Agricultural development and food security have been the major concerns of India since independence. The emphasis given has, however, varied with the result that the development of the agricultural sector has witnessed its peaks and troughs intermittently. The First Five Year Plan kept at its core the development of agriculture as its primary focus. Despite this, during the Second Plan, India faced severe food shortage. To deal with this problem, in 1958, India invited a team of experts (led by Dr. S.E. Johnson of US Department of Agriculture) to examine the causes of food grain shortages and suggest remedial measures. The team [in its report entitled “India’s Food Problem and Steps to Meet It” (1959)] recommended that India should focus more on those areas where the potential of raising agricultural productivity was high. Consequent to this, some already developed regions were selected for intensive cultivation to grow more food grains. Later in 1960s, two major programmes viz. Intensive Agriculture Area Programme (IAAP, 1961) and Intensive Agriculture District Programme (IADP, 1964) were launched. These two programmes made large investments in irrigation, fertilizer, agricultural R&D, education, and extension services which together led to achieve a period of high growth in productivity and production in Indian agriculture, popularly referred to as the green revolution (GR).

2. in
Vegetable Crops
Orator:
Rajendra Bhatt
52497 (Ph.D., Ist Year)

3. Content
Introduction
Zero Budget Natural Farming
Four Pillars of Zero Budget Natural Farming
Various Production Practices
Insect-Pest Management in Zero Budget Natural Farming
Challenges
Conclusion

4. Introduction
In India, the agriculture sector has been dominated for the past over 40
years by Green Revolution.
Green Revolution has influenced the economy by increasing agricultural
production and productivity.
A revolutionary impact of green revolution/modern agricultural
techniques is that it has broken away from the old and outdated
traditional practices.

5. What
farmers
want?..
Healthy
green crop
High yield
Imbalanced use of agrochemicals
But what’s about
an environment?..
More use of
agrochemicals

6. Effect of Agro-Chemical/Negative impactsof green
revolution
Indiscriminate
use of
agro-
chemicals
Soil fertility
Crop
productivity
Pest
resistance
Adverse
effect on
non target
organisms
Pest
resurgence
Environme
nt

7. There is a Wide Adverse Impact of Current Agriculture Practices…
Health
• Heavy use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides leading to contamination
of vegetables and grains.
• Increase in life threating diseases e.g. very high Cancer patients are found
in Punjab as compared to rest of India.
Environment
• Disturbed Ecosystem
• Global warming due to emission of gases like N2O, ammonia leading to
acid rains.
• Increase in air and water pollution
• Decrease in ground water level
• Impact to Fertile land
Economic
• Farmer is in financial crisis
• Food prices are soaring continuously
• Country’s economy is getting disturbed

8. Need of the Day?
• Substantial losses from pests, diseases and weeds persist, despite
billions of lbs. of pesticides are used annually.
• Sustainability in Agriculture is one of the major concerns of humanity
as on today.
• To find farming systems which works in harmony with nature rather
against it.

9. Myth of Soil Report card or Health card
• These are all myths since the report will always mention a particular
nutrient is not available in the soil. So we need to add them externally.
• Actually the nutrient is available in the soil but it is not available in the
required format. E.g. It is present dia ,tri, qudra format but requirement
is of single format.
• The efforts should be made to convert these unavailable formats to
available format.
• What is the Solution?

10. To all these
problems
Natural
Farming
can be one of
the solutions
!!!

11. Natural Farming
• A farming method called 'natural farming'needs no tillage, no
fertilizers, no pesticides, and no weeding.
• 'Natural farming' means farming with Nature and without
chemicals.
Masanobu
Fukuoka
• Father of modern-day natural farming,
worked on methods based on his own
unique theories, insights and philosophy.

12. Principles of Natural Farming
Masanobu
Fukuoka, in his
book, One-straw
Revolution,
indicates four basic
principles of
natural farming:
No ploughing
No chemical
fertilizers
No weeding and
No plant
protection.

