Optical fibers carry light along their length and are used for fiber-optic communications. They allow transmission over longer distances and higher data rates than other forms of communication. Fibers have a glass or plastic core that carries light through total internal reflection. They are used for long-distance communication networks, local area networks, and other applications due to advantages over metal wires like lower loss and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
Optical Fiber Basic Concept Which May Help You To Understand More Easily. The Slide Is Specially For Engineering Background. Anyone can get easily understand by studying this material. Thank you.
Optical fibers transmit light and operate based on the principles of total internal reflection. They consist of a core and cladding material, with the core having a higher refractive index. This allows light to be guided along the fiber due to total internal reflection at the core-cladding boundary. There are two main types of optical fibers - single-mode fibers which only allow one mode of light to propagate, and multi-mode fibers which allow multiple light modes. Dispersion and attenuation are two factors that limit the performance of optical fibers by causing light pulses to broaden as they travel along the fiber.
Optical fibers carry information in the form of light. They have several advantages over metallic wires including much higher bandwidth, immunity to electromagnetic interference, lighter weight and smaller size. Optical fibers have a core made of glass or plastic surrounded by a cladding layer. They transmit light using either single mode or multimode transmission. Common applications of optical fibers include telecommunications, local area networks, sensors and computer networks due to their high information carrying capacity and low signal attenuation.
Fiber optics use total internal reflection to transmit light signals for communication. They convert electrical signals to optical signals using a transmitter, transmit the light through the optical fiber, then convert it back to an electrical signal using a receiver. Fiber optics have huge bandwidth potential and are immune to electromagnetic interference but were initially more expensive than electrical cables. Key advantages include bandwidths over 250Gbps, low signal loss, and resistance to corrosion.
A brief presentation about optical fiber technology. Presented by Abdessalam BENHARIRA and Laurent PANEK.
Summary
1. What is optical fiber ?
2. How it works ?
3. Different types
4. Uses
5. Advantages and disadvantages
6. Conclusion
Signal Degradation In Optical Fiber
Losses in an optical fibre:-
The types of losses in a optical fibre are
Attenuation loss
Absorption
Scattering
Bending loss
Dispersion loss
Coupling loss
Optical fiber communication involves transmitting light through thin glass or plastic fibers to carry information. Light is modulated to encode information and travels through the fiber's core via total internal reflection. At the receiver, the light is converted back to an electrical signal. Optical fibers allow much higher bandwidth than traditional copper cables and are immune to electromagnetic interference. Their small size and weight make them useful for long-distance telecommunications and high-speed networking.
Optical fibers carry light along their length and are used for fiber-optic communications. They allow transmission over longer distances and higher data rates than other forms of communication. Fibers have a glass or plastic core that carries light through total internal reflection. They are used for long-distance communication networks, local area networks, and other applications due to advantages over metal wires like lower loss and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
Optical Fiber Basic Concept Which May Help You To Understand More Easily. The Slide Is Specially For Engineering Background. Anyone can get easily understand by studying this material. Thank you.
Optical fibers transmit light and operate based on the principles of total internal reflection. They consist of a core and cladding material, with the core having a higher refractive index. This allows light to be guided along the fiber due to total internal reflection at the core-cladding boundary. There are two main types of optical fibers - single-mode fibers which only allow one mode of light to propagate, and multi-mode fibers which allow multiple light modes. Dispersion and attenuation are two factors that limit the performance of optical fibers by causing light pulses to broaden as they travel along the fiber.
Optical fibers carry information in the form of light. They have several advantages over metallic wires including much higher bandwidth, immunity to electromagnetic interference, lighter weight and smaller size. Optical fibers have a core made of glass or plastic surrounded by a cladding layer. They transmit light using either single mode or multimode transmission. Common applications of optical fibers include telecommunications, local area networks, sensors and computer networks due to their high information carrying capacity and low signal attenuation.
Fiber optics use total internal reflection to transmit light signals for communication. They convert electrical signals to optical signals using a transmitter, transmit the light through the optical fiber, then convert it back to an electrical signal using a receiver. Fiber optics have huge bandwidth potential and are immune to electromagnetic interference but were initially more expensive than electrical cables. Key advantages include bandwidths over 250Gbps, low signal loss, and resistance to corrosion.
A brief presentation about optical fiber technology. Presented by Abdessalam BENHARIRA and Laurent PANEK.
Summary
1. What is optical fiber ?
2. How it works ?
3. Different types
4. Uses
5. Advantages and disadvantages
6. Conclusion
Signal Degradation In Optical Fiber
Losses in an optical fibre:-
The types of losses in a optical fibre are
Attenuation loss
Absorption
Scattering
Bending loss
Dispersion loss
Coupling loss
Optical fiber communication involves transmitting light through thin glass or plastic fibers to carry information. Light is modulated to encode information and travels through the fiber's core via total internal reflection. At the receiver, the light is converted back to an electrical signal. Optical fibers allow much higher bandwidth than traditional copper cables and are immune to electromagnetic interference. Their small size and weight make them useful for long-distance telecommunications and high-speed networking.
Optical fiber is a flexible transparent fiber made of high quality glass or plastic that transmits light between two ends. It functions as a waveguide or light pipe. Optical fibers are widely used for fiber optic communications due to their ability to transmit signals over longer distances and higher bandwidths compared to other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are safe from electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers have been used for communication since the 1840s and are now used for transmitting data at rates as high as 400 gigabits per second. Optical fiber provides benefits such as greater bandwidth, immunity to electrical interference, and lower signal attenuation over long distances compared to conventional copper cables.
