Index page
Introduction to site
topic 1 : site plan and site safety
Topic 2 : Earthwork
topic 3 : foundation
topic 4 : beams and column
topic 5 : floor system
topic 6 : wall system
topic 7 : staircase
topic 8 : door and window
topic 9 : roof system
2

1.0 Site plan
3
By chua jiu xin

Site safety
1.0 site plan
1.1 Introduction to site safety
Construction sites contain many risks that faced by both
of the construction workers and the general public. A
construction site is legally required to follow the
regulations and guidelines set by the department of
occupational safety and Health and other government
agencies to ensure the safety of the workers and public.
These guidelines apply to all work areas with building
operations activities in Malaysia according to the
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514), the
1.2 SIGNAGE
Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (Act 199) and all
other relevant regulations.
The guideline dictates that every owner, developer,
main contractor and such contractor must take steps to
develop and promote safety and health programs to ensure
the safety and health of both his employees and the
general public. Safety signs are commonly found around
construction sites containing information, often symbols
relevant to site safety. Figure 1 shows symbols that
explain without the use of much words of what the workers
and public should and should not do around the
construction site. The use of simple universal symbols is
effective because in some cases the construction workers
or the public might be illiterate or might not be
f1a.mi3l ihaora rwditihng the language used on signs.
Hoarding is a prerequisite for a construction site
because it is legally required to protect the general
public from the risks associated with construction sites.
Hoarding is temporary fencing which is laid out around
the site, defining its borders. Aside from safety,
hoarding is also used for security purposes, preventing
trespassing and theft in the construction site. The
construction site uses metal hoarding. Metal hoarding
usually uses corrugated metal sheets as temporary
fencing material. Figure 2 marks the borders of the
construction site where boarding is used.
Building Construction
Project 1
By Chua jiu
4
xin

2.0 Earthwork Introduction
Definition
Excavation and piling of earth in connection with an engineering operation.
It involves movingpart of the earth to another location to create a
desired shape.
Machinery used:
Much of the excavation is done with operated machines to ease work,
cost and also saves time. These equipment includes:-
Equipments Function
Wheel Loader Scoop up lose materials from the ground from one point to another without pushing the materials
across the ground
Back Hoes Dig up hard materials and trenches
Scrapers Machine to move earth over short distance (smoothen)
Excavators Digging, demolition, forestry work, grading, landscaping, heavy lifting and brush cutting
Motor Grader Finish grade the rought grading created by heavy vehivles (Created flat surface)
Rollers Use to compact the soil after grading
5
By tsang hao ren

Earthwork Machinery
Fork Lifter lifting bags of
Cement
Crane being used to lift materials Concrete mixer mixing cement
Using normal Truck to
Send scaffold
Backhoe excavating land for
foundation Using backhoe loader to
Transport steel bar
6
By tsang hao ren

Earthwork Excavation
Types of Excavation
There are different types of excavation and it is classified by the type of materials
Type of Excavation Description
Topsoil excavation Removal of the exposed layer of the earth’s surface, including vegetation. Contains more
moisture than that underneath.
Earth excavation removal of the layer of soil immediately under the topsoil and on top of rock. Used to
construct embankments and foundations
Rock excavation removal of a formation that cannot be excavated without drilling and blasting. Any boulder
larger than 1⁄2 yd3 generally is classified as rock.
Muck excavation removal of material that contains an excessive amount of water and undesirable soil.
Removal of water can be accomplished by spreading muck over a large area and letting it
dry, by changing soil characteristics, or by stabilizing muck with some other material,
thereby reducing the water content.
Unclassified excavation removal of any combination of topsoil, earth, rock, and muck. earthmoving must be done
without regard to the materials encountered. Much excavation is performed on an
unclassified basis because of the difficulty of distinguishing, legally or practically, between
earth, muck, and rock.
7
By tsang hao ren

