The document discusses seed sampling and testing procedures. It explains that obtaining a representative sample is crucial, as test results can only reflect the quality of the sample. It describes different types of samples taken from a seed lot, including primary samples, composite samples, submitted samples, and working samples. The document outlines equipment and methods used for sampling, including deep bin samplers, triers, and hand sampling. It discusses dividing samples for testing in the laboratory and storing samples. Finally, it summarizes seed testing objectives and procedures, including receiving samples, moisture testing, preparing working samples, conducting routine tests, and maintaining records.
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Physical purity analysis tells us the proportion of pure seed component in the seed lot as well as the proportion of other crop seed, weed seed and inert matter by weight in percentage for which Seed Standards have been prescribed.
Thus, it helps in:
Improving the plant stand (by increasing the pure seed component).
Raising a pure crop (by eliminating other crop seed and weed seeds).
Raising a disease free-crop (by eliminating inert matter).
In the use of seed drill (by selecting uniform particles).
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Physical purity analysis tells us the proportion of pure seed component in the seed lot as well as the proportion of other crop seed, weed seed and inert matter by weight in percentage for which Seed Standards have been prescribed.
Thus, it helps in:
Improving the plant stand (by increasing the pure seed component).
Raising a pure crop (by eliminating other crop seed and weed seeds).
Raising a disease free-crop (by eliminating inert matter).
In the use of seed drill (by selecting uniform particles).
The plant breeder frequently uses different tools/ instruments and materials to carry out selfing, artificial crossing and for taking field observations.
Complete idea about seed production in brief. Classification of seed. advantage and disadvantage of seed production , marketing channel and quality seed production.
The plant breeder frequently uses different tools/ instruments and materials to carry out selfing, artificial crossing and for taking field observations.
Complete idea about seed production in brief. Classification of seed. advantage and disadvantage of seed production , marketing channel and quality seed production.
Pl. PATH-605 Introduction to certification. International scenario of certifi...Harshvardhan Gaikwad
Pl. PATH-605 (Principles and Procedure of Certification). During this course of Ph,D., I presented on topic: Introduction to certification. International scenario of certification and role of ISTA, EPPO, OECD etc. in certification and quality control. In which the seed certification and certification authorities are explained.
As, seed is an key aspect for farmers and grower or producers, thus supply of quality seed and maintenance of seed standards became a matter of core importance. And seed testing in this sector plays a major role in describes procedures intended to characterize the physiological, genetic, and physical attributes of seed and enable informed decisions during research and development, seed production, and along supply chains and trade.
Here is an presentation elaborating about the seed quality testing and parameter involved.
This PPT are used for textile engineering students, textile technology who takes textile testing courses. the PPt prepared from different books and NPTEL textile engineering web site.
This presentation deals with the quality control of poultry feed while it is being manufactured in feed mill on large scale, right from purchase of ingredients upto the sale of finished product (Feed). It also discusses the care to be taken by the personnel working in feed mill to maintain quality of feed.
2019 Feed and Grain Mycotoxin Workshop PresentationPatrick Frasco
Dr. Erin Bowers, Professor at Iowa State University and Pat Frasco Director of Sales Milling & Grain for Neogen presented mycotoxin testing best practices
Aseptic process is very critical in drug manufacturing , Facility along with the trained persons are very much important and there handling practices play a very crucial role in the sterility and integrity of the products. First we have to assure yourself before giving assurance to others.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
3. - No matters how accurately the laboratory work is done the
result can only show the quality of the sample submitted for
analysis .
- Consequently, every effort must be made to ensure that the
sample sent to the seed testing laboratory accurately
represent the seed lot in question.
- The object of sampling is to obtain a representative sample of
size suitable for the required tests .a representative sample is
one which contain the same constituents as are present in the
seed lot and in the same proportions.
SEED SAMPLING
4. TYPES OF SAMPLING
1) Primary sample : Each probe or handful of sample taken
either in bag or in bulk is called primary sample.
2) composite sample: all the primary samples drawn are
combined together in suitable container to form a
composite sample.
5. 3) submitted sample: when composite sample is
properly reduced to the required size that to be
submitted to the seed testing laboratory it Is called
submitted sample .
4) working sample : it is the reduced sample with
required weight obtained from the submitted sample
after rpeated mixing and diving with which the seed
quality tests are conducted in seed testing laboratory.
7. Sampling equipment :
Deep bin sampler :- Sampling of seed lots
from bins is done by bin
samplers .
Ranging up to 1600 mm in
length and 38 mm in
diameter .
8. Stick or sleeve type trier
Length of sleeve trier is
58.5 cm , with handle 11
cm , sleeve 45 cm , tip 2.5
cm .
There are 5 slots each 4.5
cm in length ,the
diameter of the tube is 1
cm and sleeve 1.2 cm .
9. Nobbe trier:-
- It was made in different
diameters , to suite various
kinds of seeds .
- The total length of the
instrument is approximately
500 mm , including a handle
about 100 mm and a point of
about 60 mm , leaving about
340 mm to penetrate tn to
the bag.
10. Sampling by hand :
In certain cases and certain
species ,especially chaffy ,
non-free flowering species
,hand sampling is some times
most satisfactory method.
Example of some species in
which this method followed
is Agrostis , Agropyron etc …
11. SAMPLING IN LABORATORY
MECHANICAL DIVIDER METHOD
RANDOM CUPS METHOD
SPOON METHOD
THE HAND HALVING METHOD
MINIMUM WEIGHING OF WORKING SAMPLE
STORING SAMPLE
15. Seed testing is the determination of the
standards of seed , physical purity ,moisture ,
germination and thereby enabling the farming
community to get quality seeds.
WHAT IS SEED TESTING ?
16. By following these objectives we can minimising the risk
of planting low quality seeds.
1) To determine their quality ,that is ,their suitability for
planting.
2) To identify seed quality problems and their probable
cause.
3) To determine the need for drying and processing and
specific procedures that should be used .
4) To determine if seed meets established quality
standards or labelling specifications .
5) To establish quality and provide a basis for price and
consumer discrimination among lots in market .
OBJECTIVES OF SEED TESTING
17. As seed testing developed , it become obvious that
cooperation between seed testing stations was
imperative for the establishment of common methods of
testing that would secure uniformity in evaluation and
test results . This need ultimately led to the foundation of
the international seed testing association in 1924.
The technical and scientific work of the associations is
carried out by fifteen special committees (Eg: committee
on seed sampling and bulking ,purity , germination
,vigour)
INTERNATION SEED TESTING
ASSOCIATION (ISTA)
18. 1) To provide methods by which the quality of seed
samples can be determined accurately.
2) To relate the laboratory results , in so far as is possible ,
to planting value .
3) To complete the tests within the shortest period of
time possible , commensurate with the above mentioned
objectives .
4) To perform the test in the most economical manner .
IN DEVELOPING THE RULES FOR
SEED TESTING (JUSTICE 1972)
19. 1) The physical-infrastructure and facilities should be
planned on the basis of average expected workload during
the peak season , so as to permit efficient handling of seed
samples without undue delays.
2) The kinds of tests to be carried out or likely to be carried
out ,for examples , routine tests , seed health test ,varietal
purity test etc. must be ascertained in advance for making
provision in the plan.
PLAN FOR SEED TESTING LABORATORY AND
GENERAL PRINCIPALS
20. 3) The selection and number of the equipment should
be such as to permit efficient handling of work.
4) The equipment must meet requisite specification .
5) The decent furnishing ,light arrangement and other
necessities should be provided so as to reduce the stain
of otherwise strenuous work.
21. SEED TESTING PROCEDURES FOR
QUALITY ASSESSMENT :-
1) receipt and registration of seed samples : - the
sample received in the laboratory should be entered
in a pre-printed register or forms and assign a test
number to be used in all analysis.
2) moisture test :- These samples after assigning the
test no , should be passed on for moisture testing
analysis with out unnecessary delay .
3 ) working sample :- after entering the sample the
next step is to prepare the work sample for various
tests , it will helps to save time.
22. 4 ) routine tests :- in the seed testing laboratory ,
germination test , purity test , test for other seeds and
moisture test are known as routine test .
5 ) other tests:- These should be carried out as per
available procedures .
6 ) storage of guard sample :- these should be stored for
analysis for one year from the date of issue of report , and
calculated to minimise any change in quality .
7 ) maintenance of record :- To serve the needs of seed
certification ,farmers and other applicants , it is essential
that records are immediately available ,there for they
should be maintained properly .
23. 1) Heterogeneity of seed
lots .
2) sampling and
equipment .
3) experience
PROBABLE CAUSES OF DISCREPANCIES IN
SEED TEST RESULT