Optical Fiber Cables :- An Introduction Pradeep Singh
This document discusses fiber optic cables and their components. It begins by classifying optical fibers into single-mode fibers, which carry light along a single path, and multi-mode fibers, which carry multiple light paths. It then describes the core, cladding and coating layers that make up an optical fiber. Total internal reflection is discussed as the mechanism that keeps light confined in the fiber. Common fiber optic components like connectors, couplers and circulators are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of optical fibers, including their evolution, structure, working principles, classification, communication systems, advantages/disadvantages, and applications. It discusses how optical fibers guide light using total internal reflection and their use in telecommunications as the backbone for long distance networks. Key points covered include the core-cladding structure of fibers, different types based on modes and refractive index, attenuation factors, and medical applications like endoscopy.
Optical fibers experience various intrinsic and extrinsic losses that limit signal strength over long distances. Intrinsic losses include material absorption and scattering due to fiber imperfections. Absorption is caused by molecular vibrations and impurities, while scattering results from refractive index fluctuations. Extrinsic losses include bending, launching, and connector losses. Bending losses occur from macroscopic or microscopic bends, launching losses are from imperfect coupling into the fiber, and connector losses are due to core misalignments between joined fibers. Together these losses contribute to the overall attenuation of signals transmitted through optical fibers.
The document discusses various optical phenomena including reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection. It explains that optical fibers use total internal reflection to guide light along the fiber. Optical fibers have a core with a higher refractive index than the cladding. This allows total internal reflection to contain light within the core. The document also discusses the historical development of optical fiber communications, describing the progression from early generations with lower data rates and shorter distances to current generations with multi-terabit capacities over extremely long ranges. Overall, the document provides an overview of fundamental optical concepts and the evolution of optical fiber communication technology.
This document discusses different methods of fibre splicing used to join optical fibers, including fusion splicing, mechanical splicing, and array splicing. Fusion splicing involves heating the fiber ends and fusing them together, while mechanical splicing uses tubes, V-grooves, or other guides to hold the fibers in alignment without heating. Array splicing allows simultaneously splicing multiple fibers in a ribbon using techniques like electric arc fusion or V-groove chips. Average splice losses are typically 0.1 dB or less depending on the splicing technique and fiber type.
This document provides an overview of optical fiber communication. It discusses the introduction of optical fiber, including its composition and small diameter. The history of optical fiber is summarized, from early experiments in the 1840s to widespread telecommunication use in the late 20th century. The document outlines the principle of total internal reflection that allows transmission through optical fibers and describes the main types of fibers based on mode and refractive index. Applications and advantages of optical fiber communication are also mentioned.
This document discusses optical fiber communication, including its evolution, structure, working principle, classification, advantages and applications. Optical fiber communication transmits light pulses through fiber to exchange information over long distances. Historically it was first proposed in 1880 and lasers were introduced as light sources in 1960. Optical fibers are classified as single mode or multi-mode depending on the number of modes light can propagate through. They work on the principle of total internal reflection. Optical fiber communication is used for telecommunication networks, cable TV, and military applications due to its high bandwidth, security and flexibility.
The document summarizes the evolution of optical fibers from early experiments demonstrating total internal reflection to current fiber technologies. It describes key developments such as the invention of fiber optics by Narinder Singh Kapany in 1952 and the proposal by Kao and Hockham in 1966 that attenuation in fibers could be reduced, paving the way for optical fiber communication. Major milestones included the first live telephone traffic through fiber in 1977 and the development of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and photonic crystal fibers in the 1990s. The document concludes with statistics on increasing fiber capacity and very recent trends toward applications of nano fibers, plasmonics, microfluidics, and all-optical systems.
Optical fiber communication uses glass or plastic fibers to transmit light signals for telecommunication. Light from a laser or LED is transmitted through the fiber's core using total internal reflection. Optical fibers have advantages over copper cables including higher bandwidth, less signal degradation, lighter weight, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Fiber systems use single-mode or multi-mode fibers depending on the transmission distance and bandwidth needs.
Dispersion Compensation Techniques for Optical Fiber CommunicationAmit Raikar
This document discusses dispersion in optical fiber communication systems and various techniques to compensate for it, including dispersion compensating fibers, fiber Bragg gratings, electronic dispersion compensation, digital filters, and optical phase conjugation. Dispersion increases pulse spreading and affects signal quality. These techniques help reduce dispersion to improve transmission over long distances. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.
Fibre optics is an important technology for audio visual and IT convergence. It allows transmission of large amounts of data, video and audio over long distances using thin strands of glass or plastic. Fibre uses total internal reflection to transmit light signals encoding digital data through the core. As bandwidth needs increase with high definition formats and IP, fibre optic infrastructure is expanding with developments in multiplexing and higher speed networks.
Fiber characterization involves testing optical fibers to ensure they are suitable for the intended transmission system. Key tests include inspecting connectors for contamination, measuring insertion loss, return loss, and dispersion. Optical time domain reflectometers locate events along the fiber such as splices, macrobends, and breaks. High contamination can significantly increase loss and reflections compared to clean connections. Precise characterization is needed to validate fiber plant performance.
1. Optical fibers transmit data using pulses of light and are able to carry much higher bandwidths than metal wires.
2. Fibers use total internal reflection to guide light along their length with less loss than wires and are immune to electromagnetic interference.
3. Fibers have various applications including long distance communications, local networks, imaging bundles, and sensors.
There are three main types of optical fibers classified based on their material, number of modes, and refractive index profile. Glass fibers use silica and have good stability while plastic fibers are low-cost but higher attenuation. Based on modes, single-mode fibers only support one mode and are used for long distances, while multi-mode fibers support multiple modes and are used for shorter distances. The refractive index profile further divides fibers into step-index, where the refractive index changes abruptly, and graded-index, where it changes gradually in a parabolic fashion. Each type has different characteristics that determine their applications in optical communication systems.
Optical fibers transmit data using light signals through thin glass or plastic strands. There are two main types: single-mode fibers carry one signal using a single frequency, while multi-mode fibers carry multiple signals using different frequencies. Optical fibers have a core that guides light through total internal reflection, surrounded by a cladding with a lower refractive index. They offer high bandwidth, are immune to electromagnetic interference, and can transmit signals over long distances with low loss. Common uses include telecommunications, sensors, and transmitting power and images. Optical fibers enable vast data transmission and are a primary solution to increasing global bandwidth demands.
Communication is the exchange of information through transmission and reception of messages. The basic elements of communication are an information source, transmitter, communication channel, and receiver. There are different types of electronic communication including simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. Analog signals vary continuously while digital signals change in discrete steps. Channel multiplexing and modulation techniques like frequency division multiplexing and time division multiplexing allow efficient transmission of multiple signals over a single medium. Optical fiber communication systems transmit information as light pulses along optical fibers and have advantages over traditional metal cable systems like increased bandwidth and lower signal attenuation.
Mode Field Diameter (MFD) is a measure of light intensity in the core of a single mode fiber. It is traditionally defined as the width where intensity falls to 1/e of its peak value, but standards now define it via the Petermann II integral of the far-field intensity distribution. MFD represents the effective area of light propagation in both the core and cladding. It provides important information about a cable's performance and impacts from bending or improper source-fiber coupling that could lead to excessive loss. MFD is tested using an optical time domain reflectometer to obtain the far-field profile and calculate the Petermann II integral to determine the MFD value.
This document discusses optical fibers and fiber optic communication. It begins by explaining how total internal reflection allows optical fibers to guide light along their length. It then describes the principles and components of multimode and singlemode fibers. The document outlines the manufacturing process for optical fibers and their various applications, including telecommunications, sensing, and illumination. It concludes by noting how fiber optics transmits light and how new techniques continue to expand the capabilities of fiber optic systems.
This document provides an overview of optical fiber communication. It begins with introducing optical fibers and how they guide light through total internal reflection. It then describes the different types of optical fibers, including step index and graded index fibers. The key elements of an optical fiber communication system are presented, along with the benefits such as high bandwidth, low loss, and electrical isolation. Applications include telecommunications networks, computing, and military systems. In conclusion, while optical fibers have some disadvantages, they have revolutionized communications due to their wide bandwidth and low transmission losses.
This document provides an overview of optical fibers, including their evolution, structure, working principles, classification, communication systems, advantages and applications. It discusses how optical fibers guide light using total internal reflection. Fibers are classified based on mode (single or multi-mode) and refractive index profile (step or graded). Key advantages are high bandwidth, low attenuation, immunity to EMI, and security. Applications include telecommunications, broadband, medicine, military and more. Optical fibers have become the backbone of long-distance networks since the 1980s due to refinements in manufacturing.
Optical fiber is a flexible transparent fiber made of high quality glass or plastic that transmits light between two ends. It functions as a waveguide or light pipe. Optical fibers are widely used for fiber optic communications due to their ability to transmit signals over longer distances and higher bandwidths compared to other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are safe from electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers have been used for communication since the 1840s and are now used for transmitting data at rates as high as 400 gigabits per second. Optical fiber provides benefits such as greater bandwidth, immunity to electrical interference, and lower signal attenuation over long distances compared to conventional copper cables.
Optical Fiber Cables :- An Introduction Pradeep Singh
This document discusses fiber optic cables and their components. It begins by classifying optical fibers into single-mode fibers, which carry light along a single path, and multi-mode fibers, which carry multiple light paths. It then describes the core, cladding and coating layers that make up an optical fiber. Total internal reflection is discussed as the mechanism that keeps light confined in the fiber. Common fiber optic components like connectors, couplers and circulators are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of optical fibers, including their evolution, structure, working principles, classification, communication systems, advantages/disadvantages, and applications. It discusses how optical fibers guide light using total internal reflection and their use in telecommunications as the backbone for long distance networks. Key points covered include the core-cladding structure of fibers, different types based on modes and refractive index, attenuation factors, and medical applications like endoscopy.
Optical fibers experience various intrinsic and extrinsic losses that limit signal strength over long distances. Intrinsic losses include material absorption and scattering due to fiber imperfections. Absorption is caused by molecular vibrations and impurities, while scattering results from refractive index fluctuations. Extrinsic losses include bending, launching, and connector losses. Bending losses occur from macroscopic or microscopic bends, launching losses are from imperfect coupling into the fiber, and connector losses are due to core misalignments between joined fibers. Together these losses contribute to the overall attenuation of signals transmitted through optical fibers.
The document discusses various optical phenomena including reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection. It explains that optical fibers use total internal reflection to guide light along the fiber. Optical fibers have a core with a higher refractive index than the cladding. This allows total internal reflection to contain light within the core. The document also discusses the historical development of optical fiber communications, describing the progression from early generations with lower data rates and shorter distances to current generations with multi-terabit capacities over extremely long ranges. Overall, the document provides an overview of fundamental optical concepts and the evolution of optical fiber communication technology.
This document discusses different methods of fibre splicing used to join optical fibers, including fusion splicing, mechanical splicing, and array splicing. Fusion splicing involves heating the fiber ends and fusing them together, while mechanical splicing uses tubes, V-grooves, or other guides to hold the fibers in alignment without heating. Array splicing allows simultaneously splicing multiple fibers in a ribbon using techniques like electric arc fusion or V-groove chips. Average splice losses are typically 0.1 dB or less depending on the splicing technique and fiber type.
This document provides an overview of optical fiber communication. It discusses the introduction of optical fiber, including its composition and small diameter. The history of optical fiber is summarized, from early experiments in the 1840s to widespread telecommunication use in the late 20th century. The document outlines the principle of total internal reflection that allows transmission through optical fibers and describes the main types of fibers based on mode and refractive index. Applications and advantages of optical fiber communication are also mentioned.
This document discusses optical fiber communication, including its evolution, structure, working principle, classification, advantages and applications. Optical fiber communication transmits light pulses through fiber to exchange information over long distances. Historically it was first proposed in 1880 and lasers were introduced as light sources in 1960. Optical fibers are classified as single mode or multi-mode depending on the number of modes light can propagate through. They work on the principle of total internal reflection. Optical fiber communication is used for telecommunication networks, cable TV, and military applications due to its high bandwidth, security and flexibility.
The document summarizes the evolution of optical fibers from early experiments demonstrating total internal reflection to current fiber technologies. It describes key developments such as the invention of fiber optics by Narinder Singh Kapany in 1952 and the proposal by Kao and Hockham in 1966 that attenuation in fibers could be reduced, paving the way for optical fiber communication. Major milestones included the first live telephone traffic through fiber in 1977 and the development of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and photonic crystal fibers in the 1990s. The document concludes with statistics on increasing fiber capacity and very recent trends toward applications of nano fibers, plasmonics, microfluidics, and all-optical systems.
Optical fiber communication uses glass or plastic fibers to transmit light signals for telecommunication. Light from a laser or LED is transmitted through the fiber's core using total internal reflection. Optical fibers have advantages over copper cables including higher bandwidth, less signal degradation, lighter weight, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Fiber systems use single-mode or multi-mode fibers depending on the transmission distance and bandwidth needs.
Dispersion Compensation Techniques for Optical Fiber CommunicationAmit Raikar
This document discusses dispersion in optical fiber communication systems and various techniques to compensate for it, including dispersion compensating fibers, fiber Bragg gratings, electronic dispersion compensation, digital filters, and optical phase conjugation. Dispersion increases pulse spreading and affects signal quality. These techniques help reduce dispersion to improve transmission over long distances. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.
Fibre optics is an important technology for audio visual and IT convergence. It allows transmission of large amounts of data, video and audio over long distances using thin strands of glass or plastic. Fibre uses total internal reflection to transmit light signals encoding digital data through the core. As bandwidth needs increase with high definition formats and IP, fibre optic infrastructure is expanding with developments in multiplexing and higher speed networks.
Fiber characterization involves testing optical fibers to ensure they are suitable for the intended transmission system. Key tests include inspecting connectors for contamination, measuring insertion loss, return loss, and dispersion. Optical time domain reflectometers locate events along the fiber such as splices, macrobends, and breaks. High contamination can significantly increase loss and reflections compared to clean connections. Precise characterization is needed to validate fiber plant performance.
1. Optical fibers transmit data using pulses of light and are able to carry much higher bandwidths than metal wires.
2. Fibers use total internal reflection to guide light along their length with less loss than wires and are immune to electromagnetic interference.
3. Fibers have various applications including long distance communications, local networks, imaging bundles, and sensors.
There are three main types of optical fibers classified based on their material, number of modes, and refractive index profile. Glass fibers use silica and have good stability while plastic fibers are low-cost but higher attenuation. Based on modes, single-mode fibers only support one mode and are used for long distances, while multi-mode fibers support multiple modes and are used for shorter distances. The refractive index profile further divides fibers into step-index, where the refractive index changes abruptly, and graded-index, where it changes gradually in a parabolic fashion. Each type has different characteristics that determine their applications in optical communication systems.
Optical fibers transmit data using light signals through thin glass or plastic strands. There are two main types: single-mode fibers carry one signal using a single frequency, while multi-mode fibers carry multiple signals using different frequencies. Optical fibers have a core that guides light through total internal reflection, surrounded by a cladding with a lower refractive index. They offer high bandwidth, are immune to electromagnetic interference, and can transmit signals over long distances with low loss. Common uses include telecommunications, sensors, and transmitting power and images. Optical fibers enable vast data transmission and are a primary solution to increasing global bandwidth demands.
Communication is the exchange of information through transmission and reception of messages. The basic elements of communication are an information source, transmitter, communication channel, and receiver. There are different types of electronic communication including simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. Analog signals vary continuously while digital signals change in discrete steps. Channel multiplexing and modulation techniques like frequency division multiplexing and time division multiplexing allow efficient transmission of multiple signals over a single medium. Optical fiber communication systems transmit information as light pulses along optical fibers and have advantages over traditional metal cable systems like increased bandwidth and lower signal attenuation.
Mode Field Diameter (MFD) is a measure of light intensity in the core of a single mode fiber. It is traditionally defined as the width where intensity falls to 1/e of its peak value, but standards now define it via the Petermann II integral of the far-field intensity distribution. MFD represents the effective area of light propagation in both the core and cladding. It provides important information about a cable's performance and impacts from bending or improper source-fiber coupling that could lead to excessive loss. MFD is tested using an optical time domain reflectometer to obtain the far-field profile and calculate the Petermann II integral to determine the MFD value.
This document discusses optical fibers and fiber optic communication. It begins by explaining how total internal reflection allows optical fibers to guide light along their length. It then describes the principles and components of multimode and singlemode fibers. The document outlines the manufacturing process for optical fibers and their various applications, including telecommunications, sensing, and illumination. It concludes by noting how fiber optics transmits light and how new techniques continue to expand the capabilities of fiber optic systems.
This document provides an overview of optical fiber communication. It begins with introducing optical fibers and how they guide light through total internal reflection. It then describes the different types of optical fibers, including step index and graded index fibers. The key elements of an optical fiber communication system are presented, along with the benefits such as high bandwidth, low loss, and electrical isolation. Applications include telecommunications networks, computing, and military systems. In conclusion, while optical fibers have some disadvantages, they have revolutionized communications due to their wide bandwidth and low transmission losses.
This document provides an overview of optical fibers, including their evolution, structure, working principles, classification, communication systems, advantages and applications. It discusses how optical fibers guide light using total internal reflection. Fibers are classified based on mode (single or multi-mode) and refractive index profile (step or graded). Key advantages are high bandwidth, low attenuation, immunity to EMI, and security. Applications include telecommunications, broadband, medicine, military and more. Optical fibers have become the backbone of long-distance networks since the 1980s due to refinements in manufacturing.
The document discusses augmented reality (AR), how it differs from virtual reality and RFID, common uses of AR, and examples of AR architectures. It provides an example of how AR could be used in an automated car parking system to improve security and identification. The document outlines advantages of AR such as improved performance and accuracy, as well as disadvantages like security and interoperability issues. It concludes that AR provides a new way of interacting with user interfaces and will likely be used more widely in the future.
Multi Carrier Modulation and Single Carrier Modulationfernandomireles
The document compares multi-carrier (DMT) and single carrier modulation techniques. DMT divides the available spectrum into multiple sub-carriers, each with a low symbol rate, allowing different modulation schemes per sub-carrier. Single carrier modulation uses a single carrier to transmit all data simultaneously. DMT offers higher bandwidth efficiency and throughput through bit loading and simpler equalization, while single carrier modulation provides simpler implementation through a single equalizer but lower spectrum utilization. The author is Fernando Ramirez-Mireles, a professor specializing in digital signal processing and communications engineering.
This document provides information about star ratings for home appliances in India. It defines key terms like white goods, brown goods, and the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). The star rating system provides an energy efficiency rating for electrical appliances to help consumers purchase more efficient models. Appliances are rated on a scale of 1 to 5 stars, with 5 stars being the most efficient. The standards are updated every two years, which may cause some appliances to receive lower star ratings over time as standards become more stringent. Specific appliances like air conditioners, refrigerators, transformers, and washing machines are discussed in terms of how their star ratings are calculated based on energy efficiency metrics like EER. Examples of cost savings for different star rated air
The document discusses the future of 4G network technology. It explains that 4G will provide ultra high broadband speeds measured in gigabytes per second, allowing users to download movies within 5 minutes or stream high-definition content to mobile devices. 4G will use technologies like OFDM and MIMO to achieve higher data transfer rates and signal quality compared to 3G. Several countries have already launched 4G networks commercially, with technologies like LTE and WiMax supporting 4G infrastructure and providing speeds up to 100 Mbps for downloads. India has begun the process of introducing 4G but may face delays similar to its 3G rollout unless it wants to catch up globally with 4G.
There are two basic types of optical fiber: multimode fiber and single-mode fiber. Multimode fiber has a larger core that allows multiple light modes to propagate simultaneously, making it easier to couple light into, whereas single-mode fiber allows only a single mode of light to propagate, enabling higher information capacity over longer distances. Both fiber types were initially characterized as step-index but have since evolved, with multimode fiber now including graded-index types and single-mode fiber featuring more complex designs like depressed clad.
The document provides details on how various home appliances like refrigerators, air conditioners, coffee makers, washing machines, light bulbs, and fluorescent lamps work. It explains the basic mechanisms, key components, and working principles for each appliance. This includes descriptions of components like compressors, coils, valves, heating elements, gearboxes, plumbing systems, and more. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the processes and cycling involved for refrigeration, cooling, heating water, agitation, power transmission, and generating light.
application of fibre optics in communicationRimmi07
Fibre optic communication has revolutionised telecommunications by enabling much longer distance links with lower loss and higher data rates. Fibre optic systems use total internal reflection to transmit light through the fibre and are used widely in telecom backbones, broadband networks, and data transmission. Single mode fibre has a small core and transmits single signals for long distances, while multi-mode fibre has a larger core and transmits multiple signals for shorter links like local networks. Fibre optics enable high-speed internet, cable TV, and reliable data transmission.
power consumption of household equipments in indiaAlbi Thomas
This document provides examples to calculate the electricity consumed, in kilowatt-hours (kWh), by various household appliances and electronics. It lists the wattage of common devices like lights, fans, refrigerators, washing machines, and more. It then shows sample calculations of kWh used for each appliance running for a given time period. The examples demonstrate how to find daily or yearly kWh by multiplying the wattage by hours used and dividing by 1000. The document aims to educate people on estimating electricity consumption of appliances and identifying ways to save energy.
This document discusses the history, advantages, need, implementation, current devices and future of wireless communication. It covers the evolution of wireless technologies from early cellular phones to modern Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, explaining how wireless networks have become essential due to their convenience and mobility compared to wired connections. The future of wireless communication looks to advance connectivity through emerging technologies.
Wireless communication allows for freedom from wires and instantaneous communication without physical connections. It provides global coverage for communication that can reach areas where wiring is infeasible or costly. Wireless communication transmits voice and data using radio waves without wires. It uses different frequency channels that can transmit information independently and in parallel. While wireless communication provides mobility and flexibility, it also faces security and physical obstruction issues compared to wired communication.
Human: Thank you for the summary. It effectively captured the key points about wireless communication in just 3 sentences as requested.
This presentation gives brief description of Wi-Fi Technolgy, standards, applications,topologies, how Wi-Fi network works, security,advantages and innovations.
Discussion of cutoff wavelength in optical fibres its defination measurements specifications optical fibre refractive index profiles, Total Internal Reflection, specifications for ITU G 657, 655A ,G655A,D
1. The document discusses optical fibers, which are thin strands of glass that carry light signals for communication.
2. Optical fibers have a core and cladding structure that allows total internal reflection to guide light along the fiber.
3. Optical fibers have several advantages over metallic wires for communication, including very large bandwidth, immunity to interference, elimination of crosstalk, lighter weight, and greater security.
4. Key applications of optical fibers include long-distance communication networks, military equipment, sensors, and structural health monitoring of buildings, bridges, tunnels, and dams.
Cutoff wavelength optical fibre is presentation of principal of cutoff wavelength of cabled and uncabled fibre, measurment description , measurment procedures and index of refraction explained
Optical fibers transmit light through their cores using total internal reflection. There are three main types of optical fibers: single-mode fibers which only allow one propagation path; and two types of multimode fibers which allow multiple paths using either step-index or graded-index profiles. Optical fibers are used for various applications depending on bandwidth needs and transmission distances.
An optical fiber is proposed with a segmented core and depressed cladding regions to reduce nonlinearity and bend loss. The segmented core decreases optical and acoustic coupling to increase the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) threshold. Depressed cladding regions improve bend properties. Test results show the fiber has an SBS threshold over 12 dBm and bend losses under IEC standards, enabling its use in a single fiber for both feeder and customer segments of fiber-to-the-home networks. This simplifies deployment and reduces costs compared to using multiple fiber types.
This document provides an introduction to dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) including:
1. DWDM allows multiple optical channels to be transmitted over a single fiber, increasing network capacity and scalability. It enables transmission of terabits of data over long distances without regeneration.
2. Key concepts in optical transmission are explained, including wavelength bands, fiber attenuation, dispersion, and nonlinear effects.
3. The development of single-mode fiber is summarized, from early multimode fiber to modern low-dispersion fiber designs.
Optical fiber communication-Presented by Kiran DevkotaSujit Jha
This document discusses optical fiber communication and fiber optic cables. It covers the following key points:
- Fiber optics uses light to transmit information through glass or plastic strands. Unlike copper transmission, it is not electrical in nature.
- The basic components of a fiber optic cable are the core that carries light, cladding surrounding the core, a coating for protection, and a cable jacket.
- Fiber materials include silica glass, plastic, and plastic-clad fibers. Single-mode fiber has a small core for long distances, while multimode fiber has a larger core for short distances.
- Fiber optic communication has advantages like large bandwidth, small size, electrical isolation, and low
This document discusses fiber optics and optical fiber technology. It covers the following key points:
- Optical fibers have significantly improved data transmission by offering very low signal attenuation compared to electrical cables. Attenuation has decreased from 20 dB/km in early fibers to just 0.16 dB/km today.
- Dispersion, where different light rays travel at different speeds, limits the maximum bit rate and transmission length in a fiber. Dispersion depends on wavelength and fiber material.
- Standardized optical wavelength bands used in fiber systems are O, E, S, C, L and U-band, ranging from 1260 to 1675 nm. Lasers and LEDs are used as optical transmit
This document discusses fiber optics technology for data transmission. It covers the following key points:
- Fiber optics cables have much lower signal attenuation compared to electrical cables, enabling data to be transmitted over much longer distances. Attenuation is lowest at around 1550 nm wavelength.
- Dispersion limits the maximum bit rate that can be transmitted over a cable, depending on the wavelength and fiber material. Dispersion is lowest around 1300 nm.
- Standardized wavelength bands for data transmission are O, E, S, C, L and U-band, ranging from 1260 to 1675 nm.
- Optical transmitters use LEDs or laser diodes to generate modulated light in these
The document provides an overview of ACS Training Program topics including fiber optic cable types, fiber specifications, fiber optic terminology, field termination technologies, fiber cable types, modular cassette connectivity methods, and optical fiber concepts like attenuation, dispersion, and index of refraction. Key fiber types discussed are singlemode, multimode, ribbon fiber, and bend insensitive fibers. Installation standards and codes are also referenced.
Measuring Fiber / Merenja na optičkim vlaknimaNemanja Radić
1. Fiber optic networks are constantly increasing in speed and capacity to meet new application demands like interactive video.
2. Standards like ANSI/TIA-568-C set allowable loss limits for fiber optic links based on factors like cable length, number of splices and adapters.
3. Proper cleaning, inspection and testing of fiber optic connections and links is important to ensure low loss and good performance. A visual fault locator can be used to check basic connectivity but more advanced testing may be required.
This document provides an overview of fiber optics, including:
1. The basic principle of fiber optics is total internal reflection which guides light through the fiber core due to the core having a higher refractive index than the cladding.
2. There are three main types of optical fibers - multimode step index, multimode graded index, and single mode fibers. Multimode fibers have larger cores and support multiple propagation modes while single mode fibers only support one mode.
3. Key factors that determine fiber performance include attenuation, bandwidth, and dispersion. Attenuation and wavelength windows are material properties while dispersion depends on the fiber's construction and number of propagation modes.
This document provides an overview of optical fiber communication networks. It discusses how optical fibers work using the principle of total internal reflection. It describes the different types of fibers used - multi-mode and single-mode fibers. The document also covers fiber splicing techniques like mechanical and fusion splicing and compares their characteristics. Additional topics covered include fault detection tools like OTDRs and how they work to identify faults or breaks in fiber links. Finally, the document briefly defines geographic information systems and their role in network documentation.
This document provides an overview of optical fiber communication topics including:
1. Fundamentals such as the basic components of an optical communication system and advantages of optical fiber over copper wire.
2. Types of optical fibers including single mode, multi-mode, step index, and graded index fibers. It describes the principles of total internal reflection and modal dispersion.
3. Additional optical fiber topics like construction and common components, parameters to evaluate fiber performance such as attenuation and dispersion, and basic test instruments.
New optical w fiber panda for fiber optic gyroscope sensitive coilKurbatov Roman
This document summarizes the proposal of a new type of optical fiber called a W profile Panda fiber that could address limitations of existing fiber types used in fiber optic gyroscope sensing coils. Key points:
- Existing fiber types used in sensing coils have losses over 1 dB/km which limits performance. A W profile Panda fiber is proposed to reduce losses through a core design that tightly confines the fundamental mode.