Earthwork Soil Testing
Introduction
The investigation of the geology and previous uses of any site,
together with the determination of its engineering, environmental
and contamination characteristics is fundamental to both safe and
economic development.
Soil Investigation Techniques that are employed for the project
are as followed :
1. Boreholes 2. In-situ testing
1. Boreholes
Rotary Boring is
boring hole using
drilling fluid (water
or mud) pumped
down a rod fitted
at the bottom some
sort of cutting bit.
2. In-situ Testing
In-situ testing techniques, Standard Penetration Testing,
Permeability Testing and Borehole Vane Testing are carried out in
the boreholes in order to provide information for geotechnical
design. Disturbed and undisturbed samples are retrieved from the
boreholes for inspection and logging by engineers and subsequent
testing in our laboratories.
Standard Penetration test (SPT)
Hammer weight = 65kg
- Drop height = 760mm
- Total penetration is 450mm and the
number of blows for the last 300mm is
the SPT’ N’ value.
Care
- depth of test vs casing L
*site supervision
Laboratory Test
Triaxial test
common method to measure the mechanical properties of many
deformable solids, especially soil (e.g. sand, clay) and rock, and
other granular materials or powders.
Unconfined compression
The objective of the unconfined compression test is to
determine the UU (unconsolidated, undrained) strength of a
cohesive soil in an inexpensive manner.
8
By tsang hao ren

Earthwork Cut and Fill
Cut and fill
the process of constructing railway, road or
canal whereby the amount of material from cuts
roughly
matches the amount of fill needed to make
nearby embankments, so minimizing the amount of
construction labor.
Various sections of a roadway design will require
bringing in earth. Other sections will require earth to
be removed.
THE MASS DIAGRAM
The mass diagram is one method of analyzing
earthmoving operations. This diagram can tell the
engineer where to
use certain types of equipment, the quantities of
materials needed and the average haul distances etc.
The mass diagram has many limitations that preclude its use in all
earthmoving operations. At best, it is merely a
guide indicating the general manner in which the operations should be
controlled.
9
By tsang hao ren

3.0 Foundation
DEEP foundation
Deep foundations extend down through unsuitable or unstable soil to transfer building loads to a
more appropriate bearing stratum. The two principal types of deep foundations are pile
foundations and caisson foundations.
This is usually at depths more than 3 meters below the finished ground level.. If unsuitable soils
are found at the surface, Deep foundations can be used to transfer the loading to a deeper, more
competent strata at depth.
Piles caissons
Caissons are a form of deep
foundation which are constructed
above ground level.. A DRILLED,
CYLINDRICAL FOUNDATION SHAFT
USED TO TRANSFER LOAD
THROUGH SOFT STRATA TO FIRM
STRATA. tHE SHAFT CAN BE
FILLED WITH EITHER REINFORCED
OR UNREINFORCED CONCRETE
A SLENDER TIMBER, CONCRETE OR
STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENT,
DRIVEN, JETTED, OR OTHERWISE
EMBEDDED ON END IN THE
GROUND FOR THE PURPOSE OF
SUPPORTING A LOAD.
10
By Yap kar juen

Foundation
Pile cap foundation on site
Pile Cap foundations allows any type of structure to be supported
by layers of soil. When the upper layers of the ground are too soft,
Pile Cap Foundation is used to provide proper support to the weight
of the building. These piles will penetrate these 'soft' layers into the
stronger layers beneath..
At our site, deep foundation is applied. The building loads are
transferred to a better bearing stratum of rock or dense sands and
gravels below superstructure.
COLUMN
PILE CAP
PILE
Example of a 4-pile cap
Photo of a 4-pile cap taken on
site
4-pile cap plan drawing
11
By Yap kar juen

Foundation
Pile cap structure
Column load
Piles are usually driven in
clusters of two or more
The reinforced concrete pile
cap joins the heads of a
cluster of piles so that the
load can be distributed from
a column or grade beam
equally among the piles.
Piles are driven into earth
by pile driver, precast
concrete piles can be round,
square, or polygonal cross
sections or even an open
core. Precast piles are always
often prestressed.
Friction piles is used in our site. It
depends on the frictional resistance
of a surrounding earth mass for
support. The stiffness increases
when the the depth increases
A pile foundation is a system of end-bearing
or friction piles, pile caps and
also tie beams for transferring the
building loads to a more suitable bearing
stratum
12
By Yap kar juen

Bars evenly distributed on the
bottom and top surfaces. No lacer
bars.
Bottom bars concentrated over the
piles, top bars under the column.
Two lacer bars.
Layout view Layout view
Foundation
concrete slab and bars in pile cap
superstructure
Reinforced concrete slab with one layer of damp
proof membrane to engr’s detail..
R.C SLAB
A cONCRETE SLAB IS PLACED AT OR NEAR GRADE
LEVEL TO SERVE AS A COMBINED FLOOR AND
FOUNDATION SYSTEM. The sUITABILITY OF the SLAB
has to depend on the geographic location, topography,
superstructure design and soil characteristic of site.
13
By Yap kar juen

