1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Apart from the my efforts, the success of any work mostly depends on the encouragement &
guidance of others. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the people who have given
me golden opportunity to learn new things via this programs & given their valuable guidance
& encouragement in successful completion of this assignment.
My special thanks to respected professors for mentoring my assignment. I show my greatest
gratitude to them for their tremendous support & help. I always feel motivated & encouraged
after working under their guidance & without them this assignment would have been
materialize.
I would also thanks my friends for the tremendous support in completion the assignment. I
would like to thanks the omnipotent god & a friend who helped me directly or indirectly in
my assertation work.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my family for their love, patience,
encouragement & understanding. My parents are the source of my motivation & inspiration
throughout my work. They act as backbone in my entire life.
3. INTRODUCTION
The Student Ready Program aim to reorient Graduate of Agriculture for ensuring & assuring
employability & develop entrepreneurs for emerging knowledge intensive agriculture. It
include 4 components:-
Motto of SRP-
Provide exposure to natural setting of village situations & work with farm family.
The students also get opportunity to get familiarized with various issues & problems
expected on farmers field & hence again competence & confidence for solving
problems related to agriculture& allied sciences.
Get opportunity to study the various ongoing schemes related to agriculture & rural
development & participate in thir implementation.
Also aims to provide opportunities to acquire hand on experience entrepreneurial
skills.
To orient Graduates of Agriculture & Allied subjects for farmers progress &
involvement of them directly or indirectly in their welfare.
STUDENT
READY
IN PLANT TRAINING
Internship/Inplant Training
/Industrial attachment
EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING
With business model
STUDENT PROJECTS
Learn communication
report writing skills
RAWE
Rural Awareness Work Experience
4. This program will help in building confidence, skills, knowledge & thereby preparing
them for self-employment.
EXTENSION EDUCATION
SURVEY- Research method used for collecting data from a pre-defined group of
respondent to gain information & insight on various topics of interest.
QUESTIONNAIRE- Research instrument consisting a set of questions & prompt
aiming to collect information from a respondent. It’s a typical mixture of close
ended& open ended questions, long form questions offer the ability for the respondent
to elaborate on their thoughts.
CHARACTERSTICS OF A QUESTIONARE-
UNIFORMITY- Every respondent is asked the same question for data collection.
EXPLORATORY- Collecting qualitative data, no restriction onf question type or
objective.
QUESTION SEQUENCE- Structured flow of question is followed to increase the no
of responses.
TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRES-
OPEN-ENDED- Helps in collection of qualitative data allowing respondent to
answer freely without restriction.
CLOSE-ENDED or DICHOTOMOUS- Used in case of need of basic validation.
It’s the easiest form of a questionnaire.
Interview Schedule V/ S Questionnaire
Interviewer is there Internet is there
Physical Virtual
Helping Person is there No Person is there
ORDER OF QUESTION-
Opening Question Question Flow Question Variety Closing Question
POPULATION-Total Species/ Total Area/ unit area
SAMPLE-it is a part of fraction of population selected on some basis.
SAMPLE
POPULATION
CENSUS SURVEY SAMPLE SURVEY
Census Survey are the types of surveys
involving the process of collecting
information about each member of a given
population.
The process of collecting information by
selecting some true representative to get
information is known as sample survey.
5. SOIL SCIENCE
Fertility of soil in my area- Texture of soil in my area was sandy-loam with pH in
range of 6.5-8.
Soil was poor in organic carbon, sulphur while potassium boron & copper
were present in moderate concentration.
Characterstics of Good Soil- Soil should have good with (Desirable combination of
particle, moisture, content aeration, water infilteration drainage etc.) it should have optimal
nutrient content & free from any toxin.
It should contain plenty beneficial organism while at the same time free from
pathogenic parasitic organism. Soil should be resilient to degradation erosion &
recover well from disturbance.
What will see after going to farm as a good soil ?
Good soil in any farm will have earthworm activity roots of plants will be properly
spread & organic rich soil will be crumbled off.
Function of Soil Health in corresponding to crop production-
Soil supply the essential nutrients ,H2O,O2 & root support that our food producing
plants need to grow & flourish. They also serve as buffer to protect delicate plant
roots from drastic fluctuation in temperature.
Bulk Density-Mass/Volume(g/cc) (mg/m3)
B.D. differ from soil to soil because mineral content of soil is different.
