection-
• Data collection -

20. SAMPLING
• Sampling is concerned with the selection of a
subset of individuals from within a statistical
population to estimate characteristics of the
whole population..
• Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis
in which a predetermined number of
observations will be taken from a larger
population

21. PROCESS OF SAMPLING
• Defining the population of concern
• Specifying a sampling frame
• Specifying a sampling method for selecting
items or events from the frame
• Determining sampling size
• Implementing sampling plan
• Sampling and data collection

22. WHY SAMPLING
• Cost is lower
• Data collection is faster
• Ensure homogeneity
• Improve accuracy and quality of data
• Considering entire population is sometimes undesirable
from the standpoint of money, time and utility
• Modern statistician feel that a complete census is a sign
of statistical incompetence

23. SAMPLING FRAME
• Sampling frame comprises all elements of a
population with proper identification that is
available to us for selection at any stage of
sampling

24. Other terminologies
• SAMPLING UNIT
• A sampling unit is a single member of the sample
• ELEMENT
• An element comprises a single member of the
population
• CENSUS
• An examination of each and every element of the
population is called census or complete
enumeration. Census is an alternative to sampling.

25. POPULATION
• Population refers to any group of people or objects that
form the subject of study in a particular survey and are
similar in any one or more ways
• TYPES OF POPULATION
• Finite
• Infinite
• Real / existent
• Hypothetical

26. TYPES OF SAMPLING
• Probability sampling
• Purposeful sampling
• Extreme or deviant case sampling
• Homogeneous sampling
• Criterion sampling
• Opportunistic sampling
• Random sampling
• Systematic sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Non-probability sampling
• Judgment sampling
• Quota sampling
• Accidental Non-probability sampling
• Snowball sampling
• Convenience sampling

27. Other terminologies
•Sampling Error
•Non-sampling Error
•Sampling Design
•Sample Size