1) THE VIBROFLOT IS
USED TO PENETRATE THE
LOOSE SOILS TO CREATE
BORE HOLE
2) A cONCRETE PLUG IS
THEN FORMED AT THE
BASE OF THE BORE HOLE
TO SEAL CONTAMINANT
PATHWAYS
3) THE CONCRETE IS THEN
REPEATEDLY PENETRATED BY
THE VIBROFLOT TO COMPACT
INTO THE SURROUNDING SOILS
Image above shows a AND FORM AN ENLARGED TOE
pilling machine
drop hammer friction piles
The drop hammer friction piles are at this site. is the most commonly used method of insertion of
displacement piles. A pile, which is long with a cross section of circle, square or octagon and is usually made
out of either cement, wood or steel. It is forced vertically to pass through the soil using a pile driver.
The piles are grouped together and connected by a pile cap if the load is expected to be too large for the
foundation to take.
Foundation
piling
14
By Yap kar juen

Column footings
Footings are an important part of foundation construction. The footing is the
bottom part of the foundation. A footing is typically concrete and typically
reinforced with steel. The usage of footings is to support the foundation and also
prevent settling. Footings are very important in areas, which have troublesome soils.
Placement of footings is very important so that it can provide the proper support
for the foundation and ultimately the whole structure.
Vertical reinforcement
Lateral reinforcement
steel dowels anchor column to footing
Critical section for two-way
shear
Reinforced concrete column
Two-way reinforcement uniformly
spaced
Foundation
15
By Yap kar juen

4.0 Beam and ColumnsIntroduction
Beams
A beam is a horizontal structural
element that is capable of
withstanding load primarily by
resisting bending. The bending force
induced into the material of the
beam as a result of the external
loads, own weight, span and external
reactions to these loads is called
a bending moment.
Beams and Columns
Columns
a Vertical structural element that
transmits, through compression, the
weight of the structure above to
other structural elements below.
Structural System
Our site uses a structural system for its building.
By using in-situ concrete to create the structural
System of the building.
Formwork
temporary or permanent molds into
which concretes are poured. In the
context of concrete construction,
the falsework supports the
shuttering moulds.
16
By tsang hao ren

Beam and Columns Structural System
After completing the footings of the structure, the next step is to create the structural
system of the building using beams and columns,
To create the columns,and the
beam they must firstidentify
its position according to the
construction drawings and also
their foundations
17
By tsang hao ren

Beam and Columns Structural System
1. Post Foundation work
2. Creating Formwork in preparation
For cement
3. Poring Cement into formwork
5. Balance the soil and creating Reinforced 4. Let Concrete dry and remove formwork
concrete columns
6. Create beam connected to column to
support the 2nd floor
18
By tsang hao ren

Beam and Columns Formwork
Column Formwork
Beam Formwork
A 3-sided box propped in the desired
measurements. The beam form side have
to retain the wet concrete and able to
withstand initial hydrostatic presseure
of the wet concrete
This consists of a vertical mold
of the desired shape and
measurements. There will be
bracing, stakes and sole plate
to help straighten the
formwork.
A good formwork should satisfy the following
requirements:
1. It should be strong enough to withstand all types
of dead and live loads.
2. It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently
propped and braced both horizontally and
vertically, so as to retain its shape.
3. The joints in the formwork should be tight
against leakage of cement grout.
4. Construction of formwork should permit removal
of various parts in desired sequences without
damage to the concrete.
5. The material of the formwork should be cheap,
easily available and should be suitable for reuse.
6. The formwork should be set accurately to the
desired line and levels should have plane surface.
7. It should be as light as possible.
8. The material of the formwork should not warp or
get distorted when exposed to the elements.
9. t should rest on firm base.
19
By tsang hao ren

5.0 Floor system introduction
A floor is a horizontal plane in a building that supports both living loads (people,
furniture/anything moveable) and dead loads (weight of the floor construction itself).
It acts as the lower enclosing surface of a room.
It transfers the load horizontally to the beam, column or load bearing wall...
floor system may composed of:-
• series of linear beams and joist overlaid with a plane of sheathing
• Homogeneous slab of reinforced concrete
Functional requirement of The floor:
1.Strength and Stability - able to withstand heavy weight of live and dead
loads, impact to the floor, without breaking/damaged.
2.Fire resistance - high fire insulation and not combustible.
3.Damp resistance - Moisture will take the floor damp, cool and uncomfortable
and may cause decay to the floor finish (I.e timber & carpet)
4.Sound insulation - thickness of floor affects amount of sound transmitted
to the lower/upper ground.
5.Thermal insulation - thickness/material of floor affects the thermal
insulation.
Type of floors
Mud floor
Brick floor
Tile floor
Flagstone floor
Concrete floor
20
By cheah teck wei

