bcon

PROJ. 01
EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 (BLD 60303)
SHAZLEEN SHAFIQAH BINTI SHAHRUL ROZI | 0324367
SARAH BINTI MOHAMED ESA | 0324805
POH JIA JOU | 0327192
LEE SHI YIN | 0324679
LIM PEIDI | 0324272
LIM ZHAO YIN | 0329356
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE(HONS) IN ARCHITECTURE

CONTENT
PAGE
NO.
   CONTENTS
SECTION TASK DONE BY PAGES
1.0
1.1
2.0
2.1
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.0
4.1
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
6.0
6.1
6.2
7.0
7.1
8.0
9.0

SHAZLEEN SHAFIQAH
LEE SHI YIN



POH JIA JOU

LIM PEIDI , LIM ZHAO YIN
LIM PEIDI


LIM ZHAO YIN

SARAH BINTI MOHD ESA

SARAH BINTI MOHD ESA

INRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO THE SITE
SITE AND SAFETY
PLANTS AND MACHINERIES
PRELIMINARIES
SITE LAYOUT
SITE CLEARING
SETTING OUT
EARTHWORK AND EXCAVATION
FOUNDATION
FOUNDATION TYPE & CONSTRUCTION
PROCESS
SUPERSTRUCTURES
BEAM
SLABS
COLUMN
WALLS
STAIRS
DOORS AND WINDOWS
DOORS
WINDOWS
ROOF
ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
1 - 3

4 - 10

11 - 15

16 - 22

21 - 35



36 - 41

42 - 47

48
49 - 50

1.1 introduction to the site
INTRODUCTION
1.0
HERMOSA VILLA @ ECO SANCTUARY SITE VISIT
01 | INTRODUCTION
[From Left] Sarah Esa, Lim Peidi, Lim Zhao Yin , Mr Tan (PIC of site), Poh Jia Jou, Lee Shi Yin, Shazleen Shafiqah

Hermosa Villa @ Eco Sanctuary Located near Kota Kemuning, Shah Alam
nestled between Putrajaya and Klang making it a strategic house development
site since it can be accesss by Klang major expressway and arterial road.
KEY PLAN
LOCATION PLAN
Eco sanctuary is a luxurius house development by EcoWorld that is 308 acres
wide and is surrounded by the rise and fall of the road in the Klang Valley.
02 | INTRODUCTION
HERMOSA VILLA
MASTERPLAN

SITE PLAN THE COLLECTION
HERMOSA VILLA
Semi Detach
26' x 80'
03 | INTRODUCTION

2.0 site and safety
SITE AND SAFETY
2.0
Safety is taken very seriously in every aspect at the site as its important to prevent from any serious injuries
from happening. Thus, prevent from any unnessacary death.
SIGNAGE
CONSTRUCTION
First thing that you see when you enter a construction.
Making its visible,is easier for the public to know the information regarding the project.
Information included contact of different bodies involved which is Project
Owner,Architect,Structural,Engineer,M&E Engineering,Landscape Architect,Quantity Surveyor and
Contractor.
SAFETY
The most apparent thing that can be seen on the site. It give the staff and anybody stepping the site a
heads up regarding their safety hazards.
Normally, in big eye catching size and colors like red, yellow and blue.
04 | SITE AND SAFETY
Danger Prohibition Mandatory
SHAZLEEN SHAFIQAH BINTI SHARUL ROZI | 0324367

SCAFFOLD
STANDARD SET BY THE DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (DOSH)
20.1.7 All scaffold require bracing to help prevent them from collapsing. All scaffold, including ‘
independent ‘ scaffold, should be secured tied, or otherwise support. Also known as staging, is a temporary
structure used to support worker in construction, maintenance and repair buildings and other man made
structures.
Scaffold is a temporary support system that is design to easily be transported, dismanteled and stored
compactly as it is use quite frequently in a large quantity.
Basic component of a scaffold consist of tubes,boards and couplers at the joint.
SAFETY NET
Is a passive safety system that is used on the site and the particular net use on this site is the Personnel
net that is design to catch personnel who fall from a high place.
05 | SITE AND SAFETYSHAZLEEN SHAFIQAH BINTI SHARUL ROZI | 0324367

SHAZLEEN SHAFIQAH BINTI SHARUL ROZI | 0324367 06 | SITE AND SAFETY
SAFETY HELMET
Safety helmet is used on an active construction or industrial site to protect the head by any
falling or flying object that is the personnel is expose to.
The suspension band help to spread the helmet weight throughout the top of the wearers
head.
Its also provide a suspension of 30mm between the head and the helmet incase of an object
strike the impact will less likely be transmitted directly to the skull.
32.Safety Helmet
(b) Every person exposed to falling or flying object and blows on the head shall wear well fittings industrial safety helmets
The worker work attire need to be proper to ensure greatest protection throughout the worker stays at the workplace.
This is to ensure the construction site is a safe and healthy work environment.
WORK ATTIRE
STANDARD SET BY THE DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (DOSH)
GLOVE
In any construction work a good glove is needed to protect the hands from harm way in the
process of construction.
Hence thats why they came in different material but particularly for our site they use fabric. The
gloves can be group to four catergories:
Leather,canvas and metal mesh
Fabric or Fabric coated
Chemical and liquid resistant glove
Insulating rubber glove

07 | SITE AND SAFETY
Boots is a compulsory thing that has to be present on every worker to prevent any injuries and
serious fracture.
The boots itself should be heat and puncture resistance to protect the feet from heat work
surface and sharp objects lying around the floor on the site. Safety shoe's are also design to be
electrical conductive to prevent the buildup of static electricity while working or nonconductive
to protect workers from electrical hazards.
BOOTS

The uses of machinery in the construction site is to make the construction work easier and going on smoothly
especially if its a bigger construction project.
BACKHOE LADDER
08 | PLANTS AND MACHINERY
is a mechanical excavator which draws towards itself a bucket attached to a hinged boom.
Also known as loadr backhoe or digger in layman term.
They are also very comon on construction site because of their versatile use and small size that pact a
power punch due to being hydraulically controlled.
Small demolation
Light transportation of building material
Excavation
Landscaping
Breaking Asphalt
Paving roads
MOBILE CRANE
Is mobile crane is a cable-controlled crane mounted on crawlers or rubber-tired carriers or a hydraulic-
powered crane with a telescoping boom mounted on truck-type carriers.During site visit, particularly the
crane was use to transport building material to the roof of a finish building. They do come in different
type for different construction situation.
Truck-Mounted Crane
Sidelifter Crane
Pick and Carry crane
Carry Deck Crane
Telescopic Crane and etc.
2.1 plants and machineries

PILE DRIVER
A pile driver is used to drive pile or hole's into the soil to provided a solid foundation supports for building
or other structures.
They came in two form which is the traditional and a revised version from the traditional form.
The traditional form included a heavy weight placed between the guide so that it slide up and down creating
a single line. The weight could be raised with different methods such as hydraulics,steam, diesel or manual
labor.
How its done is the weight will be raised on a certain height then it will be released smashing itself to the
pile in order to drive it to the ground.
DUMP TRUCK
Dump truck is speciffically used to transport loose material mainly sand, gravel, or demolation
waste in a construction. It is typical for a dump truck to be equiped with a huge open box and is
hinged at the rear with a hydraulic piston at the front making it easy to empty behind of the
truck on the ground.

CONCRETE MIXER
Concrete mixer has one use only in the construction site and that is to mix
homogenouesly water,cement and aggregate to form concrete that will be use to
bind the the material together.
Speciffically in our site they use a in-transit mixer truck to mix the cement during
transport. To transport the cement as the truck drum will keep spinning to remain
the cement it in its liquid state until delivery.
CHARGING
When the spiralling blade is rotated in one direction the blade push the cement
deeper into the drum
DISCHARGE
When its rotate in the other direction, blade push the concrete out of the drum
toward a drive chutes.

Archimedes design
based spiral blade.
Drive chutes

3.03.1 site layout
PRELIMINARIES
11 | PRELIMINARIESLEE SHI YIN | 0324679
SITE LAYOUT
Preliminaries describe what is required to
complete all activities and preparation
before the main construction works, in
accordance with the contracts.
ACCESS ROAD
SITE
ENTRANCE
allows vehicles and machineries
to access the construction site
from the main road
RETENTION POND
SITE OFFICE,
TEMPORARY TOILET,
AND STORAGE
HOARDING / FENCING
use for site meetings, storing
important site documents and
guess room during visitation.
store excess materials, and
park unused machinery and
workers' vechicles.
built around the construction
site to prevent unauthorized
access into the site.
CLUB HOUSE
DOUBLE STORY
TERRACE HOUSE
CANTEEN,
TEMPORARY WORKERS'
ACCOMODATION, AND
WORKERS' TOILET
place to allow workers to
have their meals, they are
also allowed to buy water
and snacks there.
subside sediments and
help with flood
managements. accommodate the workers.

Site clearance is necessary to remove any vegetation or obstruction in site to prepare the site for excavation or structure building. It involves the demolition
and removal of existing buildings and structures, digging out vegetation and removing the top soil.
3.2 site clearance
PROCESS OF SITE CLEARANCE
FIRST STAGE
SECOND STAGE
1. Removal of vegetation.
Bulldozers are used to uproot the
trees.
2. Removal of cleared vegetation.
Uprooted trunks and loose rocks
are collected together. Machinery
is used to tow heavier trunks.
THRID STAGE
3. Removal of topsoil. 30cm of top
soil removed because it contains
organic matter and roots. It is
weak for construction.
FOURTH STAGE
4. Excavation of desired depth of
soil. Removed soil is transported
to another space to be reused in
the future.
FIFTH STAGE
5. Backfill. Before backfilling the
soil with excavated soil, check for
huge lumps, and foreign
materials. Backfilling must be
done evenly layer by layer. Each
layer should not exceed 6 inches,
and be compacted to maximum
dry density of soil.
SIXTH STAGE
6. Compaction. The soil is
compacted to reduce air spaces
in the soil, which increases dry
unit weight and strength of the
soil in order to support building
structures.
Place blade against
trunk as high as
possible
Push out branches
and rubbish
Surface soil
5-30cm
Backfill thin layer
by layer

Setting out is done after site clearing is finished. Boundaries are marked and line on site to differentiate land between different occupants. The position of the
line must be cleared marked in site to be set up at any time and to ensure the correct positioning of various elements of the building plot.
3.3 setting out
PROCESS OF SETTING OUT
FIRST STAGE
SECOND STAGE
1. A base line where the whole
building can be set out is
established. This will be provided
on a setting out drawing for the
foundations.
2. Each corner of the baseline is
marked with a corner peg. The
lines are checked to make sure
it is right-angled, and is in
correct lengths.
THRID STAGE
3. Profile boards are set up to
determine the corners of the
buildings. These are to clearly
locate the trench, foundations and
walls.
Datum post
Profile boards
Main setting-out line
Site boundary
Baseline
Diagonal
checks

METHODS FOR CHECKING RIGHT ANGLES
BY USING 3-4-5 TRIANGLE
(PYTHAGORAS THEOREM)
BASELINE
BY USING SITESQUARE
Calculate the distance from the first peg to the second peg (A)
Lay out the distance from first peg to third peg (B)
Using formula: A² +B² = C²
The square root of C² will give an answer and secure a 90°
METHOD USED IN SETTING OUT
Baselines are reference lines in
were the building’s corners are
located on the ground. It coincides
with the site boundaries, and
determined by the local authority.
OFFSET PEGS
Off set pegs are normally used in
the form of baselines or grids or as
horizontal control points used to
establish the design of the
proposed structure. The offset
pegs are only used when the
original pegs are unable to be
installed.
TEMPORARY BENCHMARK (TBM)
The TBM is a fixed point on a site
to which all levels are related and
should be established at an early
stage. Where possible the TBM
should relate to an ordnance
bench mark. On the site, it relates
to any permanent fixture, like a
manhole cover or firmly-driven
post.
90°

Earthwork involves removing, moving and adding large quantities of soil, rocks from an existing land to another area.This is done to achieve a suitable level or
height for a construction purpose. The specific type of earthwork done is determined by the condition of the site and soil and to prepare the site for other
construction works such as making roadways, works on bridges and undertunnels.
3.4 earthwork and excavation
TYPES OF EXCAVATION ON SITE
TOPSOIL EXCAVATION
The removal of topsoil is one of
the requirements in Building
Regulation Requirement. The
depth excavated varies from site
to site but normally in a range of
150mm to 300mm. Topsoil
contains organic and decaying
matters which makes it
compressible and not strong
enough to support the building
structures.
TRENCH EXCAVATIONS
Trench excavation is a narrow
excavation primarily for strip
foundations and buried services.
Excavation on site:
The sides and top of the excavations
needs to be stable and be able to
support to:
- protect the workers while
working in the excavation;
- keep the excavation open by
acting as a retaining wall to the
sides of the trench;
- prevent any hazard falling into
the excavation.
The centre rod moves up and down
the excavation checking depth; the
two side rails are placed in the
ground next to the excavation.
Before a foundation can be
laid, it is necessary to
excavate a trench of
required depth and width. It
is a temporary earthwork
support and the type and
amount needed depends on
the type of soil, depth and
nature of subsoil, depth of
excavation, weather
condition and duration.
90°

4.04.1 foundation type and construction process
FOUNDATION
16 | FOUNDATIONPOH JIA JOU | 0327192
PILE FOUNDATION
Pile foundation is a deep foundation system that transfers the load of the
building to a deeper layer of dense sand and gravel below the soil.
Precast reinforced concrete piles are used at the site. Piles are first cast at
ground level and then hammered or driven into the ground using a pile driver.
Pile Cap
Low Density
Medium Density
High Density
Precast Reinforced Concrete Pile
________
____
______
Load
Structure
Transfer the loads to the higher
density subsoil
Provide bearing resistance
to support the structure above
Lower cost
High load bearing capacities
Better quality control
Defects can be easily identified & repaired
Highly resistant to chemical actions of subsoil
Difficult to transport
Causes noise pollution
Possible breakage of pile due to impact
Limited in length
Advantages of precast concrete pile
Disadvantages of precast concrete pile
PROS & CONS
The subsoil water level is high
The soil is subject to have poor bearing capacity at shallow depth
To resist uplift loads
To reduce settlements at sites
Why is pile foundation used?

END BEARING PILE DISPLACEMENT PILE
Pile tip setting on hard bearing strata
(high density soil), which carries the
load on the pile.
Strength of the soil increases as the surrounding
soil is compacted, thus increasing pile capacity
and stiffness
Soft soil
Provide little
or no support
Hard soil
Completed
pilePrecast reinforced
concrete pile
Pile
Drop Hammer
Displacement pile is the type of pile installation method at the site.
This installation method causes the soil to be displaced radially as
well as vertically when the pile is hammered into the ground.
The piles are classified as end bearing piles, as they are driven into the
ground till hard strata of soil is achieved. End bearing pile rests on hard
firm soil. The load of the structure is transmitted through the piles into
the firm soil.
The depth of the pile is deeper compared to friction pile and it is
approximately 33 meters.
Advantages of end bearing pile
Advantages of displacement pile
Pile spacing
Space between piles have a distance not less than 2.5 pile
diameters.
_____
_____
______
____
__________
_____
_____
_____
Settlements are minimised
Pile material quality can be inspected before hammering
No need for soil disposal
Can be driven in very long lengths

PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE
To reinforce the pile to resist the stresses
produced on account of its handling,
driving & the loading
Concrete
Steel
Types of pile shoe at site:Material Analysis
2. Pointed MS Plate Pile Shoe
8mm thick plate
Solid Cast Iron
15mm thick plate
Act as initial pile
Act as extension pile
1. Flat Pile Shoe
Contain a minimum cement content of 350
kg/cu.m, the characteristic strength of concrete
shall be 45 N/sq.mm
Shape used : Square
Normally comes in standard length of : 3m, 6m, 9m, 12m
Length varies according to piling points.
_____
___
__
___
______
_____
Lifting Hook
Attached when casting, to clearly indicate
position for lifting to avoid and undue stresses

PROCESS OF PILE INSTALLATION
All units shall be stored on an unyielding ground & stacked with timber.
Initial & extension piles are measured and marked. If uneven length is
marked, it will be cut to the same level.
1. Delivery of precast reinforced concrete piles
2. Pile load test
4. Marking of pile points on the ground
3. Marking on the piles
Timber
To avoid damage of piles
___
Test load is performed on at least 1 pile per delivery.
3 - 4 dial gauges to measure the settlement of pile head.
Test pile must not form part of the real foundation.
Anchor pile
To support the
reaction beam
Jack
To apply load on
the testpile
Anchor rod
Reaction beam
Extension pile
Initial pile
Testpile
___
___
___
_________
___________
___
___
It is crucial to mark the piling points precisely, so that no pile is
misplaced. Pile spacing is not less than 2.5 pile diameters.

5. Lifting and driving pile into piling point
6. Hammering pile into ground
8. Bitumen applied at joint
7. Welding of pile
Bitumen
Act as waterproof paint
to prevent rust
______
Drop Hammer
Pile Driver
_____
_____
___
Extension pile
Initial pile
Joint
___
___
9. Cutting off excessive extension pile to the same level
Pile cutting machine

10. Pile cap excavation work
11. Soil compaction
12. Chipping of pile & Lean concrete work
13. Pile cap reinforcement work
14. Column stump reinforcement work
Soil around piles is
excavated to prepare for
pile cap construction
_____
Concrete of pile head is
chipped off to expose
reinforcement
Reinforcement
________
_______
Pile reinforcement
Column stump
reinforcement
50 mm lean concrete
To prepare for pile cap
reinforcement
_____
___
____
_________
Proper compaction is
carried out

15. Installing pile cap form work
16. Concreting pile cap
17. Leveling & Hardening of RC pile cap
18. Removal of form work & Waterproofing pile cap
Form work_____
_____
______
____
_____
Concrete
____________
Column stump reinforcement
Reinforced Concrete
Pile Cap
________
___
Pile cap
Pile cap plan
6 Piles
Column

5.0SUPER STRUCTURE
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF CONCRETE GROUND BEAM
Beams are horizontal structural elements
which carries loads to the wall and columns.
Concrete beam is used at site.
Excavation for Ground Beam
1 2 3
4 5
Backfilling
Column stump constructed
The beam is reinforced by a tie and a smaller link - R6 link in
holding the structure together.
Formwork constructed
150mm spacing between each line
R6 link
Concrete is poured into the formwork and formwork
removed after 3 days
Construction Details of Ground Beam
5.1 beam
23 | SUPER STRUCTURELIM PEIDI | 0324272

GROUND FLOOR CONCRETE SLAB CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Slabs are the horizontal elements that transfer loads to the beam and
are supported by beams and columns. Concrete slab is used at site.
Ground beam is casted 600mm below ground Hardcore and lean concrete is layered for 475mm Anti-termite spray is applied
Damp proof membrane is immediately applied
after that
Formwork is set up
Sewer pipes are installed Rebar installed and supported by 25mm spacer
blocks
Concrete is poured on the rebars Formwork removed after 7 days
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
5.2 slabs
Ground Beam
600mm below
ground
Lean Concrete
Hardcore120mm
Ground Beam Anti-termite
spray
Damp Proof
Membrane
Sewer Pipe
Formwork
Concrete

GROUND FLOOR SLAB LAYERS
Resist compression
Concrete Slab
Reinforcement : Transfers loads & beam
BRC Mesh
Prevents water leaking through
Damp Proof Membrane
Repels termites
Anti-termite Spray
Provides flat surfaces
Lean Concrete
Fills any void in the ground
Hardcore
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF CONCRETE GROUND COLUMN
Columns are vertical structural elements which transfers
loads from roof , beams , slabs and ceilings to the foundation .
Concrete columns are used at site.
York
Main Rebar
Formwork
Excess rebar
for the next
floor
Lapping
Column
Stump
Reinforced bar is set up by lapping the
column stump
Formwork is inserted and york is used
here to support the column to avoid
pressure of the fluid.
Concrete is casted into the formwork.
The formwork is shaken and vibrated to
eliminate the air inside
Hydration process allows the column to
be 2.5 times stronger . The formwork is
removed after 3 days
1 2 3 4
Concrete
5.3 column

GROUND FLOOR COLUMN RECTANGULAR COLUMN COLUMN SIZE
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
COLUMNS
Rectangular Column is used at the ground floor as it
need to carry more loads
The size of the column is different from
level to level. Ground floor has a bigger size
and more reinforcement column compared
to the first floor's column. This is because
ground floor column need to carry more
load compared to the ground floor column.
Section of Rectangular
Column

FIRST FLOOR CONCRETE BEAM CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Supports are erected and soffits are fit Formworks constructed Steel reinforcement is placed in the
formwork
Formwork erected on the otherside
Concrete is poured into the formwork Formwork is removed after 3 days
First Floor Beam
1 2 3 4
5
6
5.1 beam
Support
Formwork
Formwork
Steel
Reinforcement

FIRST FLOOR SLAB FIRST FLOOR COLUMN
Normally, there will be less layers for the first floor slab compared to the ground
floor slab
There will be less and smaller column at the first floor as not needed much
support as the ground floor column
The slab that is used for the site is one way slab . It is supported by beams in only
2 sides.
One Way Slab
Column at first floor
Square Column
Sections of square column
Concrete
Concrete
BRC Mesh
5.2 slab 5.3 column

Walls are the vertical constructions of a building that enclose, separate and protect its interior spaces.
Masonry Bonding
Masonry Wall
Exterior boundary
wall / fencing
Running Bond
Building wall
Running bond is used in both
the walls of the building and
the exterior boundary wall /
fencing.
Stretcher
Mortar is a plastic mixture of cement or lime, or a combination of both, with
sand and water, used as a bonding agent in masonry construction.
Consists of modular building blocks bonded together with mortar to form
walls.
Durable.
Non-combustible.
Strong in compression.
Common types of masonry units used are bricks.
May be constructed as solid walls, cavity walls, or veneered walls.
Commonly used for cavity and veneer walls.
Composed of overlapping stretchers.
30 | SUPER STRUCTURELIM ZHAO YIN | 0329356
Masonry walls are used throughout the building.
5.4 walls
WALL SYSTEM

TYPES OF BRICKS USED
For the building: Clay brick For the exterior boundary wall / fencing: Sand brick (Sand lime brick)
Extruded from mixture of clay, coal and water then dried and fired with high
temperature in kiln.
Dark orange or deep red in colour.
Thermal and acoustic insulation.
Zero maintenance cost.
Versatile and flexible in application.
Processing time is only a few days.
Pressed from mixture of dolomite lime, clean sand, fly ash and water, then
autoclaved.
Pearl-grey in colour.
Consistent in shape, size and texture:
- Presents a smoother finish which will no longer require plastering.
- Less mortar usage with high cost reduction.
Durable and can withstand weather.
Trowel

CONSTRUCTION OF MASONRY WALL (BRICKWORK)
1. Mortar is prepared by mixing cement, lime, sand,
water and bonding agent.
3. Bricks are put down at each side corner and
the height of brick and the length of the wall is
measured and marked.
2. A layer of mortar bed is spread as footer.
Mortar bed
Concrete footing
5. The first row of bricks are laid from a corner on the
mortar bed and the balance is checked using a spirit
level.
4. Setup lines are hooked up at each ends of the
walls according to the measurements as an
indicator to keep the courses straight.
6. The height of each new course is checked and
ensured to be an additional 10mm high.
10mm
7. Laying process is continued and excess mortar is
cut off with trowel.
8. Process is repeated until the destined height. 9. In certain walls. bricks are placed at a 45° to fill up
the remaining rows at the top.
Trowel
Length of wall
Height of brick
Setup line
Spirit level

PLASTERWORK
Plaster refers to any of various mixture applied in pasty form to the surfaces of walls or ceilings in a plastic state and allowed to harden and dry. The most common
type of plaster used in construction is gypsum plaster,
Exterior Plastering (from site)Interior Plastering (from site)
Gypsum plaster is durable, relatively lightweight,
and fire resistant material, that is not subject to
moist or wet conditions.
Portland cement plaster (stucco) is a coarse plaster
that is weather- and fire- resistant. It is applied in a
plastic state to form a hard covering for exterior
walls.
Plaster is applied directly over brick masonry as the
surface is sufficiently rough and porous to allow a
good bond.
After plastering, the desired colors of paint is
applied to both the interior and exterior walls
for aesthetic purposes.
Trowel smoothed render finishes.
Painting
1. Two-coat gypsum plaster is applied over the
interior walls.
1.Stucco is applied in two coats over the exterior
walls.
2. Interior plastering is finished with skim coat to
smoothen the surface.
Direct Application
2. Exterior plastering is finished through cement
rendering to produce texture and decorative effects.
Two- or three- coat
gypum plaster
Masonry surface

Stairs provide means for moving from one level to another and are therefore important links in the overall circulation scheme of a building.
Landing
The large flat area of flooring
between two flight of stairs
that acts as a resting place for
users.
Baluster
The vertical post
in a balustrade.
Nosing
A projecting
edge of the tread
extending
beyond the riser;
usually rounded
for safety
precautions.
Balustrade
The collection of rails and
posts with a rail along the
top that form the waist
height wall to the sides of
stairs.
Stringer
Acts as a support to
the side of the stairs
that holds the tread
and risers in place.
Handrail
The continuous rail on top
of the balustrade to aid
users in climbing or
descending the stair.
Risers
The vertical part
of a step.
Treads
The horizontal part of a step.
5.5 stairs

STAIR PLAN REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRS CONSTRUCTION
Designed as an inclined, one-way reinforced
slab with steps formed on its upper surface.
Requires careful analysis of load span, and
support conditions.
1. The riser height, tread width, and width and height of
rise and run of stairs is measured.
2. Measurements of rise and run and marked on two
plywood sheet, then cut out and installed with
timber decking with reinforced steel bar and wooden
stakes as bracing.
Double Quarter-Turn Stair
A double quarter-turn stairs turns 180° or
through two right angles at two intervening
landings.
The flights connected by the landing(s) may be
equal or unequal, depending on the desired
proportion of the stairway opening.
Can be easily fit into architectural plans.
Landings offer a resting point part way up the
stairs.
Concrete Stair
Decking with reinforced bar
Side form
Wooden stakes
4. Concrete is mixed poured from the lowest step
into the timber formwork. The concrete is allowed
to set before proceeding with the next upper layers.
3. Riser boards are cut out and installed with coated
lubricant so concrete can be released easily.
5. Riser steps are first removed from top to bottom when
the concrete can hold its shape. A trowel is used to
smoothen the surfaces. Side forms and bracers are then
removed after curing of concrete.
6. Handrails and flooring are installed upon
completion.
Rise
Riser
Tread
Run
Riser board
Upper layers
Lowest step
Trowel used to smoothen
surface of riser.
Lower riser board still intact.
Finishing timber
handrails and flooring.
Double Quarter-
Turn Stair
Quarter-Turn Stair
A quarter-turn or L-shaped stair makes a right
angled turn in the path or travel.

6.0
DOOR TYPES
DOORS AND WINDOWS
6.1 doors
SARAH BINTI MOHAMED ESA | 0324805 36 | DOORS AND WINDOWS
Door is a moving structure used to block off, and allow access to, an entrance
to or within an enclosed space. Doors normally consists of a panel that swings on
hinges at the edge.
FLUSH DOOR SLIDING GLASS DOOR METAL FRAMED GLASS DOOR

FLUSH DOORS
SARAH BINTI MOHAMED ESA | 0324805 37 | DOORS AND WINDOWS
DOOR OPERATION:
SWINGING DOOR
- Most convenient operation
for entry and passage
- Most effective door type
for thermal and acoustic
insulation
DOOR FRAME
A. TYPE :
STANDARD - DOUBLE
RABBET DOOR FRAME
- Standard finish : factory primed for
paintings
- Frames are mortised and
reinforced to receive hinges, strike and
closer.
B. INSTALLATION :
WRAP-AROUND INSTALLATION
DOOR FRAME ANCHOR :
STEEL STUD ANCHOR

METAL SLIDING GLASS DOOR
38 | DOORS AND WINDOWS
INSTALLATION

FRAMED GLASS DOOR
INSTALLATION
Glass doors are constructed of heat-
strengthened or tempered glass with or
without stiles and are used primarily as
entranced doors
DOOR OPERATION:
SWINGING DOOR

DOOR HINGES
TYPE : BUTT - HINGES
  Butt Hinges are composed of two leaves
joined together by a pin and secured to the
abutting surfaces wood and hollow metal
doors.
DOOR HANDLES
TYPE : LEVER HANDLES

TYPE : PULL HANDLES & PUSH PLATES

DOOR LOCKSET
- Mortise lock is housed within a mortise
cut into the door edge so that the lock
mechanism is covered on both sides.
- Lock is concealed except for the faceplat
at the door edge, knobs or levers, a
cylinder and operating trim.
TYPE : MORTISE LOCK

FIXED WINDOWS
WINDOW FRAME : ALUMINIUM

-. low in cost, lightweight,
corrosion resistant
- requires synthetic rubber or
plastic thermal breaks to
interrupt the flow of heat
from the warm side of the
frame to the cool side of the
frame.
Fixed windows are when glass panes are
permanently fixed in the opening of the
wall. The shutter can't be opened or close.
6.2 windows

7.0
FLAT ROOF
ROOF
42 | ROOFS
Flat roofs can efficiently covers a building of any
horizontal dimensions.
In warmer climates, many flat roofs are simply built of
masonry or concrete which is good at keeping out the heat
from the sun.
7.1 roof type and construction process

43 | ROOFS
FLAT ROOF CONSTRUCTION
A. STRUCTURE OF FLAT ROOF
STRUCTURAL STEEL ROOF FRAMING
The primary and secondary roof beams act
as the support of the open-web steel joist,
roof deck and concrete slabs.
OVERHANGING BEAMS
WARREN TRUSSES
Warren trusses have inclined web
members forming a series of equilateral
triangles to spread out the loads for the
roof deck.
The overhanging beams may create eaves
for the residential building. This is to
protect the walls and windows from the
rainwater. It also provides shades by
controlling solar penetration.

44 | ROOFS
A. STRUCTURE OF FLAT ROOF
To resist uplifting wind forces,every joist
must be securely anchored to its
supporting structure
OPEN WEB STEEL JOIST TO SUPPORT THE ROOF
STRUCTURE
Joists are left bear on the wall to form flush
or overhanging roof edge.
Continuous bearing plate are bolted to
masonry wall for roof deck.
The horizontal bridging must securely
anchored to the end of the wall.
The function of steel joist is to provide
direct support for roof deck and transfer
load imposed on the deck to the structural
frame.
Fillet welds function to join two metals
together; the trusses onto the beams

45 | ROOFS
B. ASSEMBLIES OF FLAT ROOF
1. The roof deck must be stiff enough to maintain the desired slope under expected loading conditions.
2. A vapor retarder impedes the passage of water vapor into the roofing assembly.
3. Thermal insulation to provide the required resistance to heat flow through the roof assembly.
4. Roof membrane is the waterproofing layer of the roof as well as transporting rainwater to the roof drains.
5. Drainage layer permits the free flow of water to the roof drains.

46 | ROOFS
Serves for permanent formwork for concrete slabs
ROOF DECK
1. CEMENTITIOUS ROOF PLANK 2. REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOF SLABS
Roof slabs are normally covered with a type of membrane roofing.

47 | ROOFS
- installed below the structural roof deck
4. THERMAL INSULATION
- when located below the roof deck, the thermal insulation
typically consist of batt insulation installed over a vapor
retarder.
- a ventilated air space between the the insulation and the roof
deck is required to dissipate any water vapor that migrates into
the construction assembly.
3. VAPOR RETARDER
The use of vapor retarder is to protect the
insulation layer of flat roof assemblies.
When a vapor retarder is present, top vents may be required to
allow any trapped moisture to escape from between the vapor
retarder and the roofing membrane.

8.0SUMMARY
8.0 SUMMARY
48 | SUMMARY
It was a great experience being able to have a site visit to a real construction site. We learned a lot from
this site visit. Looking at the details of every construction stages actually amazed us. Thoughtful
planning, detailed constructions and hard labour at the construction site actually opened up our eyes.
Through this site visit, we had gained an experience that cannot be found from pages of a book.
After visiting the construction site, we did further research and studied the information that we have
gathered. By using the knowledge that we had learned from the Building Construction I lectures and
with some further studies, we were able to know more about each stage of different processes. We were
also able to apply the knowledge we had learned through the subject Building Material from the
previous semester (semester 1).
Through this project, we realized that every construction process needs to be detailed and precised.
Every dimension needs to be taken into consideration. The design of the building is important, but the
practical of structure built is far more important to ensure the safety of the users.

9.0REFERENCES
9.0 REFERENCES
49 | REFERENCES
• 2017, 0., 2016, 0., 2016, 0., 04. Guidelines for Public Safety and Health at Construction Sites, 2., 05. Guidelines for the Prevention of Falls at Workplaces, 2., 06.
Guidelines on Trenching for Construction Safety, 2., & 07. Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health in Tunnel Construction, 1. Website Department of
Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia - Building Construction & Engineering Work. Dosh.gov.my. Retrieved 18 May 2017, from
http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/legislation/guidelines/building-construction-engineering-work
• 5 Types of Bricks: Applications and Advantages
Juan Rodriguez - https://www.thebalance.com/bricks-types-uses-and-advantages-844819
• Abid Khan, top 10 at Student Follow. (2015, November 03). Pile foundation. Retrieved May 20, 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/AbidKhan58/pile-
foundation-54671070
• Brinsmead, N. (2016, December 02). Overhanging Eaves. Retrieved May 21, 2017, from https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/overhanging-eaves/
• Chhay Teng, Lecturer at NPIC Follow. (2012, February 20). Rebar arrangement and construction carryout. Retrieved May 22, 2017, from
https://www.slideshare.net/tengchhay/rebar-arrangement-and-construction-carryout-11674056
• Ching, Francis D.K. 1991. Building Construction Illustrated. New York.
• Chudly, R. 2006, Construction Technology. 4th Edition. Pearson and Prentice Hall. Lyons, Arthur, 2004
• Civil Engineering (Beams,Columns). Retrieved May 22, 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/mbrsalman/civil-engineering-beamscolumns
• Comparison between Calcium Silicate Bricks and Concrete Bric
Ikram Zulkepli - https://prezi.com/jfbsmn07eco6/comparison-between-calcium-silicate-bricks-and-concrete-bric/
• Construction Work Gloves - Various Styles & Protection Levels. Superiorglove.com. Retrieved 19 May 2017, from http://www.superiorglove.com/industry-
gloves/construction-gloves
• Eco Sanctuary - Terezza | The Collections. Retrieved May 22, 2017, from http://www.ecoworld.my/ecosanctuary/the_collections-terraza.htmlMbrsalman Follow.
(2011, June 02)
• Engineering, B. O. (n.d.). Best of Civil Engineers. Retrieved May 21, 2017, from http://bestofcivilengineers.blogspot.my/2015/05/precast-concrete-piles-
advantages.html
• Exterior Sliding Doors. (n.d.). Retrieved May 20, 2017, from http://www.kithomebasics.com/exterior-sliding-doors.html
• Fillet weld. (2017, April 02). Retrieved May 21, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillet_weld
• G. (2015, April 28). Flat roof installation step by step , must watch! Retrieved May 20, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zR3pxhvOh9w&t=146s

50 | REFERENCES
• guidelines-for-preparation-of-demonstration-of-safe-operation. Dosh.gov.my. Retrieved 19 May 2017, from
http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/legislation/guidelines/industrial-safety/613-02-guidelines-for-preparation-of-demonstration-of-safe-operation-
document-general-2001/file
• How to Build Concrete Stairs
http://www.doityourself.com/stry/how-to-build-concrete-stairs
• It All Starts with the Roof Deck. (n.d.). Retrieved May 20, 2017, from http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/10871/title/it-all-starts-with-the-roof-
deck
• Machiney Safeties. Dosh.gov.my. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/legislation/regulations-1/regulations-under-factories-
and-machinery-act-1967-act-139/534-15-factories-and-machinery-safety-health-and-welfare-regulations-1970/file
• occupational-safety-and-health-. Dosh.gov.my. Retrieved 19 May 2017, from http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/legislation/regulations-1/osha-1994-act-
154/526-06-occupational-safety-and-health-safety-and-health-committee-regulations-1996/file
• Open web steel joist. (2017, April 07). Retrieved May 21, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_web_steel_joist
• Parts of a Staircase
http://www.interiordezine.com/stairs/parts-of-a-staircase/
• Pile Foundation: Suitability, Classification and Construction Features. (2015, January 05). Retrieved May 21, 2017, from
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/soil/pile-foundation-suitability-classification-and-construction-features/45695/
• Pile Foundations | Types of Piles | Cassions. (n.d.). Retrieved May 20, 2017, from http://www.understandconstruction.com/pile-foundations.html
• regulations-under-factories-and-machinery-act. Dosh.gov.my. Retrieved 19 May 2017, from http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/legislation/regulations-
1/regulations-under-factories-and-machinery-act-1967-act-139/534-15-factories-and-machinery-safety-health-and-welfare-regulations-1970/file
• Reichel, Alexander; Hochberg, Annette; Köpke, Christine (28 June 2005). Plaster, Render, Paint and Coatings: Details, Products, Case Studies (Detail Practice).
• Retrieved 19 May 2017, from http://www.nsc.org/Membership%20Site%20Document%20Library/Data-Sheets/608.pdf
• Safe use of safety nets – Worksafe - Construction. Construction.worksafe.govt.nz. Retrieved 19 May 2017, from
http://construction.worksafe.govt.nz/guides/safe-use-of-safety-nets/
• Sagnik Datta Follow. (2015, July 29). PILE-CAP & Batching plant. Retrieved May 20, 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/SagnikDatta3/pilecap-batching-
plant
• STAIR CASE: BUILDING MATERIAL AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Abhisek Panda - http://www.academia.edu/15517167/STAIR_CASE_BUILDING_MATERIAL_AND_BUILDING_CONSTRUCTION
• Step by step guide for how to build a slab-on-grade. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2017, from http://www.ecohome.net/guide/slab-grade-construction-step-step-
guide
• The Best Types of Bricks Ideal for Brick Fencing
http://creativeconcreteproducts.com.au/best-types-bricks-ideal-brick-fencing/
• Types of Piles. (n.d.). Retrieved May 20, 2017, from http://www.aboutcivil.org/types-classification-of-piles.html

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