1. OPUS LAKE VICNITY, CYBERJAYA
EXPERIENCING
CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT TUTOR PUAN NORITA JOHAR
2. BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN 0324857
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG 0320089
CHIN VIN YAN 0320311
CHONG KIT YEE 0319748
CHONG XIN DEAN 0325353
CHONG ZHAO LUN 0320408
ONG TUN CHEIK 0319939
KHOO MING SEN 0319659
GROUP MEMBERS
5. 1.0 INTRODUCTION
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OPUS LAKE VICINITY
- CYBERJAYA -
INTRODUCTION OF SITE
Just walking distance from tranquil Putrajaya Lake lies Opus @ Lake Vicinity Cyberjaya,
is the latest residential development. An enclave situated in the prime address of
Perdana Lakeview West, Cyberjaya. On 9.03 acres of freehold land. Offering 62 units of
semi dees. Protected by two tier security and 24 hour patrolling. Low density. That
comes with a private clubhouse exclusive for Opus residence. Opus residence offers 2
different types of design, named “BLUES” and “EVERGREEN”. Opus was launched in June
2015.
6. SITE FEATURES :
Development Size: 9.03 acres
Product offered: 2 storey semi-detached
No of units: 62 units
Land size: 40’ x 88’
Built up: 3,200sqft (Blues) and 3,000 sqft (EverGreen)
No of rooms: 5 bedroom plus 5 bathrooms (Blues), 5
bedroom plus 4 bathrooms (EverGreen)
Amenities: Clubhouse with gymnasium, swimming pool
and multi-utility hall. Guarded development
DESIGN CONCEPTS :
➔ Urban village where community living is advocated.
➔ Opus Clubhouse and green space is the nerve centre of
Opus, stimulating neighbourly interaction
➔ Each home has minimal partitions.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
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8. Signboard
The construction industry has long been considered as a difficult, dangerous and dirty occupation due to the
high number of accidents, injuries and deaths. Construction workers are exposed to different risks.
➔ Every site must have signage that shows health
and safety message.A simple but effective warning
notice should be placed in conspicuous position to
warn the workers and public.
➔ Reason : To deliver important bit of information to
people and warn them about hazard that could be
happen in construction site.
➔ Besides, project signboard have to place in front of
the site as well. It provide the information of
building work and who the licensed people are doing
the work. The sign provides information about who
is working and their contact.
2.0 SITE & SAFETY (from reference)
CHONG KIT YEE
3
9. Dress Code
Safety Helmet
➔ protect the individuals from injuries caused by falling objects.
Foot protection
➔ Closed toe shoes only.
➔ Work boots are preferred but thick soled tennis shoes will be allowed
Ear protection
➔ Ear plugs should be worn to protect the ears from damage especially when it is near or using loud machinery
Eye protection
➔ Safety goggles protect against eye injuries while workers weld or cut materials & against dust or other eye irritants.
Hand protection
➔ Gloves is a must to protect a worker’s hands from splinters and other sharp objects.
Face masks
➔ If chemicals are present, masks should be worn.
Attire
➔ Shirt and pants must not be tight fitting.
➔ Shorts are allowed but must be no higher than mid-thigh
➔ No dangling jewelry or earrings
2.0 SITE & SAFETY (from reference)
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2
4
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CHONG KIT YEE
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10. Scaffolding
➔ Based on OSHA rules & regulations Section 20,
scaffolds are set up by professionals.
➔ The basic components of scaffolding are tubes, couplers
and boards.
➔ Tubes are usually made either of steel or aluminium. It
come in with variety of lengths and a standard diameter
of 48.3 mm. Tubes are generally bought in 6.3 m lengths
and can be cut down to certain typical sizes.
➔ Function : Is temporary platform used to elevate and
support workers and materials during the construction,
repair, or cleaning of a structure or machine.
2.0 SITE & SAFETY (from site)
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CHONG KIT YEE
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11. Hoarding
➔ Is a temporary structure.
➔ A structure erected around the perimeter of
construction sites.
➔ Have to cover 100% of the construction site and is to
be a minimal 8 feet (2.44 meters) high.
➔ Access doors is carefully located away from public
traffic and all doors are to be lockable, only owner
having the access key.
➔ Function : To shield them from view and prevent
unauthorised access. It is an important component in
ensuring health and safety, for site workers, visitors
and the general public.
2.0 SITE & SAFETY (from site)
2
CHONG KIT YEE
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12. EXCAVATOR
HYDRAULIC
CYLINDER
BOOM
TRACK
GROUPS
CABIN
BUCKET
STICK
LINKAGE
DEMOLISH
BALLS
CLAMSHELL
BUCKET
USES:
➔ Used for primarily earthwork
➔ Remove all the greeneries before construction
➔ Used for digging trenches, holes and foundation
➔ Excavator work by the hydraulic cylinder.
➔ By adjusting the oil in the cylinder (control valve)
which can move the arm more accurately.
➔ The swing part enables excavator to turn around.
➔ Crawler track groups is used rather than the wheel,
because it do not sink on the soft ground.
➔ Also, crawler track groups can hold the ground and
enable machine go up steep slopes but it cannot
runs on road like regular cars.
SWNG
PART
2.1 PLANT & MACHINERY (from site)
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CHONG KIT YEE
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13. CABIN
DOZER
BLADE
TRACTOR
STABILZE
R LEGS
STICK
EXCAVATING
BUCKET
HYDRAULIC
HAMMER
PALLETIZING
FORK
SWINGING
BLADE
TOOTH
SHOVEL
BOOM
BACKHOE LOADER
USES:
a. Backhoe
➔ Used to dig holes/ Excavation
➔ Not suitable for high impact digging
b. Loader
➔ Loading & carrying materials
➔ On site, they used to carry cement from one place to another.
It carry about 20 pack each time.
➔ All of it’s work is done with hydraulics pumping liquid and
able to move pistons. It work like human arms.
➔ For the backhoe, the pressure comes from an oil pump that
is powered by a diesel engine.
➔ All of the segments ( boom, stick and bucket) are hinged
together and each cylinder can either pull a connected
segment closer or push it away.
➔ Able to connect a wide variety of tools to either the backhoe
stick or the loader.
➔ Stabilisers at the rear give additional stability when digging.
PLANT & MACHINERY (from site)
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CHONG KIT YEE
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14. TELESCOPIC MOBILE CRANE
HOOK
BLOCK
BOOM
CABIN
OUTTRIGGER UNDERCARRIAGE
USES:
➔ Used to hoist & lift objects
➔ Limited effectiveness because of the design
➔ On site, used to lift concrete bucket to upper level
➔ Able to lift thousands of pounds using hydraulics that
rely on forces transmitted through oil pushing the
boom’s pistons.
➔ On a boom, the sections are extended and retracted
(except for the base section) by hydraulic cylinders.
➔ If the boom sections are extended unequally, the most
fully extended section of boom could bend to uneven
stresses.
➔ The counterweight provides greater stability when
lifting loads.
PLANT & MACHINERY (from site)
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CHONG KIT YEE
COUNTERWEIGHT
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15. TELESCOPIC HANDLER
FORK
FORK
CARRIAGE
BOOM
CABIN
BUCKET
GRAB PALLET
FORK
BUCKET
USES:
➔ Normally used in agriculture & industry
➔ Move loads to and from places unreachable
➔ On our site, used to move machinery (bending machine
& cutting machine)
➔ Front tires are bigger than the back, only back tires
move when turning. Smaller back tires help them make
tight turn.
➔ Having different end depends on what they carrying.
➔ Pallet fork most common used in industry, while bucket
grab and bucket is used in agriculture.
BENDING MACHINE CUTTING MACHINE
PLANT & MACHINERY (from site)
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CHONG KIT YEE
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16. ROAD ROLLER
DRUM
FRAME
DRUM
CABIN
COOLER
USES:
➔ Used to compact soil, gravel, concrete or asphalit
during earthwork progress
➔ Used the weight of vehicle to compress the surface
➔ A road roller works when the weight of the drum that is
attached to the roller body causes soil to compress and
become compact.
➔ Drums are available in widths ranging from 24 to 84
inches
➔ With Pneumatic tyres : provides kneading action that
seals the surface.
PLANT & MACHINERY (from site)
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CHONG KIT YEE
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17. CEMENT MIXER
Uses:
a. Truck
➔ Maintain material’s liquid state through
turning the drum.
➔ Transport mix concrete up to the
construction site
b. Portable concrete mixer
➔ Small revolving drum to mix
MIXING
DRUM
INLET/
OUTLET
LADDER
SIDE
GUARD
MUD
GUARD
CABIN
a. Truck
➔ A large motor rotates the drum on the truck body and a series
of blades or a screw keeps the aggregate, water and cement in
constant motion.
➔ When the drums rotated in other direction, it forces the
concrete out of the drum
b. Portable concrete mixer
➔ Cement, sand and other aggregates are loaded and then poured
in the mixing drum for mixing.
➔ Lower part use to sieve concrete
PLANT & MACHINERY (from site)
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CHONG KIT YEE
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19. 2.1 PLANT & MACHINERY (on
site)
INTRODUCTION
External work define as the initial stage in construction.It is a working
system also define the circulation , road , temporary structure for the
long term construction work. The work start from clearance the site ,
building construction until finishing of the road and landscaping. By the
way the main purpose is to ensure the functionality around the building
for example drainage system and landscaping.it also help to enchance
the aesthetic value of a house.The external works leads to drainage
system, roadwork , fencing and landscaping.
3.0 EXTERNAL WORK
ONG TUN CHEIK
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20. DRAINAGE SYSTEM
It is a system generally underground. It used to convey rainwater from roof paved areas and sanitary fitting to a
suitable disposal installations. The usual method of disposal is to connect the pipework to the public drainage
which convey discharge to a local authority sewerage of treatment to process
PIPEWORK
Sample unit underground soil piping in progress
Underground piping installation during the
foundation process. The main pipelines are
connected with the drain along to the manhole.
It is a process of installing the underground piping. It allows the water flow naturally to the drain disposal from
rainwater at the roof , wasted water or soil below the ground when it has collected in a time.
3.0 EXTERNAL WORK(from site)
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ONG TUN CHEIK
21. TEMPORARY STRUCTURE
Fencing on this site differs to that of our
previous site,not on type.They using the timber
as the structure and iron sheet as the cover.
Construction Fence Construction Signboard
It gave the name of the project , the detail of
the project and all the parties involve in this
project.
Signboard has a
standard height, it
needs to be supported
3.0 EXTERNAL WORK (from site)
1 2
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22. SEWERAGE WORK MANHOLE
Along to the treatment place, there are manholes
located on the ground and it is connected to the
public road along the pipeline. Manhole has
actually covered with a round metal cover and
used as a way for workers to service pipe work
inside the interceptors
Sewerage System define as a transportation of water
and soil to the final disposal point where it has been
collected in the drain.It was used a small space around
the building to locate the inspection chamber. In the
building, there are many outlets from the toilet, kitchen ,
washing machine and bathroom were connected in the
same pipe and go to public sewerage pipeline to the
treatment place.
DRAINAGE SYSTEM (from references)
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ONG TUN CHEIK
23. INSTALLATION OF DRAIN
In the site , it shows the progress of the
drain by filling and stepping the bricks after
the precast drain installed and plastering.The
diagram shows the process of constructing
the drain during and later on.
Digging out the area with measurement
Apply cement concrete at the bottom of the
drain bed as a glue for stability.
Within the step , precast drain has to be fitted
Install the precast drain concrete into the area
Bricks are constructed by filling the cement
concrete and stepping upwards with measurement
Apply cement concrete as a glue to stick together
along the drain
The site is necessary to install steel mesh
A layer of plastering apply on the bricks
DRAINAGE SYSTEM (from site)
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ONG TUN CHEIK
24. Roadwork define as a construction,addition or repair of the road. It as a circulation of transportation.To construct a road
, team have to identify the needs of the transportation in the area of the road. After decided a plan , team have to started
measure the boundaries and land surveyings.
ROADWORK
In the site shows the first phase of the work done where
they fill up the aggriates within the road as the first layer.
After all , the concrete curb will be installed as the
boundaries of the road and placed the a layer of asphalt
on the aggriates.