Floor system in site
Ground floor:
Reinforced concrete slab with one layer of damp-proof
membrane
Function:
• Prevent green grows inside building by concrete.
• Prevent damp from penetrating into the building by the use of
damp-proof membrane.
Reason:
• Cheap and ease of construction
• Flexibility in finishing available
• High strength and durable
Non-suspended cast in-situ concrete
Section showing component of floor
Floor slab-
• Concrete bed with reinforcement inside.
Screed –
• to provide smooth surface where floor finish can be applied
Dpm (damp proof membrane) –
• prevent moisture from entering the building.
Blinding –
• 25-30mm thick weak mortar.
• to produce a even surface for reinforcement and dpm.
hardcore –
• form a dry working surface
• hard, durable, chemically inert
• 100-150mm thick
21
By cheah teck wei

Measure and set
the area for
the floor to be
constructed
Construct a
formwork at the
measured place
for the floor and
use sticks to
secure the
formwork
Spacer block and
brc wire mesh is
put inside the
formwork to
provide
reinforcement when
concrete is
poured.
By cheah teck
Mix the cement
and water to
create concrete.
Pour the concrete
mixture into the
formwork with brc
wire mesh.
Polish and smoothen
the concrete then
cover with plastic
to prevent dust or
excess water
affecting the
drying process thus
affecting its
appearance after
done.
Remove the
formwork when
concrete is dried
out.
Apply tiles on the
concrete to
produce a
different finishes
for the floor..
Floor system construction
Ground floor construction process
Project 1
22
wei

Floor system in site
Intermediate floor:
Reinforced concrete slab
By cheah teck
Function:
• Support their own weight, ceilings and
superimposed loads.
• providing lateral restraint to heights
of external and internal walls.
• Provides insulation to fire & sound
• Divides one space to two
• Act as ceiling to the lower floor
• Space between floors and ceiling will
accommodate the building services
features such as electrical,
telephone wirings etc.
Mild steel main
reinforcement
bars
Mild steel
distribution
bars
Two-way slab & beam
• Const5ructed with four column with
supporting beams connecting each of them
forming a square or nearly square bays.
• Reinforcement is cast in two direction to
the supporting beam and column.
• Effective to medium to heavy load.
• High resistance to lateral force.
Most efficient when spanning square or nearly
square bays.
Tensile
reinforcemen
t
Project 1
23
wei

Floor system construction
Intermediate floor construction
Timber formwork is set
up on the area for the
upper floor.
Rebars are placed
equally on the formwork
to provide reinforcement
to the slab structure,
increasing its tensile
strength..
By cheah teck
Concrete mixture is then
poured onto the whole
structure evenly then
allowed to dry out.
The structure is then
done available for
floor finishes to be
carried out.
Timber formworks.
process
Project 1
24
wei

6.0 WALL introduction
introduction
By cheah teck
A wall is the vertical planes that defines the
volume of mass and space in a building with
the combination of overhead plane and base
plane.
Walls are placed in
Interior (wall/partitions)
• Subdivides the space in the building
• Can be structural or non-bearing
• Provide required degree of acoustical separation
• Accommodation of necessary electrical and mechanical
services
Exterior wall
• Able to withstand horizontal wind loading
• Can serve as shear walls and transfer lateral wind and
seismic forces to the ground foundation if rigid
enough
• Act as protective shield against weather.
• Insulation toward air, sound, damp, moisture and
heat.
• Able to support the weight of building or non bearing
Type of walls:
• Concrete wall
• Masonry wall
• Dry wall
• Glass wall
• Curtain wall
a wall can be a:
a Load bearing
wall-a wall that
bears some of the
buildings weight
and its own
weight.
a Non-load bearing
wall-bears only
its own weight.
Project 1
25
wei