WATER HOLDING CAPACITY- After the irrigation of 24hrs the water present in soil is
called WHC.
SAMLING-Procedure of representative sample withdrawn from a whole lot.
QUARTZ METHOD OF SAMPLING
SOIL HEALTH SOIL QUALITY
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTY
6. Different practical done under Soil Science Attachment
We have done different practical like-
W shape- In this we have to made W in field for sample collection of soil. So that I can get a
ideal sample. In the above picture this is depicted. After collecting the sample take it to
laboratory for different test for understanding the soil condition and accordingly suggesting to
farmer. Test like pH test , Ec test …..
We have to collect water sample of our area and do the different test for checking
water purity in sense of crop and living beings. Different test like Na+, K+, Ca, Cl,
and different types of heavy metal.
We have to collect fertilizers sample from different area and check it
purity/adulteration percentage and accordingly suggest to farmer For different
fertilizer there are different test.
This initiative is taken to stop excess use of fertilizer by farmers and it help in preventing
toxification of soil.
SOME OF THE FERTILIZER COMPANY ARE-
A. Chambal fertilizer and chemicals
B. Coromandel international
C. Rama phosphate
D. Dharamasi Moraji chemicals
E. Deepak fertilizer
F. Khaitan chemical
G. National fertilizer
H. Shiva global
I. Mangalore chemicals
J. Southern petro
K. Times green energy
This is a pics of shop in cholapur village In my visit I talk
to him .
Our economy is mainly nitrogen driven. The maximum
fertilizer sell is urea. Everything is linked in the device
provided to them Every consumer have to give Aadhaar
card and fingerprint for purchasing fertilizers.
7.
8. GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
Which variety farmer grows in my locality for different crops? (Varanasi)
CROPS VARIETIES
WHEAT PBW-343, Shree ram 303, Malviya-234(HUW-234) PW-3333
RICE Kala namak, Chintu, Lal palti, Moti
TOMATO Kashi adharsh, Kashi aman
CUCURBIT Kashi subhangi, K.shreya, K.divya, K.rakshita
RABI & KHARIF CROP GROWN UNDER THIS AREA
RABI-Wheat, Mustard, Peas, Potato
KHARIF-Paddy, Pulses, Mushroom, Sugarcane, Maize, Arhar, Bajra,
SEED VIABILITY TEST-Principle- Living cells are made visible by reducing dye
reduction of indicator dye.
2,3,5 Tri phenyl tetrazolium chloride Diphenyl formazan
NORTHERN BLOTTING SOUTHERN BLOTTING
Northern blotting is the method used to detect
a specific RNA sequence in a sample of mixed
RNAs.
Southern blotting is the method for detecting a
specific DNA sequence in a sample of mixed
DNA.
The process involve The process involve
Electrophoresis – It segregates RNA samples
based on their size into different bands.
Electrophoresis – It segregates
the DNA sample into separate bands based on
their size by gel electrophoresis.
Transfer – RNA bands in the gel are moved to
the membrane by capillary action.
Transfer – DNA bands are transferred by
capillary action onto a nitrocellulose membrane
in contact with the gel during the transfer
process.
cDNA or RNA probes are used with
radioactive or non-radioactive labels
Single-stranded DNA or RNA is used as a
probe.
It was developed by Alwine and his
colleagues in 1979
It was developed by Edward M. Southern
in 1975
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy
or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to
millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
Reduced to
TETRAZOLIUM TEST
Hydrolysis by Hydrogenase
Red stable non diffusible colour
9. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
SEED PRIMING- it is a controlled hydration technique in which seeds are soaked in water or low
osmotic potential solution to a point where germination related metabolic activities begin in the
seed but radicle emergence does not occur.
10. AGRONOMY
LIST OF GOVERNMENT SCHEMES FOR THE UPLIFTMENT OF FARMER IN MY AREA (Varanasi)
NAME OF SCHEME OBJECTIVES VISION
Pradhan Mantri Krishi
Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)
Har Khet ko Pani "Prime
Minister Krishi Sinchayee
Yojana"
commitment toward
conservation and management
of water. Improve the water-use
efficiency.
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas
Yojana (PKVY)
An initiative launched by the
NDA government in 2015
To promote organic farming.
Use of traditional resources.
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima
Yojana (PMFBY)
It is a crop insