Pulses are a very important source of protein in Indian diets as majority of population is vegetarian. however, the production of pulses is not keeping pace with the growing population in the country. lentil is one of the important Rabi pulses. it is one of the oldest pulse crops and the most nutritious of the pulses. it is also used as a cover crop to check the soil erosion in problem areas. lentil contributes about 6% in total pulses area as well as production of India. It is mostly eaten as "DAL". the pulse is first converted into split pulse or 'dal' by the removal of skin and the separation of the fleshy cotyledons. It is cooked easily and hence preferred. It is good for patients too. Lentil contains about 11% water, 25% protein and 60% carbohydrates. It is also rich in calcium, iron and niacin
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
Pulses are a very important source of protein in Indian diets as majority of population is vegetarian. however, the production of pulses is not keeping pace with the growing population in the country. lentil is one of the important Rabi pulses. it is one of the oldest pulse crops and the most nutritious of the pulses. it is also used as a cover crop to check the soil erosion in problem areas. lentil contributes about 6% in total pulses area as well as production of India. It is mostly eaten as "DAL". the pulse is first converted into split pulse or 'dal' by the removal of skin and the separation of the fleshy cotyledons. It is cooked easily and hence preferred. It is good for patients too. Lentil contains about 11% water, 25% protein and 60% carbohydrates. It is also rich in calcium, iron and niacin
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...KaminiKumari13
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil for agriculture, soil science, agronomy, forestry, land management and planning with audio by Dr. Kamini Roy
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
The process involved in sugarcane harvesting is base cutting of sugarcane, detopping, detrashing, bundle making and transporting the harvested cane to sugar mills.
Manual sugarcane harvesting is a very labor-intensive and laborious activity.
About 850-1000 man working hours per hectare is required for harvesting of sugarcane manually. Detopping and detrashing of crop itself takes about two-third of manpower required for harvesting. Delayed harvesting affects the quality of sugarcane, yield, juice quality and sugar recovery.
Mechanical harvesting also makes green cane harvesting possible, which reduces Green House Gas emissions. Sugarcane harvester should be capable to perform the following sequence of functions:
1- Gather and feed the cane toward the functional mechanisms
2- Cut the base of cane stalk.
3- Cut the green top of the cane stalk.
4- Feed cane stalks inside the machine.
5- Chop cane stalks into billets.
6- Blow out green tops and dry leaves.
7- Elevate chopped cane up to be loaded on a vehicle.
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
The Contingency plans cover contingency strategies to be taken up by farmers in response to major weather related aberrations such as delay in onset and breaks in monsoon causing early, mid and late season droughts, floods, unusual rains, extreme weather events such as heat wave, cold wave, frost, hailstorm and cyclone.
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...KaminiKumari13
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil for agriculture, soil science, agronomy, forestry, land management and planning with audio by Dr. Kamini Roy
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
The process involved in sugarcane harvesting is base cutting of sugarcane, detopping, detrashing, bundle making and transporting the harvested cane to sugar mills.
Manual sugarcane harvesting is a very labor-intensive and laborious activity.
About 850-1000 man working hours per hectare is required for harvesting of sugarcane manually. Detopping and detrashing of crop itself takes about two-third of manpower required for harvesting. Delayed harvesting affects the quality of sugarcane, yield, juice quality and sugar recovery.
Mechanical harvesting also makes green cane harvesting possible, which reduces Green House Gas emissions. Sugarcane harvester should be capable to perform the following sequence of functions:
1- Gather and feed the cane toward the functional mechanisms
2- Cut the base of cane stalk.
3- Cut the green top of the cane stalk.
4- Feed cane stalks inside the machine.
5- Chop cane stalks into billets.
6- Blow out green tops and dry leaves.
7- Elevate chopped cane up to be loaded on a vehicle.
Threshing – traditional methods mechanical
threshers – types-principles and operation-moisture content –measurement –direct and indirect
methods – moisture meters – equilibrium moisture content.
Harvesting
For paddy, harvesting refers to the cutting and gathering of panicles attached to the stalks.
Harvesting at the right time and in the right way maximizes grain yield and minimizes grain losses and quality deterioration.
Once the plants have reached full growth (approximately three months after planting) and the grains begin to ripen-the tops begin to droop and the stem yellows-the water is drained from the fields.
As the fields dry, the grains ripen further and harvesting is commenced.