Wall in site
Masonry Walls
Characteristics
• Durable, good sound insulation, fire insulation
and thermal insulation.
• Offers great flexibility in form and
appearance
• Can be either load bearing or non-load
bearing
• Easy and cheap construction
• Made by solid cement sand brick (standard
modular 3.5x2.5x7.5)
By cheah teck
7.5
3.5
2.5
Standard dimension
of brick
Type of brick bonds Type of brick joints
Project 1
26
wei

Wall details
Fire rated party
wall
ENGLISH BOND
• Named 9-inches brick among
the field.
• Used on walls that separates
each shop unit as it
provides better fire
insulation with its extra
thickness.
• Considered as the strongest
bond among others
• Non-load bearing wall
• Solid wall
English Bond brickwork
has alternate courses
of headers and
stretchers in which the
headers are centered
on stretchers and the
joints between
stretchers line up
vertically in all
2134
courses. 230mm thick fire rated
party wall with 230mm
high clay brick above
roof with 19mm thick
cement plaster on both
side.
Project 1
By cheah teck
27
wei

Wall details
High brick wall
RUNNING/stretcher BOND
• Used on walls that is located
in a shop unit.
• Not as thick as English bond
thus providing lesser fire
insulation (thinnest type of
bond)
• acting mainly as space
divider.
• Non-load bearing wall
• Solid wall.
• Simplest and cheapest bond
among other bonds.
• Brick on upper level is
placed at the joint of two
bottom bricks.
2134
115mm thick high
brick wall with 19mm
thick cement plaster on
both side.
Project 1
By cheah teck
28
wei

Wall construction
By cheah teck
1. Lay out the brick on a dry
run to ensure the location of
wall is placed correctly.
2. Take out the bricks and
apply a -inch thick mortar
bed on it.
3. Line up the brick and push
it into the mortar leaving
creating a 3/8-inch joint
between each bricks.
4. Check the bricks with a
level and scrape off the
excess mortar that squeezes
off from the joints.
5. The brickwork is started from
each end toward the middle.
The last brick of a level is
called the closure brick.
Trim the brick if it cant
fit into the space.
6. Apply mortar on both ends of
the brick and slowly push to
fit into the space.
7. Ensure the reinforced steel
bars from the concrete column
are fitted in between the
brick levels to increase the
tensile strength of the wall.
8. While the wall is complete,
scrape off all the excess
mortar from the joints.
Masonry wall construction process
Project 1
29
wei

Wall example
Concrete wall
By chua jiu xin
Concrete wall is a wall built by pouring concrete
mixtures into a model/formwork with reinforcement
bars then let dried forming a strong structure.
Three types of concrete wall
construction
1. cast in-situ reinforced concrete
(reinforced concrete) frame with rc infill
panel walls
2. cast in-situ shear wall
3. pre-cast concrete walls
Type of formworks
1. Timber formwork
2. Aluminium system
formwork
3. Modular steel
formwork
characteristic
• Most built as load bearing wall due to
its structural strength.
• Various texture and appearance can be
achieved by the use of formwork,
admixtures and additives.
• Cheap and ease of construction.
Different texture of concrete
wall
Timber
formwork
Aluminium
system
formwork
Modular steel
formwork
Project 1
30

7.0 STAIRCASE
introduction
A Introduction
By chua jiu xin
Staircase is a flight or series of flights of steps and a
supporting structure connecting spaces between one level
to another. It changes the overall circulation of a
building.
A There are many types of staircase constructed in
different way using different type of material.
Type of staircases
Staircase
material:
• Concrete staircase
• Timber staircase
• Glass staircase
• Steel staircase
Project 1
31

STAIRCASE in site
Half turning
staircase
Turns 180-degrees through
two right-angles at
intervening landings.
Straight staircase
A Straight staircase that
extends from one level to
another without turns or
winder.
Dimensions
Riser = 160mm
Tread = 255 +
25mm
Nosing = 915mm
high ms
handrail
Total step = 20
Dimensions
By cheah teck
Riser = 175.8mm
Tread = 255 +
25mm
Nosing = 915mm
high ms
handrail
Total step = 26
5487
8839
4115
Project 1
32
wei

STAIRCASE construction
A timber formwork
is set up on the
proposed area
for the
staircase.
Every pieces for
each step is
placed properly
to ensure
accurate
positioning and
measurement..
Rebars were
placed in the
timber formwork to
provide
reinforcement for
the structure
(resist tensile
force and shear)
By cheah teck
Concrete is
poured into the
formwork and thus
removed after
dried. .
In situ cast concrete staircase
construction process
Project 1
33
wei

