The document discusses the cultivation of four medicinally important mushrooms - Reishi, Shiitake, Oyster and Maitake mushrooms. It describes the substrates, spawning and fruiting conditions required for successful cultivation of each mushroom. Precautions during cultivation like maintaining proper temperature, humidity and avoiding contamination are also summarized.

2. GROUP :- 4
Rahul Purohit
 Pradeep
Kamal
Saurabh
Deepshika
Anjali
Hemant
Rajendra (Leader)
Shubham
Abhishek

4. 1. Ganoderma
lucidum
2. Lentinus
edodes
1. Pleurotus
sajor-caju
2. Maitake(Morc
hella
deliciosa)
MEDICINALLY
IMPORTANT MUSHROMS

5. RAW MATERIAL
1) Vegetable waste
2) Forest litter
3) Straw from Wheat/Rice
4) Wheat bran

6. Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum)
Introduction
 Reishi(Ganoderma lucidum) is
pharmacologically as well as
commercially the most
importat medicinal
mushroom in the world.
 Current global trade of
about 2 billion dollers; trade
in India has crossed Rs. 100
crores annually through
imports from Malaysia and
China.

7. Production
Reishi is grown on the saw dust of the broad-leaved trees (mango, poplar,
coconut, shisham).
 Sawdust, obtained from the sawmills, is amended with 20% wheat bran and
is wetted to a level of 65% moisture.
 Calcium sulphate (gypsum) and calcium carbonate(Chalk powder) are
added to get a pH of 5.5 .
The mixed substrate (700 g dry wt; 2.1 kg wet) is filled in polypropylene bags
the mouth of which is then plugged with cotton after putting a plastic ring
exactly like wheat grain spawn pack of mushrooms in poly bags.

8. The bags are then sterilized in autoclave at 22 p.s.i. for 2
hrs.
 After cooling, the substrate is spawned with wheat grain
or saw dusts pawn @ 3% on the dry weight basis, as it is
comparatively a slow growing fungus.
 Spawn run(incubation) is done at 28-35 °C in the closed
rooms (high carbon dioxide) and darkness.
 After the complete spawn run (bags white all over),
which takes about 25 days,

9. polythene top is cut at the level of the substrate totally
exposing the top side and proper conditions for fruiting or
pinning (temp. 28 °C,1500 ppm CO2, 800 lux light, 95%
RH) are provided.
 Once the pins have grown up enough to form the cap
which is indicated by the flattenning of the whitish top of
the pin head, humidity is reduced to 80% RH and more
fresh air is introduced (1000 ppm CO2).
 Once the cap is fully formed, which is indicated by
yellowing of the cap margin (which is otherwise
white),temperature is lowered to 25 °C and RH is further
reduced to 60% for cap thickening, reddening and
maturation of the fruit bodies.

10. Full maturity is indicated, when the cap is fully reddish
brown and spores are shed on the top of the cap (see the
photograph).

11. Harvesting is done by the tight plucking, holding the
root with one hand and pulling up with another.
Scissors and knives can also be used but no
residual bud is left after harvesting.
One cycle of the growing takes 10-15 days.
 After harvesting the first flush, conditions for
pinning are again switched on (i.e. 28 °C,
95%RH, 1500 ppm CO2, 800 lux light) for
staring and completing the second flush.

12.  One crop takes about four months.
Harvested mushrooms, after washing with water, are
dried at low temperature (<50 °C) in the cabinet driers,
preferably at 35 °C in the dehumidifying cabinet drier.
 Freeze drying is, however, the best.
Reishi mushroom has very high dry matter (45% i.e.
450 g dry from 1 kg fresh).

13. Lentinula edodes
Lentinula edodes is a kind of wood rot
fungus.
 In nature, it grows on dead tree trunks
or stumps.
 Generally speaking, the C:N ratio in the
substrate should be in the range from 25
to 40: 1 in the vegetative growth stage and
from 40 to 73: 1 in the reproductive stage.
If nitrogen source is too rich in the
reproductive phase, fruiting bodies of the
mushroom are usually not formed and
developed.

14. The optimum temperature of spore germination
is 22-26oC.
The temperature for mycelial growth ranges from
5-35o C.
 The optimum temperature is 23-25o C.
 Lentinula edodes belongs to low temperature
mushrooms, the initial and development
temperature of fruiting body formation is in the
range of 10-20o C and the optimum temperature of
fructification for most varieties of the mushroom is
about 15oC.
 Some variety can fruit in higher temperatures,
e.g. 20-23o C, usually they grow faster and have a
bigger and thinner cap (pileus), thin and long stalk
(stipe).
 Their fruiting bodies are easily opened and
become flat grade mushrooms, which are
considered to be low quality.
 The optimum pH of the substrate used in making
the mushroom bag/log is about 5.0-5.5.

15. Culture media and preparation:
The mushroom can grow on a
variety of culture media and on
different agar formulations,
both natural and synthetic:-
Synthetic media are often
expensive and time-consuming
in preparation; hence they are
not commonly used for routine
purposes.
The potato dextrose agar, or
PDA, is the simplest and the
most popular medium for
growing the mycelium of the
mushroom.

16. Four formulas in the preparation of the
substrate for the cultivation of the mushroom
are given here as reference.
a) Sawdust 82%, wheat bran 16%, gypsum
1.4%, Potassium phosphate, dibasic 0.2%,
and lime 0.4%.
b) Sawdust 54%, spent coffee grounds 30%,
wheat bran 15%, and gypsum 1%.
c) Sawdust 63%, corncob powder 20%,wheat
bran 15%, Calcium superphosphate1% and
gypsum 1%.
d) Sawdust 76%, wheat bran 18%, corn
powder 2%, gypsum 2%, sugar 1.2%
Calcium superphosphate 0.5% and urea
0.3%

17. Pleurotus sajor-caju
Pleurotus sajor-caju (grey oyster
mushroom) is comparable to the
high temperature, required for
fructification.
This mushroom suitable for
tropical/subtropical areas.
Its cultivation is easy with
relatively less complicated
procedures (Chang and Miles,
2004, Kaul and Dhar, 2007).

18. 1) . Biological nature: The temperature for growth of
mycelium is 10-35oC. The optimum growing
temperature of the mycelium is 23-28o.
 The optimum developmental temperature of the
fruiting body is 18-24oC.
 The optimum pH of the substrate used in making
the mushroom bag/bed is 6.8-8.0.
 The C:N ratio in the substrate is in the range of 30-
60: 1. A large circulation of air and reasonable light
are required for the development of the fruiting
bodies.
 Procedure :-

19. 2) Examples of spawn substrates:
a) Wheat grain + 1.5% gypsum or lime.
b) Cotton seed hull 88%, wheat bran 10%, sugar 1%
and gypsum 1%.
c) Sawdust 78%, wheat bran 20%, sugar 1% and
gypsum 1%.
d) Sawdust 58%, spent coffee grounds/spent tea
leaves 20%, water hyacinth/cereal straw 20%, sugar
1% and gypsum 1%.
3) Examples of cultivation substrates:
a) Cotton seed hull 95%, gypsum 2%, lime 1% and
Calciumsuperphosphate 2%.
b) Rice straw 80%, cotton waste 18%, gypsum 1%
and lime 1%.
c) Water hyacinth 80%, cereal straw 17%, gypsum 2%
and lime 1 %.

20. 4.Maitake (Morchella deliciosa)
Materials and methods
Thirty one collections of wild
morels were made in Tasmania.
 Vegetative isolates were
obtained from 21 collections
and single spore isolates were
obtained from 5 of these
collections

21. Field sampling of wild Morels
To ensure a variety of genetic material was available, morels
were collected throughout Tasmania, Australia.
Where possible, three ascocarps at different developmental
stages, were collected from each site and given a collection
number.
 Each ascocarp was removed with the first 15 mm of
substrate attached to the base of the stipe and loosely
wrapped in paper prior to insertion of each ascocarp into a
separate paper bag.
 In the laboratory each collection was photographed,
measured and described and a sporulating ascocarp selected
for spore collection.
To ensure that the ascocarp did not dry out too quickly and
to enhance spore collection, the sporulating structure was
wrapped in grease proof paper, aluminium foil and placed in
a separate paper bag until spore collection was complete, or
the ascocarp had dried

22. Vegetative cultures
Axenic vegetative cultures
were obtained from:-
Malt extract agar :-
(0.5 MEA; g l-1: agar, 15;
malt extract, 10).
 Potato dextrose agar :-
(0.5 PDA; g l-1: agar,
7.5; potato dextrose agar,
20)
In 90 mm disposable Petri
plates and incubated in the
dark at 25°C until growth
was established.

23. Single spore isolates
All single spore isolates were grown from freshly
germinated ascospores taken from one ascocarp.
 Where possible, 50 single spore isolates (SSIs)
were obtained from a single ascocarp .
Spores were placed in sterile distilled water, and
a dilution series prepared.
• At each step the spore suspension was aseptically transferred to 0.5
MEA in a 90 mm Petri plate, and spread over the agar surface.
• Plates were incubated in the dark at 25 ºC with spore germination
checked at 24 hours after inoculation and then at 12 hourly intervals.
• The resulting fungal colony was observed at days 10, 30, 50 and 60.

24. Precautions
 Keep the spawn running room dark so that spawn
running will be faster.
 Periodically sprinkle water on sand layer to maintain the
required conditions.
 Never spray any insecticides on the mushroom beds.
 In case of contamination, the contaminated block should
be remove to spot well away from the house and buried
in a pit or burnt.
 Broken pieces of the mushroom stalk, while harvesting ,
should not be left on the blocks. If the stalk breaks, it
should be removed entirely from the bed.