13. In the documentary of Final Straw:
Food, Earth, Happiness, he restates
the core values of natural farming as:-
 Do not plow the fields
 Weeds and insects are not your enemies
 There is no need to add fertilizers
 Adjust the foods you grow based on
your local climate and conditions
Yoshikazu
Kawaguchi
• Considered as the originator of second generation
natural farming.

14. Zero Budget Natural Farming
• The word 'budget' refers to credit and expenses, thus the
phrase 'Zero Budget' means without using any credit, and
without spending any money on purchased inputs.
• It is a holistic agriculture practice that counters commercial
expenditure and market dependency of farmers for inputs.
• In the Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) nothing has to
be purchased from the outside.
• All things required for the growth of the plant are available
around the root zone of the plants.

15. He considered it as ‘Krishi ka Rishi’. He also awarded by:
BASAVA SHRI AWARD (2005)
GOPAL GAURAV AWARD (2007)
PADMA SHRI (2016)
Mr. Subhash Palekar studied natural system and verified natural processes of the forest
on his farm for six year, since 1989 to 1995. There were about 154 research projects
during these six years of research work. After six years of verified research work, he got
the package of technique about Zero Budget Natural Farming; which he is giving to the
farmers throughout India.
Subhash Palekar
“Padma Shri“ awardee Subhash Palekar,
who innovated Zero Budget Natural
Farming in India

16. A version of the five-layer Palekar model

17. Why ZBNF ?
• To improve the well-being of 500,000 farmers by -
• Reduces input costs
• Increases yields, short run and the long run
• Reduces risks
• Reducing water requirement
• Enhancing soil fertility
• Promoting bio diversity
• Higher price realization
• Enhancing resilience to climate change – to withstand
prolonged dry spells, and also heavy rains

18. BIG CONCEPT
• An approach towards sustainability
• Expense-free farming
• Farming up to 30 acres with one native cow
• Farming with minimum electricity and water consumption
• Producing quality, poison-free food
• Agriculture without external input
• Techniques of multi-crop cultivation for higher net income
• Reducing external labor requirement
• Farming in tune with nature
• Saving the farmers from suicide themselves and leaving
behind their families as beggars.

19. PRINCIPLES
• Soil protection
• Creates conductive
environment for biological
processes in the soil
• Minimizes the risk of
failure
• Continuity of income
source
• No use of chemicals and
fertilizer
• Promotes a natural catalyst
of biological activity in the
soil and natural protection
from diseases.
• Freely available
resources in nature
• Non toxic production
NATURAL
INPUT
LOW INPUT
FARMING
MULCHING
MULTI
CROPPING

20. PALEKAR’SVISION
Eliminates
the cost
• Fertilizers, pesticides and
seeds and greatly reduces
the incentive to borrow,
one of the chief causes for
farmer suicides in the
country.
He
believes
• Method of cultivation
which makes the already
existing nutrients in the
soil such as phosphate,
potash, zinc and calcium
available in absorbable
form by the plants.

21. SOME UNIQUE QUALITY OF ZBNF
• In the Zero Budget Natural Farming nothing has to be
purchased from the outside. All things required for the growth
of the plant are available around the root zone of the plants.
• 98 to 98.5% nutrients are taken from air, water & solar
energy.
• Remaining 1.5% nutrients taken from the soil are also
available free of cost as it is taken from the prosperous soil
which is enriched with these nutrients.

22. How is it possible to cultivate in any soil?
• Earth has all the requirements for the plants to
grow.
• If weeds can come, crops also can grow.
• Use microorganisms to enrich your soil.
(Jeevamrut)
• Activate the local earth worms dormant in your
soil.
• Make non available form or nutrients in soil to
available form for the plants to grow.