Stage of harvest :
Many factors must be considered to obtain optimum rice harvest.
The grain must be mature, high in quality and have proper moisture content.
Field should be sufficiently dry to support harvesting and transport.
Timely harvesting ensures good grain quality, high market value and improved consumer acceptance.
The right stage for harvesting is when about 80% panicles have 80 % ripened spike lets and their upper portion is straw colored. The grain contains about 20% of moisture.
Rice should be harvested when the grains on lower part of the panicle are in hard dough stage.
Maturity may be hastened by 3-4 days by spraying 20 % NaCl a week before harvest to escape monsoon rains
Harvesting methods :
Depending on the size of the operation and the amount of mechanization, rice is either harvested by hand or machine. The different harvesting systems are as follows:
Manual harvesting
Manual harvesting makes use of traditional threshing tools such as threshing racks, simple treadle threshers and animals for trampling or by hand using sharp knives or sickles. Gives 55-60 % grain recovery.
Manual harvesting and machine threshing
Rice is manually threshed, then cleaned with a machine thresher.
Machine reaping and machine threshing
A reaper cuts and lays the crop in a line. Threshing and cleaning can then be performed manually or by machine.
Combine harvesting
The combine harvester combines all operations from paddy harvesting to rice extraction - cutting, handling, threshing and cleaning. Gives 50 % recovery.
Average yield :
A well-managed crop of mid-late duration varieties yield about 60-70 quintals/ ha.
Short duration varieties yield about 45-55 quintals.
About 40-60 quintals/ ha of fodder also becomes available per season.
Top
Post Harvest Technologies
Threshing
Threshing is the process of beating paddy plants in order to separate the seeds or grains from the straw.
To maintain the high quality of the harvested grains, it should be threshed immediately after harvesting.
Avoid field drying and stacking for several days as it affects grain quality due to over drying. Stacked grains of high moisture content results in discoloration or yellowing.
Threshing can be done manually or mechanically
Manual threshing
The manual methods of thr
In this ppt you will learn about HAPPY SEEDER , in which include components ,price of machine, companies operating techniques, and advantages and disadvantages. I hope u will definitely gain some knowledge on happy seeder. Thank u
climate-smart technologies and practices addresses the challenge of how to transition to a climate-smart agriculture (CSA) at a large scale for enabling agricultural systems to be transformed and reoriented to support food security under the new realities of climate change.CSA as “agriculture that sustainably increases productivity enhances resilient (adaption), reduces/removes GHGs ( Mitigation) where possible, and enhances achievement of national food security and development goals.
Threshing—It is the process of detaching the kernels from the ears/pods/ or panicles by a combination of impact and rubbing action.
It is accomplished either by treading the harvested crop under the feet of man or hooves of animals, and/or beating the harvested crop with stick or striking the harvested crop on hard and rough surface or using mechanical thresher.
This presentation will help you in understanding following things:
-Why Millet became un-famous?
-Difference between Naked and Husked millet
-Types of millet
-Millet processing processes for Husked and Naked Millets
-Machines involved in setting up the processing unit (all the machines are solar suitable)
-Idea on how to setup a small millet processing unit
-Consultancy support and contacts
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. • Agriculture waste :-
• Agricultural waste refers to waste produced from
agricultural operations, including waste from
farms(crop residue,dry leaves ,branches ,stubble)
poultry houses, and slaughterhouses.
• In addition to being potentially damaging to the
environment, agricultural waste may expose workers
to harmful biological material (biohazards).
• Storing agricultural waste can multiply the hazards
associated with it since stored waste can release
harmful gases.
4. 1. Old method: Residue burning
(not used now)
• Burning of rice straw causes nutrients loss in soil and affects
human health by polluting air.
• The burning of agricultural residues leads to significant
emission of chemically and radioactively important gases and
also particulate matter that can cause severe impact on human
health.
• According to Gadi, 2003 one ton of rice straw on burning
releases about 3 kg particulate matter, 60 kg CO, 1460 kg CO2,
199 kg ash and 2 kg SO2. Similarly, nutrient remain in one ton
of wheat straw before burning is 413 kg of carbon, 11 kg of
nitrogen, 1.4 kg P and 14.5kg K.
5. • In India, the total amount of crop residues is 91-141 Mt.
• Residues mulching add carbon about 40% of total dry
biomass.
• Some amount of uptake of N & P and maximum amount of
• K & S are remain in vegetative parts of rice and wheat.
• The mean N, P and K amounts in rice straw as 6.2 kg, 1.1kg
• and 18.9 kg per ton of straw found respectively.
• So mulching of residue is better alternative for crop residue
burning. It can be done via Happy seeder, Mulcher,
• Rotavator ,Zero till machines etc.
2. MULCHING OR
INCORPORTION IN SOIL
6. 3. Composting or
Vermicomposting
• Crop residue can be converted into compost at optimum temp. ,moist and
aeration . The end product of composting is humus nutrient and CO2.
• The weeds, crop residue ,crop stubbles can be used for this purpose.
Composting can be done via pit method or trench method.
• Composting help in recycling of nutrients as well as better use of waste.
Compost formed has 0.7%-1.2% N,0.5-0.7% P2O5 and 04- 1% K2O.
• Composting with help of earthworms is called Vermicomposting.
• Earthworms can consume practically all kind of organic waste.
• Vermicompost is a mixture of worm casting, organic material including
humus ,live earthworm ,their cocoons and other organisms.
• Vermicompost formed has 0.6-1.2% N, 0.13- 0.22% P2O5 and 0.4-0.7%
K2O , CaO 0.4% and MgO 0.15 %.
7. Waste management machineries
• It is a device which is attached behind the combine harvester.
• In an attempt to check the dangerous trend of stubble burning,
the government has decided to make use of Super Straw
Management System while using the combine harvester
machines mandatory for harvesting the paddy (rice) crop.
• These instructions have been issued under section 31 A .
• It cuts the paddy straw into small pieces and spread the same.
With this method, farmers are not required to burn paddy straw
before sowing the next crop.
1.Super Straw Management System
(Super SMS)
8.
9. • Happy Seeder is one of the unique technique which
is used for sowing wheat without any burning of
rice residue.
• This technology is eco friendly with environment
for the health of soil as well as it also saves water
and Sowing of wheat is done on time .
• Happy Seeder is the most successful implement for
sowing wheat in rice residue without burning rice
residue instead of without any burning.
2. Happy Seeder
10.
11. • Paddy straw thrown and stubble left by the
grain combine is collected by straw combine
and delivered to the cylinder concave section.
• Where it is cut into pieces and passed through
the concave.
• A reciprocating cutter bar is used for reaping
the standing stubbles and the portion of the
straw left uncut by the combine harvester.
3. Paddy straw chopper / mulcher
12.
13. • It is tractor drawn PTO implement which chop the
residue in small pieces and spread them.
• It is a cost effective device in crop residue
management.
• It help to remove crop residue remained after the
mechanical harvesting of crops well weeds in field.
• It chop them in small pieces which help in their
incorportion in soil.
4. Shurb master / cutter cum spreader
14.
15. • Rotatory slasher has heavy duty gear box and
rugged frame which is capable of withstanding
higher load conditions like rough & tough wild grass,
anchored straw and bushes,chopp into small pieces.
• It is powerful enough to cope with tall weeds and
small bushes, yet giving a satisfactory fine cut on turf
areas mounted with optional rear tyres. Scalping is
minimal.
5. Rotatory slasher
16.
17. • It is designed to work in all types of soil for
functions such as soil breaking, soil raising and
soil inversion and incorporation of mulch in soil.
• The plough has special wear-resistant steel
bottoms with points for toughest ploughing jobs.
• It can handle the toughest ploughing job with
excellent penetration performance.
6. Hydraulic reversible M.B. plough
18.
19. • It is used mainy in rice wheat cultivation where in
past late harvesting of rice is a problem
• Due to which residue undergo burning but now
Zero till is an alternative which is direct sowing of
wheat after harvesting of rice without any tillage
operation.
• The zero till consists of a seed box, fertilizer box,
seed and furrow openers, seed and fertilizer rate
adjusting lever.
7. Zero till seed cum fertiliser
20.
21. • A Rotavator is a useful piece of machinery which
work as tillage implement as well as help in
chopping crop residue.
• It is versatile pieces of farming equipment
which uses rotating blades to turn soil.
• Rotavator are earth turning equipment which
perform a similar function to cultivators. and tillers.
8. Rotavator
22.
23. REFERENCES:-
• International journal of chemical studies
(insitu crop residue management)
• Guidelines for crop residue management :Ministry
of Agriculture and farmer welfare ,India
(Farm waste management machineries)