STAIRCASE example 2
Timber staircase
By chua jiu xin
A timber staircase is a staircase constructed using
timbers.
A Basically they share the same function but based on
their materiality, they have different texture,
sensory, durability, maintenance methodology and
etc.
A Hardwood is frequently used in constructing a timber
staircase
A Every 3-6 months should be maintenance once to
ensure the timber is in good condition as timber is
affected by the
Humidity, ambience of air, insect and etc.
Sr
.
No
.
Type of arrangement of staircase
Wooden Staircase RCC Staircase
1 Wooden staircase is
relatively weaker.
RCC staircase is relatively
stronger.
2 Construction time is
relatively less.
Cement setting takes at least
21 days. Hence construction
time is more.
3 Timber has a life. It
becomes weak after about
70 to 80 years
RCC hardens with age. The
process of hardening
continues forever increasing
its strength.
4 The appearance and the
colour of the timber can
be attractive.
RCC staircase can be made
attractive by cladding and
other decorations.
5 Timber staircases are
light in weight
These are heavier in
weight.
6 Timber is costlier than
RCC.
RCC is cheaper than timber.
7 These are fire hazardous These cannot catch fire.
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the Wooden
Staircase over the RCC staircase.
8 These are sound and heat
insulators.
Comparatively lesser
insulators.
Project 1
34

DOORS
Doors function as an entrance to a space and acts as a barrier that swings, slides
or folds. Doors could be made of an assembly of timber, metal, or composite
materials. Doors play a very important role in influencing the circulation system.
Components of a door
head
stop
jamb
architrave
sill
Single door
leaf
wall
architrave
Door
panel
Main frame
Sub frame
nail
Section of door frame
8.0 doors
Project 1
35
By lim ming
chek

DOOR operation
Single leaf swinging door
- Only one door leaf used.
- Door leaf is hinged to the door frame.
- Operational space required.
DOOR details
A. Jambs can be
attached to the
floor with
powder-driven
fasteners.
Solid core
door
b. Reinforcement
of jamb at hinge
attachments
c. Loose sheet
metal tees are
inserted into
the frame and
built into
mortar joints to
anchor jambs
onto masonry
walls
The door also uses a double rabbet frame.
Project 1
36
By lim ming
chek

DOORS PROCESS
By lim ming
Sub frame is installed prior to the main frame. This is done so that the main
frame is less likely to shrink as it does not come in contact with the masonry wall.
The door frame is also not stained by paint or cement mortar. Floor finishes are
also easier to be installed as it does not need to suit the door frame profile.
Step 1 - The location of the door is
measured and marked according to the
dimensions stated at the approved construction
drawing. A few layers of brick are then
laid by its side.
Step 2  Frame of the door is then slotted
into the measured space. The jamb of the
door is nailed into the masonry wall for
support purposes and bricks are continued to
be laid.
Project 1
37
chek

Step 3  A pre-cast concrete lintel with same
width and length of the door is bound with
mortar and placed on top of the door head.
The lintel is constructed to prevent the door
frame from excessive vertical force and
affect its ease of operation.
Step 4  For timber door frame, the wall is
plastered and the main frame is installed.
For aluminium door frame however, the space
between the masonry wall is filled with mortar
before the wall is plastered.
By lim ming
Cement
mortar
Aluminium
frame
Project 1
38
chek

Step 5  Shims are placed on the hinge side
of the door and form a continuous gap in
between. The hinge is then nailed into the
side door jamb.
Step 6  To ensure that the cracks and flaws
in joining is hidden particularly for timber
door frame as the wood will season and shrink
after some time thus exposing cracks, the
architrave is installed.
Advantages of Using Aluminium Frame
- Low maintenance frame.
- High resistance to corrosion.
- Strong and economical.
- Environmentally sustainable material.
- Easy to install due to its flexibility.
Project 1
By lim ming
39
chek

Aluminium door frames. Double rabbet door
frames slotted into
measured space.
By lim ming
Wall completed with
lintel seen for support.
Project 1
40
chek

By lim ming
Roller shutters which consist of many
horizontal slats hinged together are
also used as the main as well as the
back entrance. It is attached to a
beam to support it. The door is
raised to open and lowered to close
it.
Project 1
41
chek