23. Howin ZBNFwe need no fertilizers?
• Bhumi Annapurna: Means soil is rich with all nutrients for
plants to grow.
• We should take only those we use and leave the rest from the
crops to soil itself.
• Stop completely removing crop and burning down the crop
remains.
• Jeevamrut 200 litres per acre per month is enough as a culture
to convert the soil.

24. Why no needfor weeding in ZBNF?
• Mulching in the field will stop the growth of
weeds.
• Inter crops will replace the growth of weeds.
• Weeds are used for enriching the soil
components.
• Plants do not compete for the food. They
coexist and live in symbiosis.

25. Why we do not needPesticides and anti infectants
in ZBNF?
• Pests and infections won’t come to infect a healthy crop.
• Even if infected the healthy plant can have immunity to
withstand their effect.
• Natural pest controls in the form of complementary crops
and Asthras will help.
• Use of desi seeds strengthen the crops.

26. Four Pillars of ZBNF
JIVAMRITA /
JEEVAMRUT
BIJAMRITA /
BEEJAMRUT
ACCHADAN /
MULCHING
WHAPASA /
MOISTURE

27. Role of Jeevamrut
• Soil is saturated with all the nutrients, but these
are in the non- available form to the roots of the
plants.
• Beneficial micro-organisms in Jeevamrut convert
the nutrients in non-available form into dissolved
form, when it is inoculated to the soil.
• Jeevamrut is either sprayed/sprinkled on the crop
field or added to the irrigation tank in regular
interval of 15 days until the soil is enriched.

28. Preparation of Jeevamrut
Take 200 lit of
water
10 Kg fresh
cow dung
10 lit aged cow
urine
2 Kg of Jaggery
2 Kg of pulse
flour
handful of soil
from farm-
bund
Stir and let it
ferment for 48
hours

29. Nutrient contents of Jeevamrut
ORGANIC FARMING RESEARCH CENTREZ ARS, NAVILE, SHIMOGA
Samples Content in Percent
N P K pH Mn Cu
Jeevamrut 1.40 0.104 0.084 4.92 46 51
Jaggery 0.84 0.209 0.290 6.37 9.1 28.80
Flour 1.47 0.622 0.910 12.40 12.6 12.40
Cow dung
(Desi)
0.70 0.285 0.231 8.08 9.33 3.60
Cow urine
(Desi)
1.67 0.112 2.544 8.16 6.3 20.00

30. Role of Beejamrut
• Naturally occurring beneficial microorganisms are
found in cow dung.
• These microorganisms are cultured in the form of
beejamrut and applied to the seeds as inoculum.
• It is reported that seed treatment with beejamrut
protects the crop from harmful soil-borne pathogens
and also helpful in producing IAA and GA3.

31. Nutrient contents of Beejamrut
Samples Content in Per cent
N P K pH Mn Cu
Beejamrut 2.38 0.127 0.485 8.02 16 36
Cow dung
(desi)
0.70 0.285 0.231 8.08 9.33 3.60
Cow urine
(desi)
1.67 0.112 2.544 8.16 6.3 20.00
ORGANIC FARMING RESEARCH CENTREZ ARS, NAVILE, SHIMOGA

32. Preparation of Beejamrut
Water
Cow urine
Cow dung
Lime water
Soil
Socked for 12
hrs
Squeeze in
water tub

33. Micro nutrient contents of Beejamrut and Jeevamrut
Nutrients Content in Per cent
Beejamrut (Fresh) Jeevamrut (7 Days old)
Zn 18 12
Cu 36 51
Mn 16 46
Fe 168 318
ORGANIC FARMING RESEARCH CENTREZ ARS, NAVILE, SHIMOGA

34. Microbial studies of Beejamrutand Jeevamrut
Microorganisms Beejamrut (First
day)
Jeevamrut(10th DAP)
Bacteria (105) 523 825
Fungi (104) 17 47
Actinomycetes (103) 8 9
N- fixers (103) 46 55
P- solubilizers (103) 50 54
ORGANIC FARMING RESEARCH CENTREZ ARS, NAVILE, SHIMOGA

35. Mulching/Acchadana
Soil Mulch
Palekar suggests
avoiding deep
ploughing.
Straw Mulch
Palekar suggests, it can
be composed of the
dead material of any
living being (plants,
animals, etc).
Live Mulch
(symbiotic intercrops
and mixed crops)
According to Palekar,
monocotyledons and
dicotyledons grown in
the same field, to
supply all essential
elements to the soil and
crops.