- The proposed fiber structure combines advantages of existing fiber designs to achieve both a wide single polarization spectral window for dichroism/polarization properties as well as control over the mode field diameter.
- Initial fibers produced based on the design achieved losses as low as 0.35 dB/km for a
Fiber optic cables transmit data using glass strands coated with plastic. Light signals travel through the strands due to total internal reflection off the plastic coating. Fiber optic cables have advantages over copper cables like extremely high bandwidth, security, reliability, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. However, fiber optic cables also have disadvantages such as high initial installation costs, susceptibility to physical damage, and requiring specialized testing equipment.
This document provides an overview of optical fiber communications. It begins with the physics behind optical fibers, including how total internal reflection allows fibers to transmit light signals. The advantages of fiber optic systems are then discussed, such as higher bandwidth, less signal degradation, and non-flammability. The key components of a fiber optic transmission system are described, including electrical-to-optical transmitters that convert signals to light pulses, optical fibers as the transmission medium, and optical-to-electrical receivers. Details are also provided on fiber construction, types, attenuation factors, and specifications for optical transmitters.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
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How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
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Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
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6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
3. OPTICAL FIBER
OFC have Fibres which are long, thin strands made with
pure glass about the diameter of a human hair
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
4. Total internal reflection
At some angle, known as the critical angle θc, light traveling from a higher
refractive index medium to a lower refractive index medium will be refracted at
90° i.e. refracted along the interface.
If the light hits the interface at any angle larger than this critical angle, it will not
pass through to the second medium at all. Instead, all of it will be reflected back
into the first medium, a process known as total internal reflection
Incident angle =
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
5. Optical fiber mode
Fibbers that carry
more than one mode
at a specific light
wavelength are called
multimode fibres.
Some fibres have
very small diameter
core that they can
carry only one mode
which travels as a
straight line at the
centre of the core.
These fibres are
single mode fibres.
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
6. Optical fiber's Numerical
Aperture(NA)
Multimode optical fiber will
only propagate light that
enters the fiber within a
certain cone,
known as the acceptance
cone of the fiber. The half-
angle of this cone is called the
acceptance angle θmax. For
step-index multimode fiber,
the acceptance angle is
determined only by the
indices of refraction:
Where
n is the refractive index of the medium light is traveling
before entering the fiber
nf is the refractive index of the fiber core
nc is the refractive index of the cladding
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
7. Medium / Link Carrier Information Capacity
Copper Cable
(short distance)
1 MHz 1 Mbps
Coaxial Cable
(Repeater every 4.5 km)
100 MHz 140 Mbps (BSNL)
UHF Link 2 GHz 8 Mbps (BSNL), 2 Mbps (Rly.)
MW Link
(Repeater every 40 km)
7 GHz 140 Mbps (BSNL), 34 Mbps (Rly.)
OFC 1550 nm 2.5 Gbps(STM-16 – Rly.)
10 Gbps (STM-64)
1.28 Tbps (128 Ch. DWDM)
20 Tbps (Possible)RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
8. Frequency Vs Attenuation In
Various Types of Cable
• More
information
carrying
capacity
fibbers can
handle
much
higher data
rates than
copper.
More
information
can be sent
in a second
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
9. Limitations of OFC
Difficulty in jointing (splicing)
Highly skilled staff would be required for maintenance
Precision and costly instruments are required
Tapping for emergency and gate communication is difficult.
Costly if under- utilised
Special interface equipment’s required for Block working
Accept unipolar codes i.e. return to zero codes only.
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
10. Nomenclature for Optical Interface
X can be I or S or L or V or U & denotes haul
I for intra station (up to 2 km)
S for short haul (15 km)
L for long haul (40 km at 1310 nm & 80 km at 1550 nm)
V for very long haul (60 km at 1310 nm & 120 km at 1550
nm)
U for ultra-long haul (160 km at 1550 nm)
Optical Interface specified as X.Y.Z
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
11. • Y can be 1 or 4 or 16 or 64 & denotes STM Level
– 1 for STM-1
– 4 for STM-4
– 16 for STM-16
– 64 for STM-64
• Z can be 1 or 2 or 3 & denotes fibre type
– 1 for 1310 nm over NDSF (G.652 fibre)
– 2 for 1550 nm over NDSF (G.652 fibre)
– 3 for 1550 nm over DSF (G.653 fibre)
– 5 for 1550 nm over NZDSF (G.655 fibre)
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
12. Examples of Nomenclature for
Optical Interface
I.16.1 – Intra station STM-16 link on 1310 nm fibre
S.16.2 – Short haul STM-16 link on 1550 nm fibre (G.652)
L.16.2 & L.16.3 – Long haul STM-16 link on 1550 nm fibre (G.652 &
G.653)
S.4.1 – Short haul STM-4 link on 1310 nm fibre
L.4.1 – Long haul STM-4 link on 1310 nm fibre (40 km)
S.1.1 – Short haul STM-1 link on 1310 nm fibre
L.1.1 – Long haul STM-1 link on 1310 nm fibre (40 km)
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
13. Absorption & Attenuation
Scattering of light due to molecular level irregularities in the glass
Light absorption due to presence of residual materials, such as
metals or water ions, within the fiber core and inner cladding.
These water ions that cause the “water peak” region on the
attenuation curve, typically around 1380 nm.
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
14. • Three peaks in attenuation
a). 1050 nm b). 1250 nm c). 1380 nm
• Three troughs in attenuation (Performance windows)
a.) 850 nm: 2 dB/km b). 1310 nm: 0.35 dB/km c). 1550 nm: 0.25 dB/km
Absorption loss & Scattering loss
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
15. JOINTING AND TERMINATION OF OFC
There are two methods for jointing Optical fibre cable.
a). splicing
b.) connectors
a). splicing
1.Fusion Splicing-
• Fusion splicing provides a fast, reliable, low-loss, fibre-to-fibre
connection by creating a homogenous joint between the two
fibre ends.
• The fibres are melted or fused together by heating the fibre
ends, typically using an electric arc.
• Fusion splices provide a high-quality joint with the lowest loss
(in the range of 0.01 dB to 0.10 dB for single-mode fibres) and
are practically non-reflective.
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
16. 2. Mechanical Splicing-
• Mechanical splicing is of slightly higher losses (about 0.2 db) and
less-reliable performance
• System operators use mechanical splicing for emergency restoration
because it is fast, inexpensive, and easy.
• Mechanical splices are reflective and non-homogenous
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
17. b). Basics about connectors-
• Fibre optic connector facilitates re-mateable connection i.e. disconnection /
reconnection of fibre
• Connectors are used in applications where – Flexibility is required in routing an
optical signal from lasers to receivers
– Reconfiguration is necessary
– Termination of cables is required
• Connector consists of 4 parts:
– Ferrule
– Connector body
– Cable
– Coupling device
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
18. Optical sources
An optical source is a major component of optical transmitters. Fiber
optic communication systems often use semiconductor optical
sources such as Light emitting diodes ( LEDs) and semiconductor
lasers.
Some of the advantages are:
•Compact in size
• High efficiency
• Good reliability
• Right wavelength range
• Small emissive area compatible with fibre core dimensions
• Possibility of direct emulation at relatively high frequencies
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
19. Optical Detectors
The role of an optical receiver is to convert the optical signal back into
electrical signal and recover the data transmitted through the optical
fibre communication system. Its vital component is a photo detector
that converts light into electricity through the photoelectric effect.
Some the advantages are:
· high sensitivity
· fast response
· low noise
· low cost
· high reliability
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
21. Fiber Grating
Fiber grating is made by periodically changing the refraction index
in the glass core of the fiber. The refraction changes are made by
exposing the fiber to the UV-light with a fixed pattern.
Glass core
Glass cladding Plastic jacket Periodic refraction index change
(Gratings)
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
22. Fiber Grating Basics
When the grating period is half of the input light wavelength, this
wavelength signal will be reflected coherently to make a large
reflection.
The Bragg Condition
Λ
λr = 2neff Λ
in
Reflection spectrum
reflect
Transmission spectrum
trans.
∆ n (refraction index difference)
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
23. Creating Gratings on Fiber
One common way to make gratings on fiber is using Phase Mask for
UV-light to expose on the fiber core.
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
24. Characteristics of FBG
It is a reflective type filter
Not like to other types of filters, the demanded
wavelength is reflected instead of transmitted
It is very stable after annealing
The gratings are permanent on the fiber after proper
annealing process
The reflective spectrum is very stable over the time
It is transparent to through wavelength signals
The gratings are in fiber and do not degrade the through
traffic wavelengths, very low loss
It is an in-fiber component and easily integrates to
other optical devices
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
25. Temperature Impact on FBG
The fiber gratings is generally sensitive to temperature change
(10pm/°C) mainly due to thermo-optic effect of glass.
Athermal packaging technique has to be used to compensate the
temperature drift
1533.8
1534.0
1534.2
1534.4
1534.6
1534.8
1535.0
1535.2
-5 15 35 55 75
Temperature (℃ )
CenterWavelength(nm)
Athermal
Normal
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
26. Types of Fiber Gratings
TYPES CHARACTERS APPLICATIONS
Simple reflective
gratings
Creates gratings on the fiber that
meets the Bragg condition
Filter for DWDM,
stabilizer, locker
Long period
gratings
Significant wider grating periods
that couples the light to cladding
Gain flattening filter,
dispersion
compensation
Chirped fiber
Bragg gratings
A sequence of variant period
gratings on the fiber that reflects
multiple wavelengths
Gain flattening filter,
dispersion
compensation
Slanted fiber
gratings
The gratings are created with an
angle to the transmission axis
Gain flattening filter
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
28. Current Applications of FBG
FBG for DWDM
FBG for OADM
FBG as EDFA Pump laser stabilizer
FBG as Optical amplifier gain flattening filter
FBG as Laser diode wavelength lock filter
FBG as Tunable filter
FBG for Remote monitoring
FBG as Sensor
….
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
29. Possible Use of FBG in System
Multiplexer
Dispersion
control EDFA
OADM
SwitchEDFA
Demux
ITU FBG filter
Dispersion
compensation filter
Pump stabilizer &
Gain flattening filter
ITU FBG filter
Tunable filter
ITU FBG filter
Pump stabilizer &
Gain flattening filter
E/O
Wave locker
Monitor
Monitor sensor
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
30. ITU FBG Filter for DWDM
λ1, λ2 … λn
FBG at λ1
λ1 λ2
Circulator Circulator
FBG at λ2
λ3
Circulator
FBG at λ3
...
λ1, λ2 … λn
FBG at λ1
λ1 λ2
Circulator Circulator
FBG at λ2
λ3
Circulator
FBG at λ3
...
Multiplexer
De-multiplexerRAM NIWAS BAJIYA
31. ITU FBG Filter for OADM
Circulator Circulator
FBG
Through signal
Dropped signal Added signal
Outgoing signal
Incoming signal
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
34. Gain Flattening Filter
1 5 0 0 1 5 2 0 1 5 4 0 1 5 6 0 1 5 8 0 1 6 0 0
W a v e l e n g t h ( n m )
- 1 5
- 1 0
- 5
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
Gain(dB)
Gain profile
GFF profile
Output
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA