The document describes integrated farming systems (IFS). IFS aims to deliver more sustainable agriculture through integrating livestock and crop production. It refers to agricultural systems that combine enterprises like crops, horticulture, livestock, aquaculture, apiculture, sericulture, and mushroom cultivation. IFS aims to increase productivity and profitability while promoting sustainability, balanced nutrition, and recycling of resources to generate income throughout the year. Examples of IFS models combine enterprises like agriculture with livestock, poultry, fisheries, horticulture, and forestry. The advantages of IFS include improved soil fertility, increased income, efficient resource use, and environmental benefits.
Report on Rural Agricultural Work Experience.
7 th semester work in Institute of Agricultural Work Experience.
A semester whole work in village condition & attachment with farmers.
Irrigated Village & Raifed Village near to Bhubaneswar
Report on Rural Agricultural Work Experience.
7 th semester work in Institute of Agricultural Work Experience.
A semester whole work in village condition & attachment with farmers.
Irrigated Village & Raifed Village near to Bhubaneswar
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
Presentation on RAWE and agro-industrial attachment program 2022Deependra Gupta
I B.Sc. agriculture 7th semester a rural agricultural work experience program is organised. In this program students learn basic agriculture practices with farmers and KVK specialist.
This ppt is present in the college during practical viva.
ppt for RAWE program
Integarted farming is suggested for efficient utilization of resourses by small and marginal farmares to improve their income or economic status in addition to improving the nutrition status of their family. finally improves the livelihood as integration is the best approach for maximum utilisation of resourses.
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
Presentation on RAWE and agro-industrial attachment program 2022Deependra Gupta
I B.Sc. agriculture 7th semester a rural agricultural work experience program is organised. In this program students learn basic agriculture practices with farmers and KVK specialist.
This ppt is present in the college during practical viva.
ppt for RAWE program
Integarted farming is suggested for efficient utilization of resourses by small and marginal farmares to improve their income or economic status in addition to improving the nutrition status of their family. finally improves the livelihood as integration is the best approach for maximum utilisation of resourses.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Sustainable agriculture is the practice of farming using principles of ecology ,the study of relationship between organisms and their environment.
this form of agriculture enables us to produce healthful food without compromising future generations ability to do the same.
organic farming is very helpful for nutrition security in India. now a days all food crops are adulterated which leads to varies new disorders in human health
Organic Conference-A Holistic Approach Towards Sustainable Fruit ProductionParshant Bakshi
Organic farming system primarily aimed at cultivating the land and raising crops in such a way, so as to keep the soil alive and in good health by use of organic wastes (crop, animal, farm wastes & aquatic wastes) and other biological materials along with beneficial microbes (bio-fertilizers) to release nutrients to crops for increased sustainable production in an eco-friendly pollution free environment. This presentation is helpful for students, researchers working on organic production of fruit crops
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
1. INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM
(IFS)
Guided by:
Dr.A.K.TYAGI,
Head of the department,
Agronomy.
Presented by:
M.SAI MURTHY,
17203352033,
M.Sc.(Ag) Agronomy,
4th Semester.
ALPINE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND
TECHNOLOGY, DEHRADUN-248007
UTTARAKHAND
2. What is IFS ?
❖Integrated Farming (IF)
is a whole farm management
system which aims to deliver more
sustainable agriculture.
❖It refers to agricultural systems
that integrated livestock and crop
production. Integrated farming systems has
revolutionized conventional farming of livestock,
aquaculture, horticulture, agro-industry and allied
activities.
❖ It is sometimes called as Integrated Biosystems
or Integrated Agriculture.
3. Concept
❖ An arrangement of recycling products/by products of one component as
input to another linked component.
❖ Reduction in cost production.
❖ Increase in productivity per unit area per unit time.
❖ Increase in total income in farm.
❖ Effective utilization of family labours around the year.