36. Whapasa/moisture
A condition where there are both air
molecules and water molecules present in the
soil.
According to Palekar, what roots need is water
vapor.
He encourages reducing irrigation and
irrigating only at evening.
In alternate furrows ZBNF farmers report a
significant decline in need for irrigation in
ZBNF

37. Various Production Practices
1) Crop Rotation:-
• Crop rotation
means having
times where the
fertility of the soil
is being built up
and times where
crops are grown
which remove
nutrients
• Crop rotation also
helps a variety of
natural predators
to survive on the
farm

38. 2) Crop Residue Management
• The crop residue is the material
left after the harvesting of crop.
• Farmers have been burning large
quantities of crop residues,
particularly in areas with high
yield potential.
• As the crop residues may
interfere with tillage and seeding
operations for the next crop,
many farmers prefer to burn the
residues left in the field that lead
to air pollution and wastage of
nutrients.
3) Seed Quality
• In ZBF, Traditional/Desi Seeds are
taken as planting material for
next season crop and so on, to
reduce input cost of seeds.

39. 4) Soil Quality Management
i. Low Input farming: As 1.5 to 2.0 % of the nutrients are taken from the soil by the plant,
there is no need to add fertilizers. These nutrients provided by nature (as in the forest)
are totally free of cost.
ii. Cow dung: One gram of desi cow dung contains 300 to 500 crores of beneficial effective
microbes. Micro-organisms decompose the dried biomass on the soil and make available
the nutrients to the plants. All Indian cow breeds are suitable for ZBNF. Cross bred Jersey
& Holstein Friesian cows are not suitable for ZBNF; there are more pathogens in their
dung and urine.
Desi cow Jersey & Holstein Friesian cow

40. iii. Soil Fertility Management
• Inherent capacity of the soil to
supply available nutrients to
the plants in an adequate
amount and in suitable
proportion to maintain the
growth and development of
the plant.
• It is the measure of nutrient
status of the soil which decide
the growth and yield of the
crop.
• In ZBF, addition of Jeevamrut
in the soil cause activation of
beneficial microbes in soil.
• It adds about 3 million crores
of beneficial microbes in the
soil and also activates the
dormant earthworms 10-15
feet deep in soil.

41. iv. Intercropping
• Intercropping gives
additional yield income/
unit area than sole
copping
• Intercrops provide
shade and support to
the other crop.
• Reduction in soil runoff
and control weeds.
• Intercropping system
utilizes resources
efficiently and their
productivity is
increased .
• Intercropping with cash
crops is highly
profitable

42. v. Mixed cropping
• Mixed cropping lead to an improvement in the fertility of the soil
and hence increase in crop yield because when the two crops are
properly chosen, the products and refuse from one crop help in
the growth of the other crop plant and vice-versa.
• Mixed cropping is an insurance against crop failure due to
abnormal weather condition

43. vi. Depth of Sowing
• For most crops, seeding should ideally be done when the soil is warm enough for
rapid germination. Seeds that remain ungerminated in cool soil are more susceptible
to damage by insects such as wireworms.
• Example: Potato Seeds planted at depths greater than 1.5 inch (3.7 mm) take longer
to germinate and are at greater risk for infestation of wireworms.

44. vii. Tillage
• Annual tillage, chemical fertilization and pesticides use consistently
affect populations of earthworms.
• When tillage is avoided, soil moisture content is increased,
augment the propagation of earthworms. Earthworms are known
to make the soil porous and enrich the soil with their castings.
• Seeds are scattered and covered by straw before harvesting the
previous crop. Seeds are germinated by the arrival of next
favourable season.

45. viii. Mulches and Local species of earthworms:
• Mulching with straw improves soil moisture content and conducive
to the growth of microorganisms and earthworms.
• It also improves seed germination without tillage.
• Harvesting weed before flowering and covering the open land
reduces the area for the crop weed and improves the organic
matter content in the soil. With this practice usage of herbicides
can be avoided.

46. ix. Association with Beneficial
Microorganisms:
• A rich diversity of soil
organisms provides benefits
to host plants through
association.
• Some of these plant-
microorganism associations
may increase plant
defenses against insect
pests.
• Mycorrhizal fungi gain
constant and direct access
to carbohydrates from the
plant roots. In return,
mycorrhizal fungi assist
plant in uptake of water
and mineral nutrients such
as phosphorus.

47. x. Contours and bunds
• To preserve rain water, Palekar explains in
detail how to make the contours and bunds,
which promote maximum efficacy for different
crops.

48. Insect-Pest Management in ZBF
• Allowing for an acceptable level of pest damage.
• Encouraging predatory beneficial insects to control pests.
• Encouraging beneficial insects and microorganisms by serving them nursery
plants and/or an alternative habitat, usually in a form of a shelterbelt or
hedge row.
• Careful crop selection, choosing disease-resistant varieties.
• Companion crops that discourage or divert pests.
• Row covers to protect crops during pest migration periods
• Pest regulating plants and ecologic pesticides and herbicides
• no-till farming, and no-till farming techniques as false seedbeds
• crop rotation to different locations from year to year to interrupt pest
reproduction cycles
• insect traps to monitor and control insect populations

49. Different Asthras for pest management
Agniastra
• Mixture of Chilli,
Garlic, Neem and cow
• Used against leaf
roller, stem borer,
fruit borer, pod borer
Bramhastra
• Mixture locally
available plants like
Neem, Guava, Custard
Apple, Pomogranate
etc.
• Used against all the
sucking pests, pod
borer, fruit borer etc.
Neemastra
• Mixture of cow dung,
urine, neem etc.
• Used against leaf
sucking insects and
mealy bugs.

50. Howto Prepare Agniastra (Agni Missile)
•Take a pot.
•Add 10 liter Local Cow Urine in it.
•Then add 1 Kg Tobacco by crushing it in the Urine.
•Crush 500 gram of Green Chili & add it in Urine.
•Crush 500 Gram Local Garlic & add it in the Urine.
•Add 5 Kg Neem leaves pulp
•Then boil this solution well 5 times continuously.
•Let this solution to ferment for 24 Hrs.
•Filter this by cloth

51. How to Prepare Bramhastra (Bramha Missile)
• Take a pot.
• Add 10 liter Local Cow Urine in it.
• Crush 3 Kg of Neem Leaves & add this Neem pulp in this water.
• Then Add 2 Kg pulps of Sitafal (Custard apple) leaves, 2 Kg pulps of Papaya leaves, 2 Kg Pomegranate
leaves pulp, 2 Kg of Guava (Jam, Peru) leaves pulps, 2 Kg Lantena Camella leaves pulp & 2 Kg White
Dhatura leaves Pulp in it. (Use Lantana Camella and Dhatura leaves if available)
• Then boil this solution for 5 times
• To filter this by cloth.
• Let this solution to ferment for 24 Hrs.

52. Howto Prepare Neemastra (NeemMissile)
• Take 100 liter Water.
• Add 5 liter Local Cow Urine in it.
• Add 5 Kg Local Cow Dung in it.
• Crush 5 Kg of Neem Leaves & add this Neem pulp in this water.
• Let this solution to ferment for 24 Hrs.
• Stir this solution twice a day by any stick.
• Filter this by cloth.

53. Success Stories
Story I:
• Bangaru pothalaiah started the experiment at Atmakur
mandal in ½ acre. He cultivated Basmati paddy in SRI
method with a traditional seed variety. He never used
any chemical fertilizer or pesticide.
• He applied only Jeevamrut as per protocol for crop
protection.
• The crops grow very well, there was no pest or disease
attack.
• He decided to practice Zero budget farming in his
entire land.

54. Cont…
• According to his package of practice he came up with
following benefits:
Expenditure (Rs.) Income (Rs.)
Seed (2Kg) 200 22 quintals x Rs 4000 8800
Nursery Own Labour 1000 Fodder 1200
Transplantation 600
Weeding with weeder (own) 1000
Jeevamrut (6 times) 1000
Buttermilk spray (own) 200
Harvesting costs 1000
Total 5000 Total 10000

55. Story II:
Management of pea leaf miner by organic inputs
• Pea variety Punjab-89 was raised organically and
was sprayed with Agneyastra 5%, dashparni 5%,
panchgavya 10%, Polygonum hydropiper 5%,
neem seed kernel +Sapindus 5%, Melia 10%,
biopesticide neem oil (Nimbecidine 0.03%).
• All the treatments of organic inputs received less
incidence compared to untreated check (Sharma
et al., 2014).

56. Case Studies

57. A. Effect of Jeevamrut and Pachagavya on yield of
Field bean
S.
No.
Jeevamrut
(l/ac)
Yield
(Q/ha) %
%
increase
Panchagavya
Concentration
(%)
Yield
(Q/ha)
%
increase
1 0 4.27 - 0 6.35 -
2 200 4.92 15.38 3 7.41 16.73
3 300 5.08 18.92 6 7.51 18.34
4 400 5.43 27.29 9 8.05 26.77
5 500 6.00 40.62 12 8.00 25.97
ORGANIC FARMING RESEARCH CENTREZ ARS, NAVILE, SHIMOGA

58. B. Effect of Jeevamrut, Panchagavya and cow urine
application on fruit yield per hectare (q), shelf
life, capsacin (%),N-fixing microorganisms and
P-solubilizing microorganisms of capsicum
• A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural
Research Station, Arsikere, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka. There were 12
treatment combinations consisting of three factors.
-Boraiah et al., 2017

59. Effect of different organic liquid formulations on fruit yield per hectare
(q) of capsicum pooled data of two seasons

60. Effect of different sources and levels of organic manures and
panchagavya spray on shelf life and capsaicin content of capsicum
Cont…

61. Effect of Panchagavya, Jeevamrutha and cow urine application on N-
fixing microorganisms at 60 DAT and after harvesting of capsicum
Cont…

62. Effect of Panchagavya, Jeevamrutha and cow urine application on P-
solubilizing microorganisms at 60 DAT and after harvesting of capsicum
Cont…

63. C. The effect of different types of straw mulches on weed-control in
vegetables cultivation
Number of weeds [no∙m-2] in the initial period of growth (mean for years 2010–2012)
Dose of straw
t∙ha-1
Kind of straw
MeanRye Corn Rape Buckwheat
Broccoli
No straw 233.6 217.8 231.7 241.7 231.2
10 69.3 133.3 124.4 56.9 96.0
20 39.1 87.1 101.3 23.1 62.7
Mean 114.0 146.1 152.5 107.2 130.0
LSD0.05 for: kind of straw – n.s.; dose of straw – 31.1; interaction kind of straw × dose of straw – 32.8
Tomato
No straw 129.4 140.3 134.6 139.9 136.1
10 60.4 87.1 104.0 110.2 90.4
20 27.6 55.1 28.4 17.8 32.2
Mean 72.5 94.2 89.0 89.3 86.2
LSD0.05 for: kind of straw – n.s.; dose of straw – 15.6; interaction kind of straw × dose of straw – 25.3
-Kosterna, 2014

64. D. The effect of covering and mulching on the height and mass of tomato
plant
Plant height and mass of plant depending on the covering and type of straw (mean for
2010-2012)
Types of straw Plant Ht. (cm) Mass of Plant (g)
not covered under
covers
mean not
covered
under
covers
mean
Control 58.3 56.4 57.4 274.3 394.7 334.5
Rye 57.5 60.0 58.7 302.6 383.6 343.1
Corn 57.9 67.8 62.9 288.2 485.1 386.6
Rape 60.7 66.5 63.6 298.8 550.6 424.7
Buckwheat 59.1 63.6 61.4 359.4 489.5 424.4
Mean 58.7 62.9 60.8 304.7 460.7 382.7
LSD α = 0.05 for:
covering n.s. 60.5
type of straw 5.3 102.4
covering × type of straw 4.9 n.s.
-Kosterna, 2014

65. E. Effect of intercropping on economics of cabbage
-Choudhuri and Jana, 2012
Treatments Yield (t ha-1) Gross income (Rs.) Net return
(Rs.)
B: C ratio
Cabbage (sole) 37.11 148440.00 109810.75 2.84
Beet (sole) 21.88 49230.00 18279.20 0.59
Pea (sole) 5.63 67560.00 36596.75 1.18
Palak (sole) 12.80 38400.00 10216.50 0.36
Coriander (sole) 3.16 20540.00 6285.00 0.44
Cabbage + Beet 32.10 128400.00 83938.25 1.89
Cabbage + Pea 44.39 177560.00 132723.25 2.96
Cabbage + Palak 33.32 133280.00 89713.25 2.06
Cabbage + Coriander 34.60 138400.00 95753.25 2.25

66. F. Response of different organic inputs on growth and yield of Soybean
on Inceptisol
Treatment Plant
height
(cm)
Number
of
branches
per plant
Mean
number of
compound
leaves per
plant
Grain yield (q ha-
1 )
Straw Yield (q ha-
1)
Biological
yield (q ha-
1)
Control 45.80 3.04 3.21 18.90 25.19 44.09
Farm yard manure 5 t ha-1 51.31 3.21 3.31 20.14 26.45 46.59
Vermicompost 2 t ha-1 52.91 6.61 4.80 21.13 26.95 48.08
FYM + VC (50+50) 57.72 7.61 5.90 23.57 29.55 53.12
FYM + Jeevamrut 2 times (30 and 45
DAS)
51.33 5.64 4.72 20.54 26.59 47.13
VC + Jeevamrut 2 times (30 and 45
DAS)
56.23 6.94 5.31 22.80 27.19 49.99
FYM + VC (50+50) + Jeevamrut
2 times (30 and 45 DAS)
63.21 8.70 6.00 24.72 31.24 55.96
Jeevamrut 2 times (30 and 45 DAS) 49.40 3.42 3.84 20.13 25.38 45.31
CD at 5% 6.43 1.91 0.89 1.54 2.12 2.87
-Patil and Udmale, 2016

67. Challenges
A growing population with rising expectations demands
increased agricultural productivity.
Appropriate policy framework---yet to be laid down by the
government.
Setting specific standards for organic produce quality at each
country level to ward off challenging pest species at national or
international level.
Internalization of essential input resources at farmer’s level to
nurture soil, crops and protect them from pestilence and herbivory.
Development of package of practices for all crops.
Pest specific
Slow to achieve results
Non availability of commercial formulations

68. “I had 5-6 loans during my chemical farming days- a loan for my
daughter’s marriage, others for seedlings, stems, and
fertilizers. Now my farm expenses are so low, and everything I
get is an income for the family. I owe nothing to anyone.”
— ZBNF farmer, Bijapur
“In ZBNF our expenses are very low. It doesn’t matter what the
yield is, I still make a profit because my costs are negligible.
Plus I’ve added intercrops to this, so I get income from many
crops, not just one. Yield is not an important concept for us.”
— ZBFN farmer, Belgaum
Message from farmer to farmers