Role of Liquied organic manure in sustainable agriculture

1. 1
Dr. Rajhans Verma
Asst. Professor
Dept. of Soil Science andAgri. Chemistry
Submitted to Major Advisor
Dr. S.S. Sharma
Asst. Professor
Dept. of Soil Science and
Agri. Chemistry
Role of Liquid Organic Manures in Low External
Input Sustainable Agriculture
Speaker: Jitendra choudhary
(M.Sc. Soil Science)

2. LEISA: Principles,
Advantages and
Promising
Techniques
Contents

3. Continuing rural poverty, the high cost of purchased inputs and environmental
problems, all support the view that farmers should rely as much as possible on locally
available inputs to enhance the productivity of their soils.
Thus technologies using low levels of external inputs readily available either on-farm
or from nearby off-farm sources are seen by some experts as more appropriate and
sustainable (Pretty, 1995). This approach often referred to as low external input
sustainable agriculture (LEISA).
The excess use of costly chemical fertilizers in agriculture has resulted in serious
environmental problems. The current global scenario firmly emphasizes the need to
adopt eco friendly agricultural practices for sustainable food production.
The liquid organic manures are eco-friendly organic preparation made from the
different animal and plant products. The use of organic liquid products such as
panchagavya, sasyagavya, beejamruta, sanjeevani, kunapajala, vermiwash, seaweed
extract etc. resulted in higher growth, yield and quality of crops. They enhance crop
growth and can help in sustainability of safe environment and crop productivity (Sattar
et al., 2014).
INTRODUCTION
3

4. What LEISA means
LOW EXTERNAL INPUT SUST
AINABLE AGRICULTURE
LEISA means maximum utilization of local resources with
less dependency on external inputs viz., pesticides, fertilizers,
herbicides etc for agricultural production.
LEISA is a form of agriculture that optimize local resource utilization,
including social and human resources, but the use of external inputs are not
excluded and seen as complementary to the use of local resources to reduce
the cost of cultivation and to attain sustainability in agriculture.
4

5. Productivity
Environment
Cost
reduction
Integration
LEISA : Aims at
5

6. 1 2
Adapting the agricultural system to the
environment of the region, including soil, water,
climate and biota present at the site.
Optimizing the use of biological and physical
resources in the agro-ecosystem.
Principles of LEISA
6

7. Why LEISA
Majority of farmers in India are resource poor farmers and practice
responsible for extensive
small scale farming (0.1 to 2.0 ha).
Fertilizers and other agrochemicals are
environmental problems and for health risks.
Over reliance on synthetic fertilizers may cause soil degradation.
In many developing countries, input markets are unreliable, inefficient
and out of reach for subsistence cultivators.
LEISA can enable such farmers to achieve higher income and attain
sustainability by: Optimizing the use of locally available resources
Minimizing the use of external inputs.
7

8. A
B
C
D
E
Lower production costs.
Overall risk of farmers is considerably reduced.
Pollution of surface and groundwater is avoided.
Healthy foods with very little or no pesticide residues.
LEISA held promise for both short and long term profitability.
Advantages of LEISA
8

9. Soil and nutrient management
Manure handling and improvement
Composting
Green manuring
Liquid organic manures
Incorporation of crop residues
Crop rotation
Managing flows of solar radiation,
air and water
Mulching
Windbreaks
Water harvesting
Strip cropping
Water ponds
Integrated farm systems
Contour farming
Integrated crop -livestock- fish farming
Integrated forage production
Integrated resource management in the
semi arid zone
Pest and disease management
Intercropping
Trap and decoy crops
Constructed traps
Repellents
Biological control
Some promising LEISA techniques and practices
9

10. Organic manures:
Organic manures are plant and animal wastes that are used as sources of plant nutrients.
They release nutrients after their decomposition. Organic manures are the organic materials
derived from animal, human and plant residues which contain plant nutrients in complex
organic forms. Manures with low nutrient, content per unit quantity have longer residual
effect besides improving soil physical properties compared to fertilizer with high nutrient
content.
Solid Organic manures Liquid Organic manures
Bulky and slow releasing in
nature.
Quick releasing in nature.
Bacterial and fungi count is
less.
More bacterial and fungi
count
Can only be used for soil
application
Can be used for both foliar
and soil application.
Large amount is required for
application .
Smaller amount compared to
solid manures.