Making the route for road work as the initial stage of roadwork. They
gonna excavate the site for the roadbed
ROADWORK (from site)
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ONG TUN CHEIK
25. The height of drain is lower than road
so water runoff to storm sewer
Asphalt
Crusher run
Gravel
Existing land
First step,excavate out an roadbed
with measurement by bulldozer Placed gravel and
moisten it
Placed crusher run on the top of
gravel
Spread a layer of tar as a glue to
stick crusher run.
Apply roadway marking on the
surface
Main road
One-way road
CIRCULATION
ROADWORK (from site)
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ONG TUN CHEIK
26. Setting out define as the reverse of surveying. Also a
process for forming maps and plans of a particular site or
area.It begans with plans and ended up with the various
elements of a plan correctly positioned on site.
INTRODUCTION
3.1 SETTING OUT AND EARTHWORK (fromite)
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ONG TUN CHEIK
27. FORMING LAND
Involve the use of many horizontal and vertical control
methods and positioning techniques.In the site , they use
the gridline to locate the boundaries in a correct position
on the ground
Setting out continues on from first stage. All the control
will be outside the main construction.
TYPE A
TYPE B
SETTING OUT (from site)
1
2
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ONG TUN CHEIK
28. BASELINE
Baseline is specified to run in two point.once the
point establish on site, the design point can be set
up from baseline by using tape.
LAND FORM
TWO POINT BASELINE
ONE POINT BASELINE OFFSET PEGS
Used as a mark point for the footing pad during foundation
process. It is also a temporary structure.Once foundation
begin, The peg will be lost.
Set the point
Digging out
SETTING OUT (from site)
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ONG TUN CHEIK
29. Using excavator to fill the land with specifications
INTRODUCTION
Earth work is the first work performed on most construction projects. It Emcompasses a number of
activities which are site clearance, site preparation on road , building , bridge and more. Every earthwork
has t be ensure that the work done is in accordance with the specification and calculations.
SITE FORMATION
It is a basic building block of archeology where it analysis of this sequence through excavation to identify
the leveling of the site and forming out the cut and fill area.
EARTHWORK (from site)
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ONG TUN CHEIK
This area used to be the swamp area , after site clearance
finished , it goes to site leveling process
30. CUT AND FILL ANALYSIS
Cut area
Fill area
SWAMP AREA
EXISTING LAND
SECTION A-A
SITE CLEARANCE
A proper procedure must be done for both site
establishment.Site clearance involves demolition of
exisitng landscape, building and rock.Before the site
formation begin, the site clearnce carried out by
backhoe loader to clearing the existing grubbing and
tree truck into a stack at the picture below.
EXISTING LAND SWAMP AREA
EARTHWORK (from site)
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ONG TUN CHEIK
32. ➔ A lower portion of building
structure that transfers
its gravity loads to the
earth.
➔ Broken into two
categories: shallow
foundations and deep
foundations.
Determine the foundation type based on:
Structural Loading
In low rise building with large span, the extent
of loading is relatively modest,so shallow
foundation is chosen. Deep foundation is
selected in high-rise building with short span
has high loads.
Soil Condition
When soil close to the surface is capable of
supporting structure loads, shallow foundations
can be provided. Deep foundations are suitable
when ground close to surface is not capable of
supporting structural loads, and hard strata is
needed.
Time Factor
Time for pile installation in construction plan
affect which type of foundation to be used. For
example, overall construction for this site takes
23 months to complete. Foundation takes 2
months..
Shallow foundation Deep foundation
4.0 FOUNDATION (from reference)
1 2 3
BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN
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33. Two types of foundation systems are shallow foundation and deep foundation.
Shallow foundation
Strip footings
A continuous strip of concrete that serves to
spread the weight of a load-bearing wall
across an area of soil.
Masonry or
concrete wall
Reinforced
concrete strip
footing
Raft footings
A thick concrete slab reinforced with steel
which covers the entire contact area of the
structure like a thick floor.
Pad footings
A form of spread foundation formed by
rectangular or square concrete ‘pads’ that
support localised single-point loads such as
structural columns, groups of columns or
framed structures.
Column
Footing
reinforcement
Mud slab
Compacted
base
Cantilever footings
Two single footing connected with a beam or a
strap and support two single columns.
Strap beam
Column
Footing of
column
Cavity wall
Concrete
Internal load
bearing wall
Reinforced
concrete raft
TYPE OF FOUNDATION AND FOOTING PAD (from reference)
BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN
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34. Deep foundation
Types of piles
Pile may be classified as either End bearing or Friction piles, according to the manner in which the pile loads are resisted.
End bearing piles Friction piles
The shaft of an end bearing pile passes
through soft deposits until it meets a
suitable base on bedrock, dense sand or
gravel.
A friction pile obtains its support mainly
by the adhesion or skin friction of the
soil on the surface of the shaft, usually
firm clays.
1 2
BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN
DEEP FOUNDATION (from reference)
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35. Types of displacement piles
Precast reinforced concrete piles
The piles are in circular, square, rectangular
or octagonal form. They are cast and cured in
a casting yard and then transported to the
site for driving.
Steel preformed piles
This type of piles are made of sectors in the
form of H, X or of thick pipes. They are
suitable for handling and driving in long
lengths.
Composite piles
Composite piles are made up of a
combination of different materials.
Steel piles are used above the ground
water level, while timber piles are
installed below ground water level to
prevent insect attack and decay.
Driven in situ/ Cast-in-place
piles
The most type commonly used for
foundations due to the great diversity
available for pouring concrete and the
introduction of the pile into the soil.
Two ways of installing the piles are
driving and drilling.
Steel shoe
Reinforcement
Concrete
Pile
Core
Casing
Timber pile
Driving Reinforcement Concrete
Placement
Work tube
extraction
DEEP FOUNDATION (from reference)
1 2
3 4
BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN
36. Shallow foundation
Footing placed directly below the lowest part
of a substructure and transfer building loads
directly to the supporting soil by vertical
pressure.
Why is it used?
Shallow foundations are typically used where
the loads imposed by a structure are low
relative to the bearing capacity of the surface
soils.
Raft footing
TYPE OF FOUNDATION AND FOOTING PAD(from site)
Preparation on footing foundation in progress. Clubhouse footing foundation.
Setting up formwork Concrete poured and ground slab in progress.
BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN
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37. Built the formwork. Place main reinforcement bar
Reinforcement
bar
Framework
BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN
INSTALLATION OF RAFT FOUNDATION (from site)
Place transverse
reinforcement bar
Transverse
Reinforcement bar
1 2
3
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38. Apply anti termite treatment
BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN
INSTALLATION OF RAFT FOUNDATION (from site)
Add more ties to the formwork and
pour concrete
Concrete
bucket
4 5
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40. Superstructure:
➔ Portion of the structure above the foundation.
➔ Provides the necessary utility of the building with
comfort, structural safety as well as ventilation.
➔ Includes column, beam, slab, wall and staircase.
B E A M C O L U M N
W A L L
STAIRCASE S L A B
5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
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41. Beams and columns work together to form a comprehensive supporting system to provide strength to a building during
early stage of construction. Both serve as the same purpose of supporting the building structure.
BEAMS:
➔ Horizontal member of a structure, carrying transverse
load.
➔ Beams carry the floor slab or the roof slab.
➔ Also transfer all the loads including its self-weight to the
columns or walls.
➔ Characterized by their profile (shape of cross-section),
their length, and their material.
TYPES OF BEAM:
1 5432
Simply supported beam Fixed beam Cantilever beam Continuous beam Overhanging beam
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
5.1 BEAM & COLUMNS (from reference)
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
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42. ➔ R.C.C beams are designed to act together with
longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied
forces.
➔ Subjected to bending moments and shear.
➔ Due to the vertical external load, bending compresses
the top fibers of the beam and elongates the bottom
fibers.
➔ The strength of R.C.C beam depends on the composite
action of concrete.
RCC beams are being used due to their high compressive strength in
general, also, high resistance to fire and weather.
FORMWORK:
Formwork functions as a mould for workers to pour concrete in.
Formwork will later be removed when the concrete has set and dried.
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM (from site)
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43. STAGE ONE :
Installation of Reinforcement Bars
Steel reinforcement
Installation of metal rods
➔ During constructing a ground beam, the ground
must be cleared and marked accordingly based on
the construction drawing.
➔ The reinforcement bar will be set on the determined
spot as the initial stage for strengthening the
beam.
Installation of beam rebars in our site.
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
1
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CONSTRUCTION OF RCC BEAMS (from site)
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44. Wooden formwork
Installation of formwork
➔ Then, formwork will be positioned around the
reinforcement bar to determine the beam’s shape
and size.
➔ Strength of the formwork is important as to ensure
that the formwork will not expand when pouring
concrete.
Installation of beam formwork in our site.
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CONSTRUCTION OF RCC BEAMS (from site)
STAGE TWO :
Installation of Formwork
2
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45. STAGE THREE :
Filling Concrete
Concrete filling
Filling Concrete
➔ Concrete is ready to be poured into the framework
subsequently, and then left to set.
➔ When it’s done, the formwork will be removed, and the
beam is ready for columns to be constructed upon it.
*Upper floor beam
For upper floor beam, the slab and beam are usually cast-in-situ at the same time. As the column is completed, the
formwork will be built upon the column and then the concrete is poured into it. The same process is repeated as the
construction methods of the ground beam.
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CONSTRUCTION OF RCC BEAMS (from site)
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
3
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46. ➔ Vertical structural member.
➔ Transmits the load from ceiling or roof slab and beam,
including its self-weight to the foundation.
➔ May be subjected to a pure compressive load.
➔ It should be realized that the failure of a column results
in the collapse of the structure.
➔ The design of a column should therefore receives
importance.
SHAFT
BASE
➔ Columns are mostly constructed by concrete; apart
from that materials such as Wood, Steel, Fibre-
reinforced polymer, Cellular PVC, and Aluminium too are
been used.
➔ The type of material is been decided on the scale,
coast and application of the construction.
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
COLUMNS (from reference)
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
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47. Construction tolerance is a guideline for contractors to ensure the built structures are within specific range.
In construction site, the measurement of built structure may differ to architect’s drawing due to workmanship,
materials, and environment factor. Therefore a standard range of tolerance is set to prevent out of proportion buildings.
The standard tolerance for Malaysia’s construction industry is 14mm, although some stricter architects limit up to
8mm, which is harder to achieve for contractors.
Column in site
differs from the
drawing by 12mm,
therefore, it’s
“tolerated”.
COLUMN
COLUMN
Drawing Site
100mm 112mm
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
COLUMN CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCE (from reference)
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
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48. ➔ The column that is applied in our site is R.C.C column.
➔ Rigid, relatively slender structural members designed
primarily to support axial compressive loads applied to
the ends of the members.
R.C.C column has good workability, better resistance to fire, more durable and
cost effective as compared to wood and steel column.
➔ Is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension
device in reinforced concrete structures.
➔ To strengthen and hold the concrete in tension.
➔ Rebar's surface is often patterned to form a better
bond with the concrete.
REINFORCEMENT BAR (REBAR):
Rebars are used to
strengthen the columns
and increase the lifespan
of the column.
Left: Steel bar cutting
machine
Right: Steel bar
bending machine
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS (from site)
40
49. STAGE ONE :
Column Layout Work
Column layout work1
➔ Laying rope according to grids shown in the
drawing and then mark the location of columns
related to rope.
➔ Place columns related to rope-line by measuring
dimension shown in the drawing.
STAGE TWO :
Installation of Reinforcement Bars
Reinforcement
bars
Column reinforcement work
➔ After marking the column locations, reinforcement
is being placed as instructed in the structural
drawing.
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CONSTRUCTION OF RC COLUMNS (from site)
1 2
41
50. STAGE THREE :
Installation of Formwork
formwork
Column formwork
➔ Wooden planks are being placed around the
rebar as formwork.
Installation of column formwork in our site.
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CONSTRUCTION OF RC COLUMNS (from site)
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
3
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51. STAGE FOUR :
Filling Concrete
Pouring concrete into formwork
➔ Concrete is ready to be poured into the formwork
subsequently, and then left to set.
➔ When it’s done, the formwork will be removed.
Concrete
filling
Concrete pouring process.
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
CONSTRUCTION OF RC COLUMNS (from site)
CHEOK JIAN SHUANG
4
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52. Slabs are common structural material in the building industry. Slabs are mostly used to construct the floor, ceiling and
while other is using for the exterior pave with thinner slab. In the building industry, slabs are using to construct the
ground floor of the building with supporting the foundation.
SLAB:
➔ Flat piece of concrete
➔ Durability
➔ Termite resistance
➔ Damp resistance
➔ Higher speed for building construction
➔ Fire resistance
TYPE OF SLAB:
ONE WAY SLAB:
➔ Slab supported by the same
direction of the beams.
➔ Has same parallel thickness
of beams.
➔ Total load are carried in the
same direction.
TWO WAY SLAB:
➔ Slab supported by four
beams on each corner.
➔ Total load are carried in two
direction perpendicular.
➔ To prevent bending in middle
of the slab.
5.2 SLAB (from site)
CHONG ZHAO LUN
44
53. TWO WAYS SLAB ONE WAY SLAB
➔ Carried moderate load
or lesser
➔ Slab will be supported
by two side of beams.
➔ Slab will be
supported by
four side of
beams.
➔ Can carried more
load in bigger
room.
TYPE OF SLAB (from site)
CHONG ZHAO LUN
45
54. STAGE ONE :
Place the ledger
STAGE TWO :
Place the bearer
➔ Ledger are built to supporting the beam and the
formworks for slab.
➔ Ledger are placed in every perimeter of the slab.
➔ Bearer are placing like a grid that shown on the
picture above.
➔ Bearer and the formworks are supported by the
ledger
LEDGER
BEARER
SUPPORT LEDGER
COLUMN
FORMWORKS
CONSTRUCTION OF SLAB (from site)
CHONG ZHAO LUN
1 2
46
55. STAGE THREE :
Decking Plywood
STAGE FOUR :
Place reinforcing bar
➔ Plywood will be decking above the ledger.
➔ Installation had to done perfectly to prevent
leakage.
➔ The reinforced bar are able to place on the interior
side of formworks.
➔ Next, BRC mesh are able to place inside the
formwork.
PLYWOOD
BRC MESH
REBAR
CONSTRUCTION OF SLAB (from site)
CHONG ZHAO LUN
3 4
47
56. STAGE FIVE :
Pour concrete
STAGE SIX :
Reinforced concrete slab
➔ Before pouring the concrete, dust, sand or stone
had to clean up in the formwork.
➔ After cleaning, the concrete are able to pour.
➔ After curing the concrete slab and wait for two
weeks to dry.
➔ Last, formworks can be removed and concrete
slab is done.
CONCRETE
FROM CEMENT
MIXER TRUCK
A COMPLETE
CONCRETE SLAB
CONSTRUCTION OF SLAB (from site)
CHONG ZHAO LUN
5 6
48
57. SPACE BLOCK ANCHOR BOLT
➔ Spaceblock is a small piece like a cuboid shape cut
from the concrete.
➔ After the rebar set up was done, these blocks are
placing below the rebar to prevent it touching the
ground.
➔ It helps the rebar to prevent corrosion.
➔ Concrete anchor bolt are used to secure structure
wall to concrete slab and foundation wall.
➔ Anchor bolt had to immediate installed after the
concrete was poured. The anchor bolt still can be
straightened as the concrete hardens.
Space blockBRC Wire mesh
Foundation Slab
Nut
Washer
Sill plate
OTHER COMPONENTS IN SLAB CONSTRUCTION (from site)
CHONG ZHAO LUN
49
58. A wall is a structure that defined as an area, carried a load, or provides shelter or security. Wall construction divided
into two categories, which are framed walls and mass walls. Framed walls is called as a non load bearing wall, which
had three or more separate components like timber, concrete or metal. Mass wall will be load bearing wall, which using
solid material like masonry wall. For example, brick or stone.
WALL:
➔ Protection & security
➔ Divided into different space in one area
➔ Carried load to support upper floor
➔ Sound insulation
➔ Fire resistance
➔ Lower energy bills
TYPE OF WALL:
LOAD BEARING WALL:
➔ Carried load from foundation
to upper floor
➔ This wall construct with
reinforcement steel bar or
join with column.
NON LOAD BEARING WALL:
➔ This wall does not support
load, because the building
itself had concrete beam
and columns on it to support
the load from upper floor.
5.3 WALL (from reference)
CHONG ZHAO LUN
50
59. TYPE OF MASONRY
➔ One of the most common material for wall
construction in Malaysia
➔ Low maintenance cost
➔ Fire resistance
➔ Thermal insulation
➔ Construct by using mortar
In our site, Clay brick are using for the whole wall construction. All clay brick from the site had been tested before by
the the compress pressure machine and is safe to use even some clay brick are overburning. The type of wall are using
in this construction is non load bearing wall.
CLAY BRICK
Header face
Stretcher face
5.3 WALL (from site)
CHONG ZHAO LUN
51
60. STAGE ONE :
Lay out footing
STAGE TWO :
String for line
➔ Lay a foundation wall for footer to cure before
begin to lay a brick.
➔ Start to lay the brick from the corner of the
column with mortar.
➔ Using string or laser to mark line for placing the
brick in the same position on wall construction.
➔ To measure of each layer for the correct height.
FOOTING REFERENCE STRING
Concrete wall
(Column)
STARTING POINT
CLAY BRICK
CONSTRUCTION OF WALL
CHONG ZHAO LUN
1 2
52
5.3 WALL (from site)
61. STAGE THREE :
Lay the bricks
STAGE FOUR :
Finishing process
➔ After brick are applied, finishing can be ready.
➔ By using plasters as a finishing to protect the
outer layer of wall.
➔ Cement mortar are applied to the clay brick
➔ Using string in every layer of the top of brick with
a line according to the structural arrangement.
PLASTERS
Line of every layer of bricks
CONSTRUCTION OF WALL (from site)
CHONG ZHAO LUN
3 4
53
62. Fabrication process:
CEMENT PIT ANGEL BEAD
WIRE MESH STRING
➔ Wire mesh are placed in
between the bricks to
strengthen the hold of the
brick in wall construction.
➔ To mark the thickness of
the plasters that are
going to applied.
➔ Plastic bead that used for
the every brick wall in the
right angel
➔ String are used as a line to
place the brick in position
CONSTRUCTION OF WALL (from site)
CHONG ZHAO LUN
54
63. A stairway, staircase, stairwell, flight of stairs, or simply stairs is a construction designed to bridge a large vertical
distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps. Stairs may be straight, round, or may consist of
two or more straight pieces connected at angles. Special types of stairs include escalators and ladders. Some
alternatives to stairs are elevators, stairlifts and inclined moving walkways as well as stationary inclined sidewalks.
TYPE OF STAIRCASE:
MATERIAL OF STAIRCASE:
Glass Concrete Steel Timber
5.4 STAIRCASE (from references)
KHOO MING SEN
55
64. CONCRETE STAIRCASE:
➔ Designed by a qualified Engineer as it requires careful analysis of load, span and support conditions.
➔ Common use in multi-storey building.
➔ May be either cast in-situ or pre-cast.
➔ Railing may be timber, glass, metal or concrete.
➔ Riser and tread finishing can be timber or metal or any other type finishing.
➔ Heavily reinforced.
The site has used reinforced concrete stairs cast in-situ which is also double winder for this project with the half
landing style. By using the material, concrete for the stairs is to make it more stable and long lasting for the building.
Beside that, concrete staircase also have thermal insulation, low maintenance cost and better fire resistance.
5.4 STAIRCASE (from reference)
KHOO MING SEN
56
65. STAGE ONE : Calculate the stairs
dimension.
STAGE TWO : Determine the foundation’s
dimension.
➔ The Standard measurement of riser(7”) and tread
(11”).
➔ To get the total number of rise,measure the
height of the one floor to the other.Divide the
height with 7.25” to get the number of step.
➔ Measure the horizontal distance the staircase will
span and measure the width of staircase from left
to right.
➔ The dimension of the staircase’s foundation are
the total length of run and total width of staircase
as measured in step 1.
CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE (from site)
KHOO MING SEN
1 2
57
66. CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE (from site)
STAGE THREE : Build the form. STAGE FOUR : Prepare the concrete.
➔ Use other plywood for farming lumber to build the
form. Cut the side forms according to the tread
and riser calculations.
➔ Produce sufficient and well-mixed mortar with a
portable cement mixer.
KHOO MING SEN
3 4
58
67. STAGE FIVE:
Forming and pouring concrete steps.
➔ Saw cut your form lumber and finish corners: Sawcut all but the bottom
step forms at a 45- degree angle.This allows for finishing right up to the
corner of the step.
➔ Attach step from liners: wish to create stone- like textures on the faces of
concrete steps or a profiled edge, use polyurethane step form liners or foam
forms, attaching them to the wood forms with finishing nails.
➔ Use form support to ensure the use of wood stakes to brace forms to
prevent them from bowing outward as the concrete is placed.
➔ Vibrate the edge of forms: It’s importance to vibrate the face of the
concrete forms to remove any honeycombs and voids from the concrete
surface. Vibrating the forms bring the concrete paste to the surface to fill
in any holes. Tap the wood forms with a hammer or use a palm sander to
vibrate the freshly poured concrete.
➔ Remove forms the day of pour and customize: Remove the step forms and
finish the corner of each step the day of the pour. This will allow use of
concrete chisels to cut hand tooled joints and texturing skins on step faces
and surfaces.
CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE (from site)
KHOO MING SEN
5
59
69. Doors
A barrier installed at wall opening to
provide access to the interior of the
building from the exterior, or passages
within the interior
6.0 DOORS & WINDOW (from references)
CHONG XIN DEAN
60
Door/ Slab
Stile
Drill for
lock set
Panels
Bottom
rail
Casing
Hinges
Threshold
70. TYPES OF DOORS (from site)
CHONG XIN DEAN
Hinged door Bypass sliding door Surface sliding door
➔ Hinged along one side.
➔ Allow door pivoted away
from doorway in one
direction only
➔ Widely used on site.
➔ It has 2 sections, slide
along one axis on parallel
overhead tracks, sliding
past each other
➔ Used for the entrance to the
balcony from the living
room..
➔ Slide along tracks,
mostly for space and
aesthetics purposes
➔ Used for kitchen.
1 2 3
61
71. Rough opening of the door is measured. Then, a
few layers of bricks are laid first.
The door frame is then installed into the opening. The
bricks are continued to be laid.
Pre-cast concrete lintel is located on top of the door
frame attached to the wall. It is used to supports weight
of the wall and acts as a support beam to transfer load
of wall to both side of opening.
Aluminium frame is located at the opening. The aluminium
frame is used to hold up the weight of the door frame.
Lintel
Aluminium
frame
1 2
3 4
DOORS INSTALLATION (from site)
CHONG XIN DEAN
62
72. Mortar is filled into the spaces between the gap and
the wall before plastering the wall.
Mortar
The door is installed on the hinged side.
Left hand hinge (LHH) - hinge positioned at
left side of the door, doors open away from
you (standing outside)
Right hand hinge (RHH) - hinged right, doors open
away from you (standing outside)
CHONG XIN DEAN
DOORS INSTALLATION (from site)
5 6
63
73. Windows
➔ Openings on wall which allow passages of
lights, ventilation
➔ Held in place by frames
6.0 DOORS & WINDOWS ( from reference)
CHONG XIN DEAN
64
Rail
Head Jamb
Brickmould
Stiles
Side
JambSillStool
Meeting
rail
74. Fixed window Casement window Single hung sash Awning
➔ Widely used on
site, living room,
bedroom etc.
➔ One sash
movable (usually
botton one),
other is fixed
➔ Utilized in
toilets.
➔ Hinged on top
➔ Very useful for
ventilation
➔ Swing
outwards like
awning
➔ Used in kitchen
➔ Only function is to
allow lights to
enter
➔ No ventilation
needed
➔ Used in some area
of bedrooms.
1 2 3 4
TYPES OF WINDOWS ( from site)
CHONG XIN DEAN
65
75. Check the rough opening on the walls to make sure that it is
cleaned.
Aluminium bar is installed at the opening. It is used to hold up
the weight of the window frame.
Aluminium
bar
WINDOW INSTALLATION (from site)
CHONG XIN DEAN
66
1 2
3 4
Check the plumb and the alignment of the sub frame.
Temporary stiffeners are inserted to
position the subframe on the wall.
Our site is using the sub-frame method. The sub-frame system comprises a sub-frame. The main frame is then installed
onto the sub frame at a much later stage of the construction. Proper alignment and setting out of the sub-frame is crucial
in ensuring the ease of operation of the window
Stiffeners
Subframe
76. Window is leveled by setting the sill of the
window.
Application of sealant. The gap between
window frame and wall surface is sealed
to prevent water seepage.
6
Window sill
WINDOW INSTALLATION (from site)
CHONG XIN DEAN
5
Main frame is installed. Window frame must
be protected throughout the fabrication and
construction process.
7 8
Sealant
Masking tape
Window frame is protected by using
masking tape before the application of
sealant.
Main frame
67
78. 7.0 ROOF
CHIN VIN YAN
68
The roof functions as the primary sheltering elements for the interior space of a building. Its form
and construction should control the flow of water as well as the passage of water, air, heat and
cold. Roof system also will determine the construction method and the system of framing.
TYPE OF ROOF (references) :
A. GABLE ROOF
B. HIP ROOF C. SKILLION ROOF
D. MANSARD ROOF E. BUTTERFLY ROOF
79. TYPE OF ROOF (from references)
CHIN VIN YAN
FLAT ROOF
LOW SLOPE ROOF MEDIUM OF HIGH SLOPE ROOF
ROOF FRAMING :
A. RAFTER ROOF FRAMING
C. TRUSSES RAFTER ROOF FRAMING
B. PLANK AND BEAM ROOF FRAMING
TYPE OF ROOF SLOPES :
69
➔ The minimum recommended
slope : ¼” per foot.
➔ Slope may be categorized
high,medium and low slope
Rafters are a single piece of lumber
that span from beam to beam or
beam to wall or wall to wall. The
may be sloped or flat. Although flat
rafters are usually called joist.
Wood plank-and-beam roof
systems are similar and both
typically use same post or column
structural grid for their support
Trusses rafter roof are pre-engineered
and shop-fabricated monoplaner
trusses
➔ Flat roof can efficiently cover
a building of any horizontal
dimension.v
➔ Low slope roofs require roll or
continuous membrane roofing: some
shingle and sheet materials may
used on 3in2 pitches.
➔ Medium and high slope may be
covered with shingles, tiles or sheet
materials
80. The site used Skillion roof or known as
Slanted roof. The site used the the
method slanted backward which higher at
the front.The reason it is apply in this
project is because slanted roof allow the
rainwater to flow backward to the
drainage system.
Skillion Roof / Slanted Roof
CHIN VIN YAN
TYPE OF ROOF (from site)
3
12
LOW SLOPE ROOF
ROOF’S SECTIONAL DRAWING
From the site, it can be identified the roof are using plank
and beam roof framing to form their structure. The material
was used for framing are metal which different from the
traditional wood structure.
Rain water flow
backward to
the concrete
made drainage.
The roof are not
using gutter due to
the sufficient slope
for rain water flow
to the drainage
70
81. Lastly, this is the final outcome of the roof.
After installing the frame of the roof, its move on to to
installation of roof insulation, rock wool, felt and etc.
The structure was covered by plasterboard ceiling
To make the roof more ecstatic.
The construction of the roof all start with the framing
which support the roof.
1 2
43
CONSTRUCTION STAGE (from site)
CHIN VIN YAN
71
82. STAGE 1 : ROOF FRAMING
PLANK AND BEAM SYSTEMS
The roof system used in this project is plank
and beam roof system which it similar with
the floor systems. This type of systems is
using column structural grid to support the
roof. Beside that, the material of the roof
framing are using steel. (to prevent thermal
and rotten effects.)
The Roof beams is
supported by concrete
beams.
Roof deck spans
between roof beams
ROOF BEAMS PARALLEL WITH SLOPE
In this two-layer system, the roof beams spaced further apart
and support a series of purlins. These purlins, in turn are spanned
with sheet roofing materials.
ROOF CONSTRUCTION METHOD (from site)
CHIN VIN YAN
72
83. ROOF’S SECTIONAL DRAWING
1 ROOF BEAMS
The roof beams lies parallel with the
slope and support by the concrete
beam of the structure
Roof beams and purlins are
using the same method to
secure the position which
is using web stiffeners.
WEB STIFFENERS
PURLINS 2
After the installation of roof beams,
purlin will be place opposite position
of the roof beams.
CHIN VIN YAN
73
FRAMING INSTALLATION (from site)
WEB STIFFENERS
84. FRAMING INSTALLATION (from site)
3 FASCIA
FASCIA
PURLINS
ROOF BEAMS
After install the main structure of the roof,
Fascia is use to to trim the the edge of the roof
yet it also give a guideline before installing
insulation sheet. In order to secure the Fascia
with the roof beams, mechanical fastening is
used.
1 2 3
CHIN VIN YAN
74
85. STAGE 2 : ROOF LAYERING
CORRUGATED METAL ROOF
This stage is where the insulator, wool, roof
materials will be install. This stage need to
be taking carefully is because it will affect
the moisture and thermal effect of the
house.
PURLINS
CORRUGATED METAL SHEET
MINERAL WOOL
THERMAL AND HEAT
INSULATION FOIL
The layering of the roof is simplify than
any other type of roof is because the
requirement of protection of roof is
lesser in Malaysia.
ROOF CONSTRUCTION METHOD (from site)
CHIN VIN YAN
75
86. FUNCTION OF EACH LAYER (from references)
1 THERMAL AND HEAT INSULATION FOIL
➔ Heat reflection, sound insulation and anti vibration
➔ Suitable tropicanal area like Malaysia
➔ Light, soft, dust free, retardant, easy to install
➔ Moisture and Thermal protection
2 MINERAL WOOL
➔ Thermal insulation
➔ Acoustic insulation
➔ Fire protection
➔ Water-resistant and vapor-permeable
➔ Ecologically safe
3 CORRUGATED METAL SHEET
➔ Self-supporting and span between roof beams or
purlins running across the slope.
➔ Type corrugation and rib been used
1
2
3
ROOF LAYERING DRAWING
CHIN VIN YAN
76
87. INSTALLATION OF ROOF LAYERS
1 2
3
➔ INSULATION are free supported by itself and lies over
the purlins.
➔ Overlap another roll of insulation sheet.
➔ Tape it with REINFORCEMENT FOIL TAPE to join the
sheets.
REINFORCEMENT FOIL TAPE
➔ Next, apply MINERAL WOOL on insulation sheets.
➔ Lay one metal sheet after another wool been apply.
➔ This technique is use the weight of the metal sheet
to secure the wool.
➔ CORRUGATED METAL SHEET algin into the right
position then machinary fastening need to apply
immediately.
➔ The machinery fastening need to be penetrated the
whole layers of the roof till the purlins.
CHIN VIN YAN
77
88. ROOF CONSTRUCTION METHOD (from site)
STAGE 3 : CEILING INSTALLATION
METACIL CEILING SUSPENDED
The final work of the roof is the installation
of the ceiling to cover the the visible
structure of the roof. After installing the
ceiling, the roof will approach an esthetic
outcome.
CHIN VIN YAN
CORRUGATED METAL SHEET
MINERAL WOOL
INSULATION SHEET
ROOF BEAM
FASCIA
HANGERS
CEILING FURRING
PLASTERBOARD
METACIL CEILING SUSPENDED
78
89. CEILING INSTALLATION(from site)
CHIN VIN YAN
1 2
3 4
HANGER
➔ Plan the point for fastening the hanger.
➔ Place the hanger and secure it by mechanical fastening
➔ Attach ceiling furring with primary channel using grid system.
➔ Fasten it with wire clip.
PRIMARY CHANNEL
HANGER
➔ Attach the primary channel with hanger horizontally
➔ Secure it by mechanical fastening
PRIMARY CHANNEL
79
CEILING FURRING
WIRE CLIP
➔ Attach the plasterboard with the ceiling furring
➔ Secure it by mechanical fastening.
CEILING FURRING
PLASTERBOARD
92. 8.0 SUMMARY
From this project, we gain a lot of knowledge about the construction
process of a building. Construction is a vigorous process that
involves a lot of parties. To ensure the construction is successful,
effective planning and multitasking is crucial. For example, architect
and contractor have to communicate well and plan about the project.
This smoothen the progress of construction.
Besides, throughout the project let us understand that the
construction can be more complex than we think. During the site
visit, we are quite lost about the process but after doing some
research it helps us to understand more especially those details
process. We try to gather and simplify the information we get.
In a nutshell, we had learn what could not be confined in the class
from the site. The construction process is very complicated. Every
single steps or procedure are linked and important. It have to be
carry out with caution and specificity. This is to ensure the final
product is safe for the client and also community.
81
93. SITE & SAFETY
C. M. (n.d.). Construction Site Safety Guide. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.buildingsguide.com/blog/construction-site-safety-guide
A. H. (2012, July 11). Telescopic handler is showcase of valves. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://hydraulicspneumatics.com/material-handling/telescopic-handler-showcase-valves
Telescopic Boom Cranes. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.tpub.com/eqopbas/146.htm
M. B., & T. H. (2001, March 5). How Caterpillar Backhoe Loaders Work. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/backhoe-loader5.htm
Kikki's Workshop [ Everything about Construction Equipment ] The mechanism of a hydraulic excavator. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.kenkenkikki.jp/special/no01/e_index2.htm
E. B. (2012, January 26). How Cement Mixers Work. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/cement-mixer4.htm
S., D., & Walker, J. (n.d.). What is a Road Roller? Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-road-roller.htm
Personal Protective Equipment. (2003). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.pdf.
EXTERNAL WORK
Malaysia signboard maker & manufacturer, office signage design, acrylic cutting & design, 3M sticker supplies. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://trsign.com.my/site/index.php?cat=1
Inspection chamber image from http://www.jkhdrainageunits.co.uk/images/productImages/inspectionChambers/inspectionChamberBigJ/P20ChamberExt.jpg
Pipework Construction | Lakervent. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://lakervent.co.uk/services/pipework-construction
Ask the Builder.external drainage (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.askthebuilder.com/a-simple-trench-drain/
FOUNDATION
What is Backfill? Retrieved May 10, 2016, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-backfill.htm
Foundation Engineering.Types of piles.Retrieved May 14, 2016, from http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/classification-of-piles/1799/
Piling Application,Retrieved May 16, 2016, from http://www.junttan.com/piling-specialist/aplicaciones-de-pilotaje/
Civil Construction Tips. Raft Foundation.Retrieved May 14, 2016, from http://civilconstructiontips.blogspot.my/2011/06/raft-foundation.html
BUTE Department of Construction Management and Technology.Foundation .Retrieved May 14, 2016, from http://www.ekt.bme.hu/ArchEng/Foundations%20(S-D)-s.pdf
Piling Brief Introduction, Retrieved May 16, 2016, from http://www.substruck.ie/our-services/foundation-repair/piling
SUPERSTRUCTURE
Mbrsalman. (n.d.). Civil Engineering (Beams,Columns). Retrieved May 06, 2016, from http://www.slideshare.net/mbrsalman/civil-engineering-beamscolumns
Beams. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2016, from https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/04_struct_members/01_beams/page_001.htm
Different Types of Beams. (2015). Retrieved May 6, 2016, from http://me-mechanicalengineering.com/different-types-of-beams/
Various types of RCC Slabs (2010). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/various-types-of-rcc-slabs-design-of-rcc-structures/
Form and Pour a Concrete Slab. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.familyhandyman.com/masonry/pouring-concrete/form-and-pour-a-concrete-slab/view-all
Types of Walls. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.understandconstruction.com/walls.html
Wall construction process - WATKINS; MICHAEL W. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5894704.html
DOORS & WINDOWS
Installation of window frame. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from https://www.bca.gov.sg/professionals/iquas/..%5CIquas%5Cgpgs%5CAWindow%5CAWInstallation.pdf
Types of windows. Retrieved May, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window
Types of doors. Retrieved May 16, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door
ROOF
Ching, F. D., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated. New York: Wiley.
Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (1999). Construction technology. Harlow: Longman.
B. (2012). How to install and MF plasterboard ceiling. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVJd2OROuSA
H. (2015). How to Install Eave & Fascia Metal Roofing Trim. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDeFAVTS3D4
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REFERENCES
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