4. Factors deciding nature and size of enterprises
❖Farm size
❖Marketing facilities
❖Climate
❖Technology
❖Soil type and condition
❖Income level
❖Credit facility
❖Knowledge
❖Social accessibility
5. Problems of present day agriculture
❖Decline in agriculture growth rate
❖Decline in factor productivity
❖Static or decline in food production
❖Increasing in malnutrition
❖Shrinkage in net cultivable area
❖Increasing environmental pollution
❖Depleting ground water table
❖Increasing cost of production
❖Low farm income
❖Problems of Farm labours due to large scale migration
What is the solution?
“Integrated Farming System”
7. Aims of Integrated farming system
❖ Integrated farming system aims at increased productivity,
profitability, sustainability, balanced food, clean environment,
recycling of resources, income round the year.
❖ An integrated crop farming system represents a key solution for
enhancing livestock production, minimizing the effects of intensive
farming and safeguarding the environment through efficient usage
of resources.
8. Objectives of integrated farming
❖ Should be area specific, formulate models involving main and allied
enterprises for different farming situations.
❖ It should ensure optimal utilization and conservation of available
resources with efficient recycling with in each system included.
❖ It should raise the net return of the farm household by
complementing main activity with allied enterprises.
9. Benefits of integrated farming system
1. Improves the soil fertility & health
2. Increasing economical yield per
unit area.
3. Reduction in production costs.
4. Decrease farm input requirements.
5. Multiple income sources.
6. Family income support.
7. Efficient utilization of family labour
8. Reduction in animal feeding
requirements.
9. Minimize the use of chemical
fertilizers.
10.Provides balanced nutritious food
for the farmers.
11.Solves the energy problems with
biogas.
12.Avoids degradation of forests .
13.Enhance employment generation .
14.Pollution free environment .
15.Recycling of resources.
16.Improves the status & livelihood of
the farmer.
.
11. Integrated Farming System
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
➢Crop Husbandry
➢Horticulture
➢Livestock production
➢Aquaculture
➢Apiculture
➢Sericulture
➢Mushroom cultivation
➢Agro -Forestry
➢Biogas plant
➢Miscellaneous enterprises
13. Livestock
❖ Livestock is commonly defined as domesticated animals raised in an agricultural
setting to produce labor and commodities such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, wool
etc.
15. Aquaculture
❖ The farming of fish, crustaceans, molluses, aquatic plants, algae, and other
organisms.
❖ Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under
controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which
is the harvesting of wild fish.
❖ Mari culture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments and in
underwater habitats.
16. Apiculture
❖ Beekeeping (or apiculture) is the
maintenance of bee colonies, commonly in
man-made hives, by humans. Most such
bees are honey bees in the genus Apis, but
other honey-producing bees such
as Melipona stingless bees are also kept.
A beekeeper (or apiarist) keeps bees in order
to collect their honey and other products
that the hive produce
(including beeswax, propolis, flower
pollen, bee pollen, and royal jelly),
to pollinate crops, or to produce bees for
sale to other beekeepers. A location where
bees are kept is called an apiary or "bee
yard".
17. ❖ Dr Vijay Prakash Sharma: "After doing
his PHD in Neuroscience in 1981, he
have worked with Zoological Survey of
India for 5 years and after that he worked
with Silk Organization of Government of
India for 30 years. He have published 157
research papers and have been awarded
with National and International Gold
Medals in various fields. Now he is
working as the principal of Alpine
Group of Institution since 2012."
Sericulture
❖ Sericulture, or silk farming, is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk. Although
there are several commercial species of silkworms.
18. Mushroom Cultivation
❖ Mushroom cultivation is a technical process. ... In the early years
of mushroom culture in the Netherlands, compost was scooped into
the mushroom trays and then inoculated with spores. A nine week
wait followed, until the mycelium spawned sufficiently, flushing
started and the grown mushrooms could be harvested by hand.
19. Agroforestry
❖ Agroforestry is a land use management system in which trees or shrubs
are grown around or among crops or pastureland. This intentional
combination of agriculture and forestry has varied benefits, including
increased biodiversity and reduced erosion.
20. Biogas plant
❖ Biogas is the mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of
organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
❖ Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as
agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material,
sewage, green waste or food waste.
❖ Biogas is a renewable energy source.
21. Primary Goals of IFS
1. Maximization of yield of all component enterprises to provide steady
and stable income.