11. Liquid Organic Manures
Liquid Organic Manures
Liquid organic manures are products
obtained from the fermentation and/or
decomposition of organic matter such as
crop residues, animal dung, urine and
other plant material.
Liquid organic manures provides
nutrients for the plants and can work as a
pest control.
.
11

12. Liquid
Organic
Manures
Jeevamruth
Panchagavya
Sanjivak
Sasyagavya`
Bijamrita
Amritpani
Kunapajala
Vermiwash
Seaweed Extract
12

13. Made up from locally available resources
Minimum production cost
Saves our health by reducing use
of harmful chemicals
Improves the soil
Eco-friendly
Advantages
of Liquid
Organic
Manures
13

14. 13

15. Panchagavya
Panchagavya
Sanskrit words Pancha (five) and
Gavya (Cow).
A blend of 5 cow products viz, cow
dung, cow urine, cow milk, cow curd and
cow ghee.
.
Benefits of using Panchagavya
Increased yield
Growth promoter
Immunity booster
Less cost
Drought resistant
15

16. Cow dung 7 kg
Cow ghee 1 kg
Cow Urine 10 lit.
Water 10 litres
Cow milk 3 litres
Cow curd 2 litres
Jaggery 3 kg
Banana – 12 nos.
Mix cow dung and cow ghee.
Keep it for 3 days.
After 3 days add cow urine and water to this.
Keep it for 15 days with regular mixing both in
evening and morning
After 15 days mix the cow milk, cow curd, jaggery
and banana.
Close the mouth of drum.
Stir twice a day.
Panchagavya will be ready after 30 days.
Preparation of Panchagavya
16

17. Spray system
3% solution was found to be most effective compared to the
higher and lower concentrations investigated (Muthuvel,2002).
Flow system
The solution of panchagavya can be mixed with irrigation
water at 50 liters per hectare either through drip irrigation or
flow irrigation.
Seed/seedling treatment
3% solution of panchagavya can be used to soak the seeds or
dip the seedlings before planting. Soaking for 20 minutes is
sufficient.
Seed storage
3% of panchagavya solution can be used to dip the seeds
before drying and storing them.
Application of Panchagavya
17

18. Cow dung 10 kg
Cow urine 10 litre
Live forest soil 1 kg
Water 200 litre
Mix up properly.
Keep it for fermentation for 6-8 days.
Stir the solution regularly twice a day.
Jaggery 2 kg
Apply when ground is wet for planting.
Pulse grain floor 2 kg
Use atleast once every month.
500 litre is required for 1 ha.
Can also be applied along with irrigation
water.
Jeevamrut
18

19. Take 5 kg cow dung in cotton cloth and
dip in water.
Take one liter water and add 50 gm lime
in it, let it stable for a night.
Separate the solid portion of cow dung by
squeezing it.
Add 5 liter cow urine, 1 liter lime water,
50 gram soil and 20 litre water.
Keep this mixture for 12-16 hrs.
Filter it and use for seed treatment.
For transplanting put the roots in
beejamruta for some time before planting.
Cow dung 5 kg
Lime 100 g
Cow urine 5 liter
soil 50 g
Water 20 liter
Beejamruta
19

20. Parameter Panchagavya Beejamruth Jeevamruth
pH 6.82 8.20 7.07
EC (dSm-1) 1.88 5.50 3.40
Total Nitrogen (ppm) 1000 40 770
Total Phosphorus (ppm) 175.40 155.30 166
Total Potassium (ppm) 194.10 252 126
Total Zinc (ppm) 1.27 2.96 4.29
Total Copper (ppm) 0.38 0.52 1.58
Total Iron (ppm) 29.71 15.35 28.20
Total Manganese (ppm) 1.84 3.32 10.7
Bacteria (cfu ml-1) 26.10x105 15.40x105 19.70x105
Fungi (cfu ml-1) 18x103 10.50x103 13.40x103
Actinomycetes (cfu ml-1) 4.20x103 6.80x103 3.50x103
N2 fixers (cfuml-1) 2.70x102 3.10x102 4.60x102
Phosphate solubilizers (cfu ml-1) 5.70x102 2.70x102 4.20x102
Source: Gore and Sreenivasa (2011)
Nutrient status and Microbial Population of Panchagavya, Beejamruth and Jeevamruth
20

