Building Construction

1. Assignment 1(BLD60303107506)
EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION
TUTOR: AR. ALICE LIM
2018
HO MIN YEE 0328710
CHONG MIN 0333339
LEE JIA YEE 0333311
GAN MING YI 0333281
LOO YING YEE 0332649
SIDNEY WAHOME KANYI 0332589

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO. CONTENTS PAGES STUDENTS
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
INTRODUCTION OF SITES
PRELIMINARIES
2.1 SITE AND SAFETY
2.2 SITE LAYOUT
2.3 MACHINERIES
2.4 TEMPORARY FACLITIES
2.5 SITE CLEARANCE
2.6 EARTHWORK & EXCAVATION
2.7 SETTING OUT
FOUNDATION
3.1 DEFINITION OF FOUNDATION
3.2 FOUNDATION ON SITE
3.3 METHOD OF INSTALLATION
3.4 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
STRUCTURE
4.1 GROUND FLOOR BEAM
4.2 GROUND FLOOR SLAB
4.3 COLUMNS
4.4 FIRST FLOOR BEAM
4.5 FIRST FLOOR SLAB
WALL
5.1 TYPES OF WALL
5.2 BRICK ARRANGEMENT
5.3 COMPONENTS OF WALLS SYSTEM
5.4 CONSTRUCTION OF WALLS
5.5 PROCESS OF PLASTERING
STAIRCASE
6.1 SPECIFICATION
6.2 TYPE OF STARECASE
6.3 MATERIALITY
6.4 CALCULATION
6.5 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
REFERENCES
GAN MING YI
SIDNEY/CHONG MIN
GAN MING YI
SIDNEY
GAN MING YI
LOO YING YEE
CHONG MIN / HO MIN YEE
LEE JIA YEE
HO MIN YEE

3. SINGLE STOREY TERRACE
Developer: Tahap Mewah
Development Sdn Bhd
SITE A
LOT 3719, Jalan Jambu, KU 10, Mukim Kapar,
Daerah Klang, Klang Bandar Diraja,
Selangor Dahrul Ehsan
DOUBLE STOREY SHOWROOM
Developer: AMD Construction Sdn Bhd
SITE B
PT 7420, Jalan Kim Chuan Pekan Pandamaran, Daerah
Klang Selangor Darul Ehsan
1.0 INTRODUCTION OF SITES

4. SINGLE STOREY TERRACE
Developer: Setia Usahajaya Sdn.Bhd
SITE C
FACTORY
SITE D
Persiaran Sungai Keramat, Jalan Sungai Puloh Klang
Developer: Devoted Action Sdn Bhd
LOT 4333, Jalan Pipit, Mukim Teluk Panglima
Garang, Daerah Kuala Langat, Selangor Darul
Ehsan
SITE E
BANGALOW
TamanDelina,Kluang,Johor.

5. PRELIMINARIES (or 'prelims’)
may appear in tender documents, providing a description of a project that allows the contractor to assess costs which, whilst
they do not form a part of any of the package of works required by the contract, are required by the method and circumstances
of the works.
2.0 PRELIMINARIES

6. The site safety is important as unpredictable tragedies are prone to happen in construction sites. Site safety should be ensured by achieving proper operating conditions to prevent accidents or mitigation of the
consequences of accidents
2.1 SITE AND SAFETY
SAFETY SIGNBOARDS
This is basically the first thing you see when entering a construction site. This ensures
that the site is not a cause of danger to its workers or members of the public.
Examples of the different types of signs are Prohibition signs, mandatory signs and warning signs as
shown in the above images respectively.

7. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Safety is a major issue for day laborers and skilled laborers. This equipment protects workers against health or safety risks on the job. The purpose is to reduce employee exposure to hazards
when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels.
PROPER SAFETY EQUIPMENT
UNPROPER SAFETY EQUIPMENT
Hat
Normal shirt
Glove
Boots
Safety Helmet
To protect head from falling objects
Safety Glasses
To protect eyes from
flying particles
Gloves
To prevent hands get injured
Ear muff
To protect ears from
excessive noise
Boots
To protects feet from sharp and falling
obejects
Safety Vest
To protect body
Mask
To protect face from injury

8. GLOVES
Glove should fit snugly.
Workers should wear the right gloves for the job (Ex: heavy-duty
rubber gloves for concrete work; welding gloves for welding; insulated
gloves and sleeves when exposed to electrical hazards).
FOOTWEAR
Construction workers should wear work shoes or boots with slip-
resistant and puncture-resistant soles.
Safety-toed footwear is worn to prevent crushed toes when working
around heavy equipment or falling objects.
SAFETY VEST AND HARNESS
Safety vests are designed in fluorescent colors such as green,
yellow and orange make it easier for workers to see and locate one
another. The standard ensures that these colors are up to par for
the work environments they are to be used in. Safety vests help
distinguish unauthorized individuals within a particular work place.
Harness connects body and rope together, is one of the most
important parts of fall arrest system. Except of above-mentioned
function it is used as gear carrier and when rappelling or just
relaxing in the wall it is relatively comfortable and simple chair-
like item.
MASK
A facemask is a loose-fitting, disposable device that creates a physical barrier
between the mouth and nose of the wearer and potential contaminants in the
immediate environment.
SAFETY HELMET
Head injuries can come from falling objects; striking fixed objects, such as
unprotected ends of scaffolding poles or other projections; or from
restricted headroom. Wearing a hard hat can prevent, or at least reduce the
severity of, a head injury. Hard hat colors can signify different roles on
construction sites. These color designations vary from company to company
and work site to work site.
LABORER
HSE OFFICER
SUBCONTARCTOR SUPERVISOR
OPERATOR
Airbag collar
(inflated)
Vitals monitor
GPS sensor
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
It is an essential item found in construction sites
used to extinguish fires incase of emergencies
FIRST AID KIT
Injuries often happen in construction
sites .A first aid kit is therefore a
necessary item in all sites to ensure
safety to all workers and to guarantee
them a means of first help when
injured.

9. 2.2 SITE LAYOUT
Proposed buildings
Changing room
Labour Shed
Washroom
Storage
Project signage
Entrance
Water Utility
Fencing
Site layout of Site A
Legend:
Access road

10. REINFORCING STEEL BAR BENDING MACHINE
It is obvious that reinforcement bars are usually used to straighten the building
structures.In construction and masonry industries,reinforcement bar bending
machines are necessary.Because they can be used to reinforce the concrete
structures to make architectures more safe.
TRACTOR
A tractor is used to deliver at a high tractive effort at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling
machinery used in construction.
MOBILE CRANE
Mobile cranes are able to lift thousands of
pounds using the simple concept of
transmitting forces from point to point
through a fluid.In essence,they work by
harnessing the strength that liquid under
pressure gives.
2.3 MACHINERIES

11. CRANE
A crane is equipped with
ahoist rope, wire ropes
or chains and sheaves
that can be used both to
lift and lower materials
and to move them
horizontally.
FLAT BED TRUCK
As the name
suggests,its bodywork
is entirely flat allowing
for quick and easy
loading of goods and
are used to transport
heavy loads that are
not delicate or
vulnerable to rain,and
also for abnormal
loads that require
more space than is
available on a closed
body.
DUMP TRUCK
Used for transporting loose
material for construction
and is equipped with an
open-box bed which is
hinged at the rear and
equipped with hydraulic
rams to lift the
front,allowing the material
in the bed to be deposited
on the ground behind the
truck at the site of delivery.
HAND FEED CONCRETE
MIXER
This combines
cement,aggregate such
as sand or gravel,and
water to form concrete
using a revolving drum
to mix the components.

12. 2.4 TEMPORARY FACILITIES
Site office
It provide accommodation for site manager, provide space for meetings and to provide
storage for site documentation
Labour shed
It is built for labour who work in the construction project stay at site safely. The shed is made at
site with essential facilities like water and power supply and sanitation.
Water Supply
Water is stored in water tank to
provide sufficient water supply
for the workers. The water comes
from a pipe which connected to
the city’s water supply line.
Electric Supply
Our site’s electricity
line is connected to
city’s power supply
line so it has a power
box to determine the
power used.

13. Drainage
Sanitary facilities
It is built to ensure cleanliness of labour. It is laid in a way which is convenient and within
easy reach of the workmen
Drainage is the artificial removal of water, both surface and sub-surface. It is necessary to
avoid flooding and other damage.

14. HOARDING
Hoarding is a temporary structure of solid construction, erected around the
perimeter of construction sites to shield them from view and prevent unauthorised
access.
SIGN & NOTICES
Provide protection for the
public, resist impact damage,
resist anticipated wind
pressures and adequately lit
at night
• It show the names and organisations who participated in the contract
• Assist in directing plant and materials deliveries
• To help maintain good public relations
It is made of aluminium and the
height is 2.4m
Project
Owner
Architect’s firm
Engineering
Consultant
Quantity survey’s firm
Main contractor
JKR Approval

15. SCAFFOLDING
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to provide a safe working place at a convenient height.
Mobile Scaffolds
Constructed to the basic principles as for independent
tubular scaffolds and are used to provide access to
restricted or small areas or where mobility is required.
4 No. corner standards
Close boarded working platform
minimum plan size 1.200 x 1.200
Toe board to three sides
of tower
transom
Swivel
coupler
Cross bracing to four
sides of tower
transom
ledger
Cross bracing
125mm minimum diameter
castor wheel with integral brake
and locking device fixed to
corner standards
Guard rail to three sides of tower
1.050
Double
coupler
ledger
Not
less
than
least
lateral
dimension
Maximum
free
standing
height
9.600(mobile)
:
12.000(static)
-
external
Towers
not
more
than
3x
times
least
lateral
dimension
–
internal
towers
not
more
than
3.5x
the
least
lateral
dimension
1.500 or 2.500 long high tensile
steel ledger
1.000; 2.000 or 3.000 long high
tensile steel standard
1.270 long high tensile steel
transom
High tensile steel ledger
Connecting pockets to receive
blade ends of ledgers and
transom welded to standard
at 500mm centres
Main Component
Vertical access ladder
securely tied to one face of
tower
1minimum
150
min
910
minimum
470
max

16. It involves the removal of trees, demolishing buildings, removing any and all old underground infrastructure, and any other obstacles that
might affect the construction process in the future or hinder the project to be done.
Stage 1: Grubbing out trees and bushes Stage 2: Excavator heaping up top soil Stage 3: Soil Compaction
Stress applied to a soil causes densification as air is
displaced from the pores between the soil grains. It
increase stiffness and therefore reduce future settlement
Top soil which contains plant life animal life and
decaying matter has to be remove to make soil less
compressible and suitable for supporting buildings.
2.5 SITE CLEARANCE
Trees are chopped off to empty the site
The tree trunks is lifted and transport out of the site

17. 2.6 EARTHWORK AND EXCAVATION
Topsoil Excavation
Involves the removal of the exposed or the topmost area of the earth’s surface which include vegetation,
soil, and any other decaying material that could make the land unsuitable to bear structural loads.
Reduce Level
Carried out below oversite level to form a level surface on which to build and can consist of both
cutting and filling operations. The level to which the ground is reduced is called the formation level.
Trench Excavation
In this type of excavation the length of the excavated area exceeds the depth. Trench excavation is
typically used to bury service lines, to install pipelines and sewer systems, or lay foundations.
Shallow trenches of less than 6m or deep trenches of more than 6m are done using this type of
excavation.
The disturbance of soil and removal of earth to form a cavity in the ground.
Depth varies from site (usually 150-300mm)
Proposed formation level
Subsoil
Excavation
mechanical shovel
or bulldozer
Roll bar
Dumper to move soil
Bulldozer for cut and fill
operations
Mechanical shovel and attendant
lorries for cut only operations
formation level
Backactor- spoil placed
alongside excavation or into
attendant lorry

18. “Setting out” is the process of locating points for site boundary level and other necessary structural parts according to the construction drawing. Errors should be avoided because the whole structure will
be build based on the respective setting out. A setting out should be made to full fill the requirements such as length, angle and level.
STEP 1:
A temporary bench mark or level should be obtained to start the setting out for the whole building.
A specific height from a near land or from the road level can be obtained as the reference level point for a setting out. This
level point will conduct all over the building boundary area or 1m away from the building boundary level.
STEP 2:
Use pole to specify distance from boundary. From this point, can
continue the setting out related to the given drawing.
Setting out site boundary
2.7 SETTING OUT
Nail in centre of post
50 x 50 corner post driven
firmly into the ground
Cord marking
outline of building
Outline marked on ground with
dry lime or similar powder
Theodolite
A precise instrument for measuring angles in
the horizontal and vertical planes
Profile board
Datum post
Main setting-out lines
Diagonal checks
Baseline
Site
boundary
Telescopes at right angles-
swivel up and down- range
3 to 100m
Tripod Sight lines to
corner posts
Plumb rod
Corner post

19. STEP 3:
Take angular setting out. Right angles setting out can be obtained by marking the next columns on a straight line
using the Pythagoras theorem.
STEP 4:
Use a twine to connect the centre lines of all columns with the
bench mark reference height to connect all of them.
3-4-5 triangle ( Theorem of Pythagoras)
1. Think of a triangle that has two legs that join at a 90 degree angle.
2. Refer the legs as leg A and leg B. Leg C is the third leg that connects the
first two.
3. C squared (C x C) should be the sum of leg A squared (AxA) and B squared
(BxB). In other words: A2 + B2= C2

20. It is a device for cleaning the tires of trucks when they are leaving a site. It help in
control and eliminate the pollution of public roads.
WHEEL WASHING SYSTEM
Water trough
It requires low cost maintenance and
very easy to use. It cleans the wheel
of vehicle as vehicles passes slowly
through the pit. This system is efficient
as vehicles does not need to stop for
cleaning.
Water hose system
Water hose is set up at the exit.
Vehicles have to stop at the exit and
clean their wheels manually. This
system is cost effective and able to
clean the wheel well.
Wood pallets are stacked
and placed at the corner.
Site storage involves the provision of adequate space, protection and control for materials,
components and equipment that are to be kept on a construction site during the building
process.
STORAGE
Bricks is supplied strapped
in unit loads and stored on
timber pallets.
Open storage.
It is located near the
entrance so that materials
can be easily loaded off
from lorry.

21. 3.0 FOUNDATION
3.1 DEFINITION OF FOUNDATION
Foundation is the lowest division of a building – its substructure – constructed partly or wholly below
the surface of the ground. Its primary function is to support and anchor the superstructure above and
transmit its loads safely into the earth.
Deep Foundation
Shallow Foundation
Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation
Feasibility Easier to construct Construction process is more
complex
Mechanism of Load Transfer Transfer loads mostly by end
bearing
Rely both on end bearing and
skin friction
Depth The depth of shallow
foundation is generally about
3 meters or the depth of
foundation is less than the
footing with
Greater than shallow
foundation
Cost Cheaper Generally more expensive
than shallow foundation
Advantages Less labor needed Provide lateral support and
resists uplift as well as
carrying huge loads
Disadvantages Possibility of a settlement and
weak against lateral loads
Skilled labor needed and can
be time-consuming
Employed when the soil is
underlying a foundation is
unstable or of inadequate
bearing capacity.
Employed when
stable soil of
adequate bearing
capacity occurs
relatively near to
the ground surface.
Drawing 3.1: Types of Foundation Table 3.1: Comparison table

22. 3.2 FOUNDATION ON SITE
Precast Reinforced Concrete Friction Piles are used and constructed by Displacement Method.
Load
Pile Cap
Drawing 3.2 : Friction Pile showing
forces are transferred to the soil by
the entire surface of pile
Friction Piles develop most of the pile-bearing
capacity by shear stresses along the sides of the pile
and it is suitable to the site as the hard layers are
too deep. The pile transmits the load to surrounding
soil by friction between the surface of the pile and
soil, which in effect lowers the bulb of pressure.
Reason using Friction Pile on site
Displacement Method
3.3 METHOD OF INSTALLATION
Drop Hammer Method
Drawing 3.3 : Examples of pile cap layouts
Drawing 3.4 : Foundation
Drawing 3.5 : Drop Hammer
It is used to install the piles into the ground.
The hammer is raised to a certain height and released to strike
the pile.
This method is suitable for light-weighted piles and suit best in
clay, marl or compact sand.
Displacement piles cause the soil to be displaced radially
as well as vertically as the pile shaft is driven into the
ground.
Column
Pile Cap
R.C. Piles
The pile is well placed and
ready to be hammered.
The weight dropped and
the pile is driven into the
ground.
Continuous hammering
until the pile reaches its
desired depth.
Drawing 3.6 : Method of Constructing

23. 3.4 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
1. Loading Test 2. Setting Out Jotted Lines 3. R.C. Piles Driven Below Ground Using Pilling Machine
4. Pile Cutting ( Join & Cut ) 5. Excavation 6. Formwork
Extension Pile
Initial Pile
Joint
1. Pile load test to determine the ultimate
geotechnical capacity of the pile. Land Surveyor set out piling points. The workers measure,
mark and jot the points.
Once the piling points have been placed, dropping hammer
method is used to install the piles into the soil (12 meters
deep).
Joining of piles with welding when insufficient pile length
occurs as well as cutting of piles to fit.
6m +6m to 12m joints
The subsoil of the site will be disposed and taken off from the site. The
purpose of this is to reduce level for creating the pile cap.
Overall formwork will be built by plywood and it is
assembled around the perimeter. The height of
formwork follows the depth of the pile cap. This is to
retain concrete until it has developed enough strength
to stay in position.

24. 7. Placement of Spacer Block and Rebar 8. Concreting
9. Dismantling of Formwork
Put in lean concrete so that the moisture does not absorb into the
soil. Next, pre-cast spacer blocks are placed to provide adequate
concrete cover for the reinforcement bars to help maintain the
proper position.
Concrete is then poured into the formwork. Vibrator is used to ensure it has filled all the edges and
to ensure that there are no air bubbles trapped. Concreting and hardening.
Removal of formwork after the concrete have dried up. Pile cap
is done, foundation has completed.

25. 4.1 GROUND FLOOR BEAM
Ground beam (soil level beam) transferring loads delivered by superstructure above, or expanding soil below, to discrete foundations elements, such as piles and footings. Ground beams at the site are
constructed in situ. Ground beams are reinforced concrete beams which support walls, joists and other structures near ground level. Ground beams are either standing directly upon the ground or
supported at both ends by piers
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
It carries two set of external forces (loads applied to the beam and the reactions from the supports) and two types of internal forces (bending moments and shear
forces). External forces Internal forces Legend The types of beam that mostly used at the site are Reinforced Concrete Beam (R.C.Beams). It is designed to act together
with longitudinal and rebar in resisting applied forces. Steel bars are embedded into concrete which, generating resisting forces which provides extra tensile strength.
Advantages
• High compressive strength
• Superior fire-proof capability as compared to steel
• Easily casted
• Economical and low maintenance cost
Disadvantages
• Requires mixing, casting, and curing which can change the final of strength of concrete
• Low tensile strength
• Shrinkage causes crack development.
Connection of ground beam and pile
Reinforced Concrete Beam
4.0 STRUCURE

26. 2. SETTING UP OF BEAM REINFORCEMENT
After blinding process, reinforcement will be tied to the column stump
to hold them in position. Reinforcement steel bars used to provide the
tensile strength .
1. FORMWORK STRUCTURE
To retain concrete, formwork or centering and shuttering is required.
Formworks are set at the surrounding of the reinforcements of the
ground floor beams together ground floor slabs. Stirrup is used to resist
shear and diagonal tension stresses in beam.
CONSTRUCTION OF GROUND FLOOR BEAM
3. LAYING OF CEMENT CONCRETE
For small quantity of concrete volume we
normally depend on machine-mix concrete
and filling the beam
4. GROUND FLOOR BEAM CASTED
Casting and curing are done simultaneously for beam and slab. The curing period will take around
2-3 weeks. Side of formwork is removed when the concrete are dried up, normally after 3 days.
Bottom part is removed after 21-28days. The formworks are usable for up to 3 times at least.
Concrete

27. 4.2 GROUND FLOOR SLAB
Slabs are supported on columns and beams. It is a flat horizontal surface, normally used as floor or subfloor. The types of slab that used at the site are reinforced concrete slab. It is constructed of reinforced
concrete poured into formwork on-site or into trenches excavated into the ground. Ground slab are those slabs that are poured directly into excavated trenches in the ground. They rely entirely on the
existing ground for support. The load is directly transferred to the ground and ground beam.
TYPE OF SLAB
ONE-WAY SLAB
TWO-WAY SLAB
1-STOREY TERRACED HOUSE
TWO-WAY SLAB
Two way slabs are the slabs that are supported on four sides and the ratio of longer span to shorter span is less than 2. In two way slabs, load will be
carried in both the directions. So, main reinforcement is provided in both direction for two way slabs.
TWO-WAY SLAB

28. CONCRETE SLAB
RESIST COMPRESSION
• The concrete mix for ground bearing slab is 1:2:4 ‘GEN 3’ mix.
• The floor slab is placed over the DPM
• The thickness of floor slab> 100mm
• Ensure all the services running under the floor are installed and tested before pouring
the slab.
BRC MESH
REINFORCEMENT-TRANSFERS LOADS AND BEAM
DAMP PROOF MEMBRANE
HEAVY DUTY POLYTHENE DAMP-PROOF MEMBRANE PREVENTS WATER LEAKING THROUGH
• Joints in a Polythene DPM are welted or taped and overlap by at least 300mm.
• The DPM must be linked with the DPC in the walls, to ensure that the entire interior of the
building is protected from moisture by a continuous, impervious barrier.
ANTI-TERMITE SPRAY
REPELS TERMITES
LEAN CONCRETE
PROVIDES FLAT SURFACES
HARDCORE&SAND BLINDING
FILLS ANY VOIDS IN THE GROUND TO PROVIDE FLAT BOTTOM
• The fill material used to make up the hardcore should contain a range of particles so that
it can be firmly compacted such as clean broken bricks, roof tiles, concrete or crushed stone.
• A layer of sand blinding should be provided over the hardcore before laying the DPM to
prevent puncturing from sharp stones.

29. CONSTRUCATION OF GROUND FLOOR SLAB
3. Formwork structure
Formwork is installed around the compacted hardcore.
Welded wire reinforcement is layered on top of the damp
proof membrane.
5. Laying of Concrete
Concrete class is casted on top of the wire reinforcement
with the formwork acting as a mould. The concrete is then
spread by until the form is full and even. The ground taxes 1-
2days to cure and after curing of 14 days, the formwork are
then removed.
6. Concrete slab casted
Strike and remove formwork after 10-14days
4. Setting up of reinforcement
Ground beam’s steel bars are tied to the column stump
starter bar with link wires.
2. Damp Proof-Membrane
Damp proof membranes are required in the construction of
all new buildings to prevent rising damp.
1. Anti-termite Spray
Anti termite treatment is applied on the prepared, compacted
hardcore to prevent terminates from attacking structures by
building shelter tubes from the soil to the wood in structures

30. 4.3 COLUMNS
Column is a vertical member which takes complete load of the beam, slabs and the entire
structure and the floor and other area of the building is Column transfers the load of the
structure of slabs beams above to below, and finally load is transferred to the soil. Position of
the columns should be so that there are no tensile stresses developed at the cross section of
the columns. Columns location should be such that it hides in the walls partially or fully.
TIED COLUMN
A concrete column reinforced with longitudinal bars and horizontal ties
1-STOREY TERRACED HOUSE INDAH FACTORY
RCC Columns (Reinforced Concrete Columns)
A reinforced concrete column can be defined as a structural member with a steel frame (reinforcement bars)
composed of concrete that is been designed to carry compressive loads. This type of column which composes
of concrete and reinforced steel bars (rebar) is seen at our site. Steel is embedded inside the columns in such
that two materials internal forces oppose each other, resulting in stronger strength when compared with
normal concrete.
Disadvantages
• Tensile strength of reinforced concrete is 1/10 of its
compressive strength.
• Final strength of reinforced concrete is determined
by production process, mixing-casting-curing.
• Shrinkage causes section are larger than steel
sections in multi-storied building
Advantages
• High compressive strength
• Fire resistant
• Long lifespan with low maintenance
• Can be casted into different shapes, and
still yields rigid members with minimum
apparent deflection.
Material used in columns
• Cement
• Coarse aggregate
• Fine aggregate
• Steel bar
• Water
• Shuttering
Rectangular Column
Column rebars
Column Stirrups

31. CONSTRUCTION OF COLUMN
1. Column layout work
Location of columns are determined practically in
field. It is done by laying rope according to grids
shown in the drawing and mark the location of
columns related to rope.
3. Column reinforcement work
After making to column locations, we then start to place reinforcement as instructed
in the structural drawing. At least 4 reinforcements at 4 corners. Columns have
closed lateral ties spaced approximately uniformly across the column to resist shear
force and bursting out effect. Hooks are used to resist expansion
5. Pouring concrete into column
For small quantity of concrete volume we
normally depend on machine-mix concrete
and for large concrete quantity we order
ready-mix concrete
6. Removal of formwork & Curing
Compaction is done by vibrator. Formwork is removed after 3
days. Concrete is moist cured for 7 days to increases the
strength up to 2.5times and durabili. Done for 21 days. Gunny
bags are used for curing
4. Column formwork
It is a term used for structures that are used to support forms and molds for poured concrete
columns. Must be leak proof, smooth inside and properly aligned. The floor height is normally kept at
10 feet. If the slab contains beam, then concrete has to be poured up to the beam bottom level.
2. Installation of column stumps
A column stump is built on top of a pad foundation
which extended from the piling below foundation. It is
useful in transferring the loads of a building into the
foundation and it acts as a supporter for ground
beams and ground floor column construction.
Starter bar
York
Plan and elevation of
column formwork
sheeting
cleat
collar
bolt
concrete
Steel
bar

32. CONNNECTION BETWEEN BEAM & COLUMN
Beam Steel bar
Ground Slab Steel Bar & BRC
Column Steel Bar
Starter bar
The steel bar intersect each other for better grip

33. 4.4 FIRST FLOOR BEAM
The types of beam that mostly used at the site are Reinforced Concrete Beam (R.C.Beams). It is designed to act together with longitudinal and rebar in resisting applied forces. Steel bars are embedded into
concrete which, generating resisting forces which provides extra tensile strength.
Continuous Beam
a statically indeterminate structure. They
rest over three or more supports, thereby
having one or more redundant support
reactions.
TYPES OF BEAM
Simply Supported Beam
mainly two supports at beam. The beam
undergoes Shearing and Bending depending on
the load applied.
The ADVANTAGES OF A CONTINUOUS BEAM as compared to a simply
supported beam are as follows.
• For the same span and section, vertical load capacity is more.
• Mid span deflection is less.
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
CONTINUOUS BEAM
External forces
Internal forces

34. CONSTRUCTION OF FIRST FLOOR BEAM
1. Formwork structure
Formwork were set up to support the steel bar. The formwork is kept in position till the concrete sets.
3. Laying of Cement Concrete
After tying all the bars, concrete were poured
into to the column
4. Floor Beam Casted, Curing & Removal of formwork
Casting and curing are done simultaneously for beam and slab. The curing period will take around 2-3 weeks. Side of formwork is removed
when the concrete are dried up, normally after 3 days. Bottom part is removed after 21-28days. The formworks are usable for up to 3 times at
least.
2. Setting up of Beam Reinforcement
The steel bar of the beam were tied to the starter bar. Reinforcement steel
bars used to provide the tensile strength .
Steel bar
concrete
formwork
formwork

35. 4.5 FIRST FLOOR SLAB
1. Scaffolding
The Ledger were set up. Scaffolding were placed under the
ledger to act as secondary support.
2. Formwork structure
Formwork for slab were installed by using plywood. Cover blocks are
provided for slabs and beams.
3. Setting up of Beam Reinforcement
Fix in reinforced rebars which are tied and put in grids. Beams
reinforcements are fixed and anchored into the column. Steel
Rebar for beam is also placed into beams formwork. The rebars
of slab will be joint with rebars of existing columns to enhance
the strength
4. Laying of Cement Concrete
Concrete casted into the formwork that hold the welded wire
reinforcement in place. Finally, Concrete is casted on top of the
reinforcement and an intermediate slab is formed.
5. First Floor Slab casted, Curing & Removal of formwork
After curing process of 28days, the formwork will be removed.
CONSTRUCTION OF FIRST FLOOR SLAB

36. Non-load bearing Wall
•Non-load bearing walls that separate spaces in
buildings.
•Frame constructions may include insulation to prevent
the passage of sound or fire between adjacent spaces.
•Framed systems, as wall positions can be changed
relatively easily and inexpensively without impacting on
the overall structure of a building.
Party Wall
•A wall that stands on the lands of 2 or more owners or
a wall that is on one owner's land but is used by 2 or
more owners to separate their buildings.
•one half of the wall’s thickness lies on each property.
Load bearing wall
•Carries and distributes the load from roof and floor
from above to structure or foundation below.
5.1 TYPES OF WALLS
WALLS ARE PART OF THE 3 PLANES IN ARCHITECTURE [ALONG WITH THE OTHER 2 PLANES‐THE OVER PLANE & THE BASE (FLOOR) PLANE] THAT DEFINES THE 3-DIMENSIONAL VOLUME OF MASS AND SPACE.
5.0 WALL

37. COMPARISON BETWEEN BRICKS
Clay Bricks Cement Sand Bricks
Cost $230.00 - $300.00 per
thousand
$190.00 - $250.00 per
thousand
Absorption Absorbs approximately
15.35g of moisture per
minute per square inch
Absorbs between 40g –
80g of moisture per minute
per 30 square inch
Compressive
Strength
8000 to 10000 psi 3000 to 4000 psi
Movement Joint Can be built without
movement joints
Joint reinforcing steel is
required to minimise
cracking
Advantages 1. Cheap
2. Durable
3. Low Maintenance
1. Good workability
2. Unaffected by termites
Disadvantages The high weight increases
structural requirements
Less resistant to cracking
5.2 BRICK ARRANGEMENT
Flemish Bond Stretcher Bond
Arrangement
Characteristics 1. Each course consists of
alternate headers and
stretchers.
2. High strength and great
aesthetics
3. The cut needed for this
brick arrangement is
called a queen closer
1. Also known as running
bond
2. Consists of stretchers in
every course of bricks
Advantages Decorative 1. Good workability
2. Economical, widely
used.
Disadvantages 1. More labor intensive
2. Requires more bricks
Weaker bond compared to
flemish bond

38. Concrete
5.3 COMPONENTS OF WALL SYSTEM
A structural horizontal block that spans the space or
opening between two vertical supports. It can be a
decorative architectural element, or a combined
ornamented structural item.
Pre-cast In-situ
Reinforced cement
concrete (RCC)
lintels
Characteristics Indicates that a concrete lintel has been
cast inside a mould, and has been
allowed time to set and harden before it
is built into the wall.
Indicate that a lintel is cast in position
inside a timber mould fixed over the
opening in walls.
Advantages 1. Lintel is placed in position over the
opening, brickwork can be raised on
it.
2. Less labours are required.
1. Can be position over openings.
2. Less maintenance cost.
Disadvantages 1. Too heavy or cumbersome to have
been easily hoisted and bedded in
position.
2. Higher maintenance cost.
1. Requires a timber mould or
formwork and must be allowed to
harden before brickwork can be
raised on it.
2. More labours are required.
LINTELS
MORTAR
Transfer tensile, compressive and shear stresses uniformly between adjacent bricks, thus
spreading loads.
Good workability, durable and economical.
Shrinkage can be caused if mortar is weaker than bricks, weakening fabric of structure.
STIFFENERS
Stiffeners are used to provide lateral support to wall
system, increase stability, reduce cracks on the brick
wall and break down overall size of wall making
smaller effective area.
Diagram shows vertical and horizontal stiffeners.
Vertical stiffeners are placed at per 3m height while
horizontal stiffeners are placed at per 4m length/
width.
Concrete is poured into the gap after the formwork is
casted.

39. 5.4 CONSTRUCTION OF WALLS
1. Reference strings are tied to a straight
piece of wood to act as guideline for brick
wall construction.
2. Bricks are laid accordingly following the
reference strings and bonding used.
3. Cement mortar is applied on the surfaces
of header and stretcher by using a trowel.
4. Damp-proof course(dpc) or
membrane(dpm) is used on the external
ground floor wall to provide an impermeable
barrier to the passage of moisture.
5. Exmet is laid flat and set in the brickwork-
joints, completely embedded in mortar every
forth brickwork-joint to enhance the
reinforcement. Dowel bars were installed to
strengthen the ties between column and the
brick wall.
6. Pegs and spirit level are used to ensure
vertical and horizontal lines of the wall are
in correct angle.
7. Bricks are placed at 45 degree to fill up
the remaining raws on the top.

40. 5.5 PROCESS OF PLASTERING
1. Brick wall chasing
According to the marked path using a
chasing machine. Depth should be at
least 10mm.
2. Insert electrical conduit
Place the conduit into the chasing area and
placed it in together with the wire box
attached.
3. Water piping
Consists of all the piping which carries city
water inside the building.
4. Plastering
Cover up the space between the conduit with
light coat of plaster.
5. Corner bead
Protect the edges, often done before plastering
to provide a smooth surface.
6. Skim coat
Process of applying a very thin covering of
joint compound or mud, to smooth out rough
wall.
7. Painting
Cover up any marks of plastering/skimming.

41. 6.0 STAIRCASE(SITE E)
6.1 SPECIFICATION
RISER -vertical distance between walking surface
TREAD -horizontal walking surface of an individual step
WALL STRINGER -the housing on either side of a flight of stairs, into which the treads and risers are
fixed.
LANDING -The horizontal area connecting one flight of stairs to another flight of stairs which provide for
user to stop or rest.
NOSING-Projecting rounded edge of a step for safety precautions which also provides extra space as you
walk up and down the staircase.
HANDRAIL-The horizontal or incline piece of a balustrade system. It is designed to be grasped by the
hand so as to provide stability or support and prevent injurious falls.
BALUSTER-vertical member that acts as the infill between the handrail.
KNEE WALL -A framed wall slightly above the noses of the stair treads with its top running parallel with
the incline of the stair resulting in a closed stair.
WALL RAIL -A handrail attached to a full or half wall following the pitch or incline of a closed stair.
Definition : a construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into
smaller vertical distances, called steps.
GLASS RAILING SYSTEM
NOSING
TREAD
RISER
EXCEL
SQUARE
TOP RAIL
END CAP
SQUARE
BASE
PLATE
ANGLED
STAIR
SLEEVE
RISER + TREAD = STEP
RISER
TREAD
WALL STRINGER
LANDING
HANDRAIL
BALUSTER
KNEE WALL
WALL RAIL
WALL

42. 6.2 TYPE OF STAIRCASE
DOG-LEG STAIRS (HALF-TURN STAIRS )
-Basically 2 parallel flights of straight stairs joined by a landing that
requires 180 degree turn in the walk line.
-One of the most common arrangement of stairs.
Advantages of Dog-Leg Stairs:
-Can be constructed within the confines vertical stair well.
-Easier to fit into an architectural plan.
- Offer some architectural interest.
-The landings can offer a resting point part way up the stairs.
Disadvantages of Dog-Leg Stairs:
-More difficult to build.
EXAMPLE
INCLINED SLAB STAIR
-Constructed when there are load bearing wall around the stair.
-The landing is built into the walls as one way span slab.
-The flight span from floor to landing and landing to floor.
Advantages of inclined slab stair:
-Gives more compact plan layout and better circulation than the single straight flight stair.
Disadvantages of inclined slab stair:
-Wasteful cutting of block to allow the flight built into the walls
FIRST FLOOR
LANDING
UPER FLIGHT
ENCLOSING
STAIR WALL
LANDING
GROUND FLOOR LOWER FLIGHT
PANEL WALL
STRUCTURAL FRAME
LOAD BEARING WALL

43. ARCHED OR CURVED STAIRS
They tend to be on a much larger radius and typically do not make a full circle.
Advantages of Curved Stairs:
-Often very elegant and traditional
-Can equally be adapted to contemporary designs.
-Relatively easy to walk up if the radius is large enough.
Disadvantages of Curved Stairs:
-the most difficult to build of the various types of stairs .
-most costly to build.
-the handrail presents a challenge due to curvature.
OPEN AT 1 SIDE
-1 side is enclosed by a wall
CLOSED RISER STAIRS
-A stair framed so that you cannot see the treads and risers from the side of the stair.
-Most often a knee wall is used in this situation.
-This type is nearly exclusively used for interior purposes.
-More structurally and rigidity sound than open riser stairs.
RISER -VERTICAL PART IS
ENCLOSED.
-OPEN AT 1 SIDE
WALL
6.2 TYPE OF STAIRCASE (cont.)
TREAD
MISALIGNED
TURNING OF
WAIST SLABS
PLAN

44. 6.3 MATERIALITY
IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE
Advantages:
-More durable
-High compressive strength
-Weather Resistant
-Water resistant
-Fire resistant
-Rodent resistant
-Corrosion resistant
-non-combustible
-It yields rigid members with minimum
apparent deflection.
-Low maintenance cost
-Economical construction material
Disadvantages:
-Crack happened by shrinkage
-Low tensile strength compared to its
compressive strength.
-High form cost
-More skilled labours are required for in-situ
construction
-construction is slow as elements are cast at
the site.
-
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN OF M25 CONCRETE
PROPORTION
The process to obtain a concrete of desired quality.
CHARACTERISTIC COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN N/MM^2
-25 (Group as standard concrete)
-It is defined as the strength of the concrete which not more than 5% of the test results are expected
to fall.
-In simpler terms, if you cast 100 cubes and test their compressive strength using compression testing
machines after 28 days, then not more than 5 cubes should fail at a value lesser than 25KN/mm^2.
RATIO
1:1:2 (cement : fine aggregates : coarse aggregates)
SLUMP TEST
-measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets.
-used as an indicator of an improperly mixed batch.
TRUE SLUMP
-the concrete simply subsides,
keeping more or less to shape.
CEMENT SAND GRAVEL COMBINE DRY THEN MIX WITH WATER
GOOD ZONE
TOO WET TOO DRY
TRUE SLUMP

45. 6.4 CALCULATION
STAIRCASE
NUMBER OF RISER CALCULATION:
A unit riser height is 150mm
Total riser (floor to floor) = 2250mm
Number of riser / steps =2250mm/150mm
= 15 risers / steps
TOTAL RUN CALCULATION:
unit run is 250mm for each.
Total run= (number of riser – 1) x unit run
Total run = (15-1) x 250mm
=3500mm
TREAD CALCULATION:
Mark the outside radius = 4267mm
Mark the inside radius = 3048mm since the wide of staircase = 1219mm
Mark walk line=300 mm from inside radius
Unit run at walk line =250mm
Mark 228mm and 457mm on inside radius
Pull a line from 228mm to outside radius and move to 457mm
That gives a tread layout.
LAYOUT
4267 (OUTSIDE RADIUS)
3048 (INSIDE RADIUS) 1219
300
228
457
250
(AT
WALK
LINE)
TREAD LAYOUT
UP
WALL
KNEE WALL
TOTAL RUN= 3500
TOTAL
RISE=
2250
ANGLE OF STAIRCASE= 40

46. 6.5 IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
1.The area of staircase is calculated and
marked with a box
2.Temporary timber formwork is built within the box and
scaffolding is added to the bottom to support the load
during the construction process.
3. High tensile reinforcement steel bars are installed along the staircase.The steel bars are tied
together using a steel wire. This to provide extra structural strength.
4.The stringer and riser board are constructed to
create riser and tread of a step.
5.M25 concrete mixture is poured from the to to the
bottom into the framework. Concrete vibrator is
used to ensure the concrete mixed evenly. A float is
used to smooth out the concrete surface .Concrete
tested by test cube to ensure its better condition.
6.After the concrete is harden the framework and scaffolding can be removed .The concrete staircase
is done.
STEEL WIRE
STEEL BARS
TIMBER
PLYWOOD

47. 6.5 IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (cont.)
CONCRETE TEST CUBE
-Compression strength test machine.
-Ensure enough and stable concrete strength
-Test carried out for concrete at age 7,14 and 28 days ( first test cube is 7
days, second test cube is 28 days.
CONCRETE VIBRATOR
-Used on concrete pour site.
-Removed free bubble and ensure concrete mixed evenly
-Strengthen the concrete
-Ensure smooth surface
PRESSURE WAVES RADIATES
OUTWARD FROM VIBRATOR
RADIUS OF ACTION
INITIAL VIBRATION
LIQUIFIES CONCRETE,
PARTICLES SEPARATE
CONTINUED VIBRATION DRIVES
ENTRAPPED AIR BUBBLES TO SURFACE

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12. Column : http://www.dailycivil.com/basic-construction-process-rcc-column/
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