2. Rejuvenation of systems productivity and achieve Agro -ecological
equilibrium.
3. Avoid build up of insect pests, diseases and weed population through
natural cropping system and keep them at low level of intensity.
4. Reducing use of chemicals.
22. Elements of integrated farming system
• Watershed
• Farm ponds
• Bio-pesticides
• Bio-fertilizers
• Plant products as pesticides
• Bio gas
• Solar energy
• Compost
• Green manuring
• Rain water harvesting
23. Watershed
❖A watershed is an area of land that feeds all the water running under it and
draining off of it into a body of water.
❖ It combines with other watersheds to form a network of rivers and streams
that progressively drain into larger water areas.
24. Farm Ponds
❖A farm pond is a large hole dug out in the earth, usually square or
rectangular.
❖Farmers are able to apply adequate farm inputs and
perform farming operations.
25. Bio-pesticides
❖ Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such
natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain
minerals. For example, canola oil and baking soda have
pesticidal applications and are considered biopesticides.
❖ Biopesticides are usually inherently less toxic than conventional
pesticides.
❖ Biopesticides often are effective in very small quantities and
often decompose quickly, resulting in lower exposures and
largely avoiding the pollution problems caused by conventional
pesticides.
26. Bio-fertilizers
❖ A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms which,
when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the
interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or
availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.
❖ Biofertilizers increase yield by up to 30 percent
because of the nitrogen and phosphorus they add
to the soil.
❖ Biofertilizers also reduce the effects of harmful
organisms in the soil, such as fungi and
nematodes. Plants resist stress better and live
longer.
28. Bio gas
❖Biogas is the mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic
matter in the absence of oxygen.
❖Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural
waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste
or food waste.
29. Solar energy
❖ Solar energy as energy obtained from the sun.
❖ We can put this energy to work for us in many ways, from heating
water and living spaces within our homes to
generating electrical energy.
30. Compost
❖ Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed in a process
called composting
❖ Compost is rich in nutrients.
❖ It is used, for example, in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, urban
agriculture and organic farming
❖ At the simplest level, the process of composting requires making a
heap of wet organic matter (also called green waste), such as leaves,
grass, and food scraps, and waiting for the materials to break down
into humus after a period of months.
31. Green manuring
❖ Green manuring is the practice of turning into the soil
undecomposed green plant tissue.
❖ The function of a green manure crop is to add organic matter to
the soil.
❖ In agriculture, green manure is created by leaving uprooted or
sown crop parts to wither on a field so that they serve as a
mulch and soil amendment.
❖ It is a practice of ploughing in the green plant tissues grown in
the field or adding green plants with tender twigs or leaves from
outside
32. ❖ Rainwater harvesting is the
accumulation and storage
ofrainwater for reuse on-site,
rather than allowing it to run off.
❖ The water collected is redirected
to a deep pit (well, shaft, or
borehole), a reservoir with
percolation, or collected
from dew or fog with nets or
other tools.
Rainwater harvesting
33. Integrated Farming Model System
❖Agricultural + Livestock
❖Agricultural + Livestock + Poultry
❖Horticulture + Fish culture
❖Pig cum fish culture
❖Agricultural + Silviculture
❖Sericulture + Fish culture
❖Aquaculture + Duckery
❖Agriculture + Fish culture + Duckery
❖Poultry + Fish culture
34. Agricultural + Livestock
❖ Fish increases rice yield by 5 to 15 per cent, which is chiefly due to
the indirect organic fertilization through the fish excrement and also
the control of unwanted filamentous algae which may otherwise
compete for the nutrients.
❖ Rice fields may also serve as fish nurseries to grow fry into
fingerlings. The fingerlings, if and when produced in large
quantities may either be sold or stocked in production ponds for
obtaining better fish yield under composite fish culture.
35. Agricultural + Livestock + Poultry
❖ This system utilizes poultry droppings for fish culture. Production
levels of 4500-5000 kg/fish/ha could be obtained by recycling
poultry manure into fishponds Deep litter is well suited for this
type of farming.
❖ Rhode Island Red or Leghorn birds are preferred in poultry-fish
system for their better growth and egg laying capacity.
36. Horticulture + Fish culture
❖ Pond banks provide suitable place which is economically
useful for raising fruit plants like banana, papaya and
vegetables.
37. Pig cum fish culture
❖ The fish utilize the food spilled by pigs and their excreta which is
very rich in nutrients. ... Pond provides water for washing the pig -
sties and pigs.
❖ It results in high production of animal protein per unit area.
38. Agricultural + Silviculture
❖ Silviculture is the practice of controlling the growth, composition, health,
and quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values.
39. Sericulture + Fish culture
❖ Mulberry plants are grown on and around pond dikes which are
irrigated with pond water.
❖ Silk is extracted from silkworms which are reared on mulberry
leaves while remaining pupae(having high protein content) are
fed to fish and excellent growth of fishes is recorded.
40. Aquaculture + Duckery
❖ Ducks fertilize the pond by their droppings when given free range
over the pond surface.
❖ Ducks have been termed as manuring machines for their efficient and
labour - saving method of pond manuring, resulting in complete
savings on pond fertilizer and supplementary fish feed which
accounts for 60 percent of the total cost in conventional fish culture.
41. Agriculture + Fish culture + Duckery
❖ The ducklings provide integrated pest management,
replacing pesticides and herbicides by naturally
controlling predaceous pest populations and digging up
or eating competing weeds.
42. Poultry + Fish culture
❖ The best and suitable fishes for integrated fish and poultry
farming are those fishes that can filter and feed on
phytoplankton, zooplankton, and bacteria from pond water. In
integrated fish farming, Cattle, Silver carp and Rohu fishes
are recommended. Poultry excreta is an excellent feed for
fishes.
43. Factors determining type of farming
❖Physical factor(Climate, soil, topography)
❖Economical factor
✓Marketing cost
✓Labour availability
✓Capital
✓Land value
✓Consumer demand
✓Prevalent pest and diseases
`❖Objective (income, production, minimizing cost etc.)
❖Environment (availability of resources and components)
❖Social factor (type of community, easy transport, marketing
facilities)
44. Advantages of integrated farming system
❖ Proper processing of waste and related substances increases the profit of
farmers. Intensification of crops growth maximizes income in relation to
area, time and efforts.
❖ Soil remains fertile for a long time due to the correct use of organic waste.
Most of the waste is converted, has a value and used within the
framework of the integrated system.
❖ Integrated farming system ensures influx of income. This means that
within a year it will be possible to make profit constantly from different
agricultural sectors with separate seasons. The main thing is to choose the
right spheres for work so that there are no idle times and pauses without
income.
❖ The use of by-products makes the system more stable. The potential of the
soil, which plays the role of an industrial base, is preserved.
45. Disadvantages of integrated farming system
❖ Scientists argue about the benefits of integrated farming. The process must be
well thought through, down to the smallest details, so as to not contradict the
norms of public health. Some experts say that combining birds, pigs and fish
can cause diseases, such as influenza. It is known that human and avian
influenza can be mixed in the body of a pig and new deadly viruses can arise
in the process of mutation. There is no exact confirmation that this would
happen, however, it is better to be cautious. As a security measure, farmers
must abstain from combining pigs with birds.
❖ It is necessary to thoroughly understand what you are going into. For
example, if you plan to improve your yield with the help of manure, it is
important to know how much is needed to avoid overdoing it, which will
bring more harm than good. To prevent pollution, you need to be good at
management and care.
❖ Plants should not be treated with substances that can harm animals.
46. Conclusion
❖ Integrated farming system seems to be the answer to the problems of increasing food
production, for increasing income and for improving nutrition of the small scale
farmers with limited resources without any adverse effect on environment and agro
eco system.
❖ With rise in the middle class and increased urbanisation, cost, targeted per capital
consumption, growth rate major production to go for egg and chicken. Hence poultry
industry is playing major role in the future.
❖ Indian livestock industry makes up for a significant amount of world’s livestock
resources through value addition and export of dairy, fishry, wool, poultry and other
products.
❖ Apart from its performance there are some threats also exits we need to re-correct it
and take the global market opportunities.