21. Cow dung
Cow urine
Water
•Mix these ingredients in the
ratio of 1:1:2 in an earthen pot.
•Keep it for fermentation for
7-9 days.
•Stir twice a day.
It can be used in 2 varieties
Beeja Sanjeevani
• This is 20% aqueous solution of sanjeevani.
• Planting material dipped, dried and planted.
• 2-3 liters solution is required for 1 kg seeds.
• Enriches the seeds to provide nutrients and
growth promoting hormones during initial
growth.
Poudha Sanjeevani
• This is 5% and 10% solution of sanjeevani.
• 5% is sprayed at initial stages up to 30 DAS
• 10% is sprayed at later growth stages.
• It can also be mixed in irrigation water.
• 40 liters of 5% solution is requires for 1
acre.
Sanjeevani
21

22. Water 5 litre
Animal flesh/fish
waste-1 kg
Milk 1 litre
Ghee 1 kg
Honey 0.5 kg
Cow urine 1 liter
Flesh should be boiled in water.
After boiling transfer to an earthen pot.
Add all ingredients to this.
Add 5 liter hot water.
Close the mouth of pot with cotton cloth.
Mix the content every day.
After 14 days filter the contents.
Use kunapajala in the ratio of 1:10 with water.
It can be used on any plant at any stage.
Kunnapa (smelling like dead body) + Jala (water/liquid)
Kunapajala
22

23. Fresh cow dung
Cow urine
Chopped organic waste
Water
Mix these ingredients in the ratio of 1:1:1:2.
Allow to ferment for 10-12 days.
Stir twice a day.
Usage
• 5% aqueous solution up to 30 days
of germination
• 10% aqueous solution 30 days
after germination.
Sasyagavya
23

24. Cow dung 10 kg.
500 g honey.
Mix up thoroughly to form a creamy paste.
Add 200 g desi ghee and mix at high speed.
Dilute with 200 liters of water.
Sprinkle this suspension in one acre over soil or
use with irrigation water.
Amritpaani
24

25. Vermiwash
Vermiwash
Prepared from the heavy population
of earthworms reared in earthen pots or
plastic drums.
Contains vitamins, micronutrients,
hormones and other substances helpful
for growth, quality and yield of plants.
25

26. Big earthen pot/plastic drum with a tap fitted to the
bottom placed in the shade.
Laid out concrete or red sand 5 cm in the bottom.
30-40 cm thick layer of soft kitchen waste or 10 days
old dung filled in the pot.
Introduce 500-1000 earthworms in the pot.
An earthen pot with the minute hole in the bottom
hanged over the pot after 15 days of inoculation.
After 2-5 days extract collected in the earthen pot
from the tap is called vermiwash.
Preparation of Vermiwash
26

27. Spray system
V
ermiwash is diluted in water 5 times and sprayed on the
foliage of crops.
Flow system
Vermiwash can be mixed with irrigation water at 50 litres per
hectare either through drip irrigation or flow irrigation.
Seed/seedling treatment
The seedlings before transplanting are dipped in vermiwash
solution which is diluted 5 times with water for 15-20 minutes
and then transplanted.
Application of Vermiwash
27

28. Seaweed Extract
Seaweed Extract
Seaweeds are the plants especially
marine algae growing in the sea, lakes,
and large wetlands, like the rockweeds,
kelps, sea lettuce, and dulses.
Liquid extracts derived from marine
algae is known as seaweed extract.
Used as foliar spray, application to
soil and for soaking of seeds before
sowing.
Benefits
It enhances the germination
Increase uptake of plant nutrients
Give resistance to frost and fungal diseases.
28

29. Seaweed spp. used for seaweed extract
Rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) Sea lattuce (Ulva lactuca)
Dulses (Palmaria palmata) Doty (Kappaphycus alaverzi )
Method of preparation
Boil the chopped seaweeds properly and then filter.
The filtrate is taken as 100% concentration.
29

30. Physical parameters
Colour Green
Chemical parameters
Total Nitrogen (%) 0.45-0.70
Total Phosphorus (%) 0.007-0.01
Potassium (%) 1.60-2.10
Magnesium (%) 0.06-0.07
Copper (ppm) 7-11
Manganese (ppm) 6-9
Zinc (ppm) 19-25
Iron (ppm) 100-160
Growth hormones
IAA (ppm) 25.14
Cytokinin (ppm) 9.2
Gibberellins (ppm) 27.11
Physio-chemical and hormone analysis of liquid extract of seaweed
Kappaphycus alverzii
Source: Reddy et al. (2009)
30
Kappaphycus
alverzii