WINDOWS
INSTALLATION OF WINDOW
Step 1: Check the
rough opening
Measure the width of
the rough opening at
the top, middle, and
bottom and the height
at both sides and in the
middle.
Step 2: Protect against
water infiltrationCut a
strip of self-adhering
waterproof membrane.
Center the membrane under
the rough opening and
adhere it to the existing
builder's felt
STEP 3: check the
perpendicularity
By liau wen bin
Step 4: drill a hole through
between frame and wall
the existing hole from
the frame
STEP 5: place a fischer
through the hole
Step 6: Install Window STEP 7: Finish the wall
with sealant or mortar
Project 1
42

windows
By liau wen bin
Window is an opening in a wall or other structures that is operable in opening and
closing mechanism. It is the connection between interior and exterior space by
allowing the passage of natural light, solar heat, air movement and also
provide a view. Windows are undoubtedly important in achieving quality of life
and comfort in buildings.
TYPES OF WINDOWS
An awning window is hinged at the top and
opens outward.The glass protects the opening
like an awning, enabling ventilation even
dying rainy weather. It can be placed high
on the wall to let in both light and air.
Generally, awning windows are opened with a
hand crank. Screens are on the inside of
the window, where they are more protected
from the elements.
awning windows in side elevation (PART)
When open, the sash is
able to direct
ventilation. The
sashes may be stacked
vertically with sashes
closing on each other
or on meeting sites.
Hinged at the top and
open outwardly because
the sash closes by
pressing against the
frame. They generally
have lower air leakage
rates than sliding
windows.
Sash
Hinge SLIDE
Hinge TRACK
JAMB
RETAINER CLIP
Hinge arm
Project 1
43

WINDOWS
OTHER TYPES OF WINDOWS
Fixed
windows
Fixed windows consist of a
frame and stationary sash.
When used in conjunction with
operable window units, the
thickness of the fixed sash
should approximate the cross-sectional
dimension of the
operating sashes,
Jalousie windows have
horizontal glass or wood
louvers that pivot
simultaneously in a common
frame.
Jalousies are used
primarily in mild climates
to control ventilation and
to cut off visibility from
the outside
By liau wen bin
Completion of construction
showing multiple awning
windows
Jalousie windows
Project 1
44

9.0 Roofing system
Definition of roof
By chew ung
A roof is part of a building envelope that covering on the uppermost part of a
building or shelter which include exterior surface and its supporting
structures. It must be able carry its own weight, additional attached
equipment and accumulated rain. Furthermore, it must be able to resist wind
pressure
Basic function of roof
 Able to resist the passage of moisture to the inside of
building.
 Able to withstand atmospheric pollution, frost and
other harmful condition
 To prevent the spread of fire over the roof and
from one building to another.
 Thermal insulation is required to reduce heat losses
and prevent excessive solar heat gains in hot
weather.
 Sound insulation is rarely an important consideration
in roof design.
TYPE OF ROOF
There are different kind of roof (refer diagram2). The shape of roofs differs
greatly from region to region and it affects the overall appearance of a
home. The main factor which influence the shape of roofs are the climate and
the materials available and the outer covering, appearance and aesthetics,
maintenance and costing
Components of roof
Project 1
45
heng

Introduction of Flat Roof
By chew ung
A flat roof is a roof which is almost level in contrast to the many types of sloped
roofs. The slope of a roof is properly known as its pitch and flat roofs have up
to approximately 10.Flat roofs are an ancient form mostly used in arid climates
and allow the roof space to be used as a living space or a living roof.
Introduction of Butterfly Roof
A roof shape which has two surfaces that rise from the centre to the eaves
with a valley in the centre, resembles the wings of a butterfly.
TYPE:
The shop lots use two kinds of roof which are Reinforced concrete flat roof and
butterfly roof at the top of those shop lots
Elevation
Reinforce
concrete
Flat roof
Roof plan
flat roof Butterfly roof
flat
roof
Butterfly
Roof
Project 1
46
heng

TYPE OF FLAT ROOF
By chew ung
Most of the materials that used in the flat roof provide insufficient
resistance to the transfer of heat to meet the requirement of the building
regulations. Therefore an insulating layer is needed. The position of the
insulation will define the type of flat roof.
Warm Roof
• Sandwich Roof
• Inverted Roof
Cold roof
(ventilated
roof)
Membranes of flat roof
1.BUR ( built up membrane )
2.Modified bitumen membrane
3.Single-Ply Membranes
1
Type of flat roof
of shop lots in
2
3
Metal panel ( Galvanized steel panels )
Steel is defined as any alloy of iron with content of 2 percent and below. Steel
is strong in both compression and tension. Galvanized steel is kind of steel that is
coated in zinc which can prevent rust. The process is achieved through hot dip
galvanizingCorrugated roofing panels span between beams or purlins running across
the slope. The roofing panels can be aluminium, corrugated structural glass,
fibreglass or in the case of the shop lots in Banting, galvanized steel.
Corrugated Glass
Panels
Aluminium PanelsFibreglas
s panels
Galvanized
steel
Type of
roof that
used to
roofing
the shop
lots in
Banting
banting
Project 1
47
heng

Roof details
elevation
sectio
n
Roof plan
By chew ung
The insulation is below the deck of
the roof in Banting can be
considered as a cold roof. The roof
is covered by blue Galvanized steel
panels.
Corrugate
d Roofing
Performed
closure
strip to
seal the
openings of
corrugation
against
wind-driven
rain
Flashing
sheet
Steel
cee
purlin
Roof
beam
insulati
on
Components of
flat roof
Panel
Project 1
48
heng

Construction of Concrete Reinforced
Flat roof
1. Temporary propping or
scaffolding is required
and set up to support the
framework
By yap chein
2. The joist of the roof is connected to the
wall by metal wall plates, is slope to create
a fall, which supported below by the
concrete roof beam
3. The Metal panels is added to cover the
roofing
Steel Bar
Concealed,
floating
clips
attach the
G.S panels
to the
framework
Panels
overla
p each
other
to
concea
l the
roof
clips
4. Steel bar to join the metal
wall plates to fix the shape of
the roof
Roof
panels
are
seamed
togeth
er with
a
mechan
ical
seamer
Roofing method
Fall
creating by
sloping the
joist
Galvanize
d steel
panels
1 2
3
Project 1
49
wee

Butterfly Roof
By yap chein
Butterfly Roof basic structure
A butterfly roof consists of two roofs
joined at their low points to form a
valley, which sometimes serves as a
reservoir. The angle of the two roofs is
determined by the architect or designer,
but it typically creates slight but
visually discernible slopes that give the
building a more modern and less angular
appearance than that of a traditional
roof.
Butterfly roof versions
Several unique styles of roofs have
emerged based on the atypical pitches of
butterfly roofs. A shed roof has a single
slope and typically includes the slope at
different levels on top of the building. A
saddle roof is shaped like a Western style
saddle used to ride a horse, with a convex
curve on one side of the axis and a
concave curve on the other. Gabled
butterfly roofs generally have a
triangular sloping roof attached to a flat
roof with windows placed near the top of
the walls beneath it. Zigzag roofs look
like the edge of a saw blade, with many
acutely angled peaks in a row. Architects
sometimes mix and match roofs of different
pitches on a single structure.
Details of butterfly
roof
Valley
gutter
Two roofs joined
at their low points
to form a valley
Project 1
50
wee

Reference
EARTHWORK
1)Fundamentals of building construction by edward allen josepg iano
2)Construction methods and planning j.r. illingworth
3)Building construction illustrated by francis d.k.ching
Foundation
1)http://constructionduniya.blogspot.com/2012/02/pile-foundations.html
2)BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ILLUSTRATED BY FRANCIS D.K. CHIING
3)http://tgbuilders.co.uk/our-services/foundation/
SUPERSTRUCTURE
-BEAM AND COLUMN
1) Building conctruction illustrated by francis d.k. ching
-Floor
1)https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/10_flo
or_systems/topic_index.htm
2)Building construction illustrated by francis d.k. ching
-Wall
1)http://www.wbdg.org/design/env_wall_masonry.php
2)http://www.understandconstruction.com/walls.html
3)Building construction illustrated by francis d.k. ching
-Staircase
1) Building construction illustrated by francis d.k. ching
Project 1
51

Reference
-door and windows
1)http://free-ed.net/free-ed/
Resources/Trades/carpentry/Building01/?iNum=1102
2)Fundamentals of building construction by edward allen joseph iano
-roof
1)http://www.the-flat-roof.co.uk/Sect3_6.pdf
2)http://www.buildingregs4plans.co.uk/guidance_flat_roof_types.php
3)
http://learn.hackney.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/14157/mod_resource/content/0/The
ory/FirstYearTheory11.pdf

Banting Site Introduction

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Banting Site Introduction