31. Research
31

32. Table 1: Effect of liquid organic manures on growth and yield attributes of tomato
Treatments
Plant height (cm) Root length (cm) Dry matter (g/plant)
No. of
fruits/plant
Fruit
weight
(g/plant)
Flowering
stage
(75 DAS)
Crop
harvesting
(160 DAS)
Flowering
stage
(75 DAS)
Crop
harvesting
(160 DAS)
Flowering
stage
(75 DAS)
Crop
harvesting
(160 DAS)
T1 : RDF 74.90 124.76 11.07 14.69 3.02 5.43 11.12 167.23
T2 : Panchagavya at 3 %
for 25, 70, and 100 DAS
66.21 119.50 9.23 11.21 2.06 5.53 16.12 216.60
T3 : Jeevamrutha 500 l/ha
( at transplanting time)
59.66 108.62 6.99 8.91 2.17 3.63 7.87 149.43
T4 : Beejamrutha (seedling
treatment)
59.33 108.91 9.22 11.59 2.01 3.86 8.62 147.51
T5: RDF+ Beejamrutha+
Panchagavya
75.66 131.81 13.36 17.29 4.04 7.45 20.25 276.87
T6 : RDF+ Beejamrutha+
Jeevamrutha
75.60 130.13 13.43 17.15 3.96 7.34 20.00 274.32
T7 : RDF+ Beejamrutha+
Jeevamrutha +Panchagavya
83.15 143.21 15.57 19.80 4.06 7.94 23.25 316.64
T8 :Beejamrutha+
Jeevamrutha+Panchagavya
72.03 119.39 11.38 13.20 3.00 5.41 19.65 271.53
S.Em± 2.06 3.98 0.58 0.87 0.24 0.47 0.55 6.00
C.D. ( P=0.05) 5.87 11.29 1.65 2.24 0.65 1.35 1.57 17.00
Gore and Sreenivasa, 2011
U A S, Dharwad

33. Table. 2:Effect of liquid organic manures on plant height, root length and dry matter of tomato crop.
Treatments Plant height (cm) Dry matter (g/plant)
Flowering
stage
(75 DAS)
Crop
harvesting
(160 DAS)
Flowering
stage
(75 DAS)
Crop
harvesting
(160 DAS)
RDF 74.90 124.76 3.02 5.43
Panchagavya only 66.21 119.50 2.06 5.53
Jeevamruth only 59.66 108.62 2.17 3.63
Beejamruth only 59.33 108.91 2.01 3.86
RDF+ Beejamruth+ Panchagavya 75.66 131.81 4.04 7.45
RDF+ Beejamruth+ Jeevamruth 75.60 130.13 3.96 7.34
RDF+ Beejamruth+ Jeevamruth+ Panchagavya 83.15 143.21 4.06 7.94
Beejamruth+ Jeevamruth+Panchagavya 72.03 119.39 3.00 5.41
S.Em± 2.06 3.98 0.24 0.47
C.D. ( P=0.05) 5.87 11.29 0.65 1.35
Quantity of Panchagavya: 500 l/ha, Jeevamruth: 500 l/ha and Beejamruth: 200 l/ha
Dharwad Gore and Sreenivasa, 2010

34. Table 3 . Effect of liquid organic manures on the yield parameters of tomato
Treatments No. of Fruit weight
fruits/plant (g/plant)
T1:RDF 11.12 167.23
T2: Panchagavya only 16.12 216.60
T3: Jeevamruth only 7.87 149.43
T4: Beejamruth only 8.62 147.51
T5: RDF+ Beejamruth+Panchagavya 20.25 276.87
T6: RDF+ Beejamruth+ Jeevamruth 20.00 274.32
T7: RDF+ Beejamruth+ Jeevamruth+ Panchagavya 23.25 316.64
T8: Beejamruth+ Jeevamruth+ Panchagavya 19.65 271.53
S.Em± 0.55 6.00
C.D. ( P=0.05) 1.57 17.00
Dharwad Gore and Sreenivasa, 2010

35. Treatments N concentration
(%)
P concentration
(%)
K concentration
(%)
Flowerin
g stage
Crop
harvest
Flowerin
g stage
Crop
harvest
Flowerin
g stage
Crop
harvest
RDN 2.16 2.54 0.19 0.23 0.62 0.76
Panchagavya only 1.99 2.50 0.24 0.25 0.61 0.74
Jeevamrut only 1.76 1.57 0.16 0.19 0.54 0.59
Beejamrut only 1.72 1.51 0.14 0.19 0.57 0.54
RDN + Beejamrut + Panchagavya 2.17 3.18 0.29 0.36 0.60 0.82
RDN + Beejamrut + Jeevamrut 1.97 3.08 0.19 0.27 0.60 0.81
RDN + Beejamrut + Jeevamrut +
Panchagavya
3.06 4.38 0.29 0.43 0.90 1.03
Beejamrut + Jeevamrut +
Panchagavya
2.14 3.36 0.20 0.35 0.78 0.87
S.Em± 0.13 0.26 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.06
C.D. ( P=0.05) 0.39 0.78 0.1 0.14 0.15 0.26
Table4 : Effect of liquid organic manures on the plant N, P and K concentration (%)
Nileema and Sreenivasa (2011)

36. Particulars Jeevamrut Chemical farming
Masura Hamsa Masura Hamsa
Cost of application of manure / acre in Rs. 1430 1300 5000 5000
Grain yield tons /acre 2.775 2.625 3.000 2.500
Gross returns/acre @ Rs.30 and Rs.15
Respectively
83250 39375 90000 37500
Total cost of production Rs./ acre 18930 18800 22500 22500
Net returns Rs. / acre 64320 20575 67500 15000
Benefit – cost ratio 3.39 1.09 3.0 0.6
Table 5: Comparative cost of rice production and benefit-cost ratio using Jeevamrut and chemicals
Amareswari and Sujathamma (2014)

37. Table 6:Impact of organic treatments on seed germination and vigour index of paddy
Treatments Germination
%
Mean root
length(cm)
Mean shoot
length(cm)
Vigour index
T1 : Panchagavya 93 9.20 3.12 1145.76
T2 : Brahmastra 100 11.90 3.50 1540.00
T3 : Beejamrutha 98 9.70 3.20 1264.20
T4 : Jeevamrutha 95 9.30 2.40 1111.50
T5 : Control 89 4.60 1.90 578.50
S.Em± 0.80 0.06 0.16 9.24
C.D.at 1% 3.46 0.26 0.67 39.92
U A S, Bengaluru Sridhar et al., 2011

38. Table 7: Effect of treatments on yield attributes, yield and economics of sunflower
Treatments Head
diameter
(cm)
Thousand
seed
weight (g)
Seed
yield
(kg /ha)
Stalk
yield
(t /ha)
Gross
returns
(Rs. /ha)
Net
returns
(Rs./ha)
B:C ratio
T1 : Control 14.33 36.62 851 2.83 17,034 12,314 2.60
T2 : Jeevamrutha @ 500
litre /ha
14.60 38.25 1250 2.89 25,030 19,830 3.46
T3 : 100% RDF 16.40 45.56 1611 3.29 32,275 25,475 3.74
T4 : FYM @ 3.75 t/ ha 15.13 38.11 1222 2.88 24,489 18,088 2.82
T5 : FYM @ 3.75 t/ ha +
Jeevamrutha
15.60 40.45 1551 3.17 31,062 24,405 3.66
T6 : FYM @ 3.75 t /ha +
100% RDF
16.86 45.64 1611 3.47 32,286 24,495 3.14
T7 : FYM @ 7.5 t/ ha 16.46 43.40 1659 3.49 33,226 26,131 3.68
T8 : FYM @ 7.5 t /ha +
Jeevamrutha
17.60 46.56 1733 4.10 34,729 27,384 3.72
T9 : FYM @ 7.5 t/ ha +
100% RDF
17.70 49.26 1774 4.21 35,551 27,072 3.19
S.Em± 0.57 0.94 31.28 0.08 - 710.25 0.05
C.D. at 5 % 1.73 2.83 93.77 0.24 - 2130.75 0.16
Manjunatha et al.,2009
U A S, Raichur

39. Table 8: Effect of different treatment on growth, yield attributes characters and yield of okra
Treatment Plant
height
(cm)
Dry matter
production
( g /plant)
No. of
branches/
plant
Fruit
length
(cm)
No. of
fruits/
plant
Fruit
weight
(g /fruit)
Fruit
weight
(q /ha)
T1 : 100% RDF + 12.5t FYM/
ha
110.4 5.10 2.92 19.2 16.0 12.8 11.5
T2 : 100% RDF 103.2 4.36 2.73 18.0 14.2 11.6 9.2
T3 : 100% RDF + effective
micro organism spray (2%)
107.6 4.57 2.76 19.4 16.02 12.1 11.1
T4 : 100% RDF + vermiwash
spray (2%)
120.5 5.20 2.93 20.0 16.7 13.1 12.2
T5 : 100% RDF + panchagavya
spray (2%)
131.7 5.90 3.18 21.8 17.4 13.9 12.7
T6 : 75% RDF + effective micro
organism spray (2%)
90.5 3.50 2.01 15.8 12.3 10.6 7.4
T7 : 75% RDF + vermiwash
spray (2%)
92.2 3.70 2.39 16.2 13.7 10.2 7.8
T8: 75% RDF + panchagavya
spray( 2%)
98.2 3.80 2.50 16.4 13.9 11.0 8.5
T9 : Control 89.3 2.23 1.82 13.7 8.2 9.2 4.2
SEd 4.20 0.18 011 0.73 0.54 0.47 0.45
CD (P = 0.05) 10.36 0.38 0.24 1.58 1.28 1.01 0.92
Diwakar Singh., 2013
Varanasi (U.P.)

40. Table 9: Influence of nutritional practices on greengram growth, yield attributes
and yield
Treatments Plant height at
flowering(cm)
LAI at
flowering
No. of pods
/plant
No. of
seeds/pod
100 grain
weight(g)
Grain
yield(q/ha)
T1 : Control with RDF
(No Panchagavya)
77.7 8.17 76.75 12.9 3.87 17.87
T2 : Panchagavya @ 1%
(No RDF)
67.7 8.04 58.12 9.4 3.65 12.67
T3 : Panchagavya @ 2%
(No RDF)
69.6 8.40 68.25 10.0 3.71 15.07
T4 : Panchagavya @ 3%
(No RDF)
80.3 8.65 79.25 12.1 3.99 17.71
T5 : Panchagavya @ 4%
(No RDF)
80.0 8.13 75.75 11.1 3.92 15.35
T6 : Panchagavya @ 5%
(No RDF)
77.8 8.46 74.74 10.6 3.84 14.97
T7 : Panchagavya @ 6%
(No RDF)
71.7 8.49 68.87 10.2 3.72 14.05
Mean 75.0 8.33 71.66 10.9 3.82 15.40
SEd 5.26 1.02 6.944 0.60 0.09 0.30
CD(P=0.05) NS NS NS 1.26 0.20 0.63
Somasundaram et al., 2003
Coimbatore
(RDF: 25:50 kg NP/ha, four foliar sprays of Panchagavya each on 15, 25, 40 and 50 DAS)

41. Table 10: Effect of bionutrients and stages of application on N, P2O5 and K2O uptake by kernel and
haulm of kharif groundnut (Pooled over 5 years)
Uptake of nutrients (kg/ha)
Treatments N P2O5 K2O
Kernel Haulm Kernel Haulm Kernel Haulm
Panchgavya and jivamrut application (Bn)
Bn0: Control (application of 100% RDN through FYM) 49.68 48.75 4.92 5.70 5.49 18.25
Bn1: Panchgavya (2 % foliar spray) 50.16 45.92 4.14 4.78 5.86 21.05
Bn2: Panchgavya (4 % foliar spray) 42.56 34.59 3.31 4.01 4.46 14.77
Bn3: Panchgavya (6 % foliar spray) 44.71 37.90 3.84 4.50 4.81 16.27
Bn4: Jivamrut (soil application @ 500 l/ha) 43.40 35.74 3.88 4.37 4.74 15.51
Bn5: Panchgavya (2 % foliar spray) + Jivamrut (soil application @ 500 l/ha) 45.67 37.10 4.29 4.93 4.81 16.02
Bn6: Panchgavya (4 % foliar spray) + Jivamrut (soil application @ 500 l/ha) 50.46 41.65 4.58 4.97 5.57 17.69
Bn7: Panchgavya (6 % foliar spray) + Jivamrut (soil application @ 500 l/ha) 55.74 49.65 5.29 5.84 6.23 21.68
Bn8: RDF (12.5-25-00 kg N-P-K/ha) 46.39 45.33 4.47 5.20 5.28 19.01
S. Em. ± 1.68 1.69 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.88
C.D. (P=0.05) 4.83 4.87 0.50 0.52 0.60 2.52
Stages of application (S)
S1: Branching 46.43 41.55 4.21 4.90 5.07 17.56
S2: Flowering 44.78 40.45 4.06 4.76 4.96 17.28
S3: Branching + Flowering 51.71 43.54 4.64 5.11 5.72 18.57
S. Em. ± 1.22 0.80 0.11 0.09 0.14 0.33
C.D. (P=0.05) 3.98 NS 0.36 NS 0.45 NS
Gujarat Patel et al., 2018

42. Treatments Bacteria
(106 cfu/g of soil)
Fungi
(104cfu/g of soil)
Actinomycetes
( 103 cfu/g of soil)
T1 : Control 63 8 7
T2 : 200 l/ha 85 10 12
T3 : 300 l/ha 125 14 16
T4 : 400 l/ha 196 17 20
T5 : 500 l/ha 279 19 24
Shimoga Deva Kumar et al., 2008
Table 11: Effect of different concentrations of Jeevamrutha on soil microbial population in field
bean
cfu=colony forming unit

43. Table 12: Effect of foliar sprays of vermiwash on total dry matter production and seed yield of soybean
Treatments Total dry matter production
(g/plant)
Seed yield
(q/ha)
30DAS 45 DAS 60DAS
T1 : Control 2.58 4.39 11.02 19.19
T2 :10% Vermiwash 3.85 6.85 16.07 20.17
T3 :15% Vermiwash 4.58 7.18 16.53 20.40
T4 : 20%
Vermiwash
6.03 9.63 18.06 21.85
CD at 5% 0.350 0.401 0.821 0.023
Nagpur Deotale et al., 2008

44. Table1 3: Effect of foliar sprays of Vermiwash on different parameters of soybean
Treatments Plant
height at
maturity
(cm)
No. of root
nodules/plant
Dry weight of root
nodules/plant(g)
Leaf area /plant
(dm2)
30DAS 40DAS 30DAS 40DAS 30DAS 45DAS 60DAS
T1 : Control 42.2 35.25 41.00 0.275 0.85 2.08 7.25 11.48
T2:10%
Vermiwash
43.7 43.75 45.00 0.450 1.10 3.16 8.21 11.90
T3 :15%
Vermiwash
44.2 43.75 45.25 0.675 1.12 3.55 8.41 12.01
T4 : 20%
Vermiwash
46.0 49.00 50.70 1.125 1.20 4.58 11.52 12.63
CD at 5% 0.317 1.764 1.443 0.127 0.168 0.24 0.94 0.241
Nagpur Deotale et al., 2008

45. Table 14: Effect of doses of panchagavya and its stage of application on yield and quality of
organic blackgram.
Treatments
Yield (kg ha-1)
Protein content in seed
(%)
Seed Straw Biological
Doses of panchagavya
Control 519 1272 1791 20.63
Panchagavya 2% 686 1512 2198 21.17
Panchagavya 4% 801 1735 2536 22.36
Panchagavya 6% 715 1534 2249 21.52
Panchagavya 8% 697 1519 2217 21.45
Panchagavya 10% 690 1505 2195 21.31
Indigenous panchagavya
2% 681 1512 2193 21.18
SEm± 20 59 68 0.30
C.D.5% 57 168 193 0.84
Stage of panchagavya application
Branching 635 1470 2105 20.75
Flowering 667 1451 2118 20.99
Branching + Flowering 751 1617 2368 22.37
SEm± 13 38 44 0.19
C.D.5% 37 110 127 0.55
Udaipur, Rajasthan Choudhary et. al., 2017

46. From the foregoing discussion, it can be concluded that the application of Liquid
organic preparations can be prepared easily by locally available materials in rural
areas and contains higher number of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, N fixers, P
solubilizers, growth hormones as well as macro and micro nutrients.
Liquid organic manures as soil or foliar application shows profound effect on
growth, yield and quality of crops, improves biological and chemical properties of
soils and helps in achieving higher income when applied alone or in combination
with organic manures or reduced amount of chemical fertilizers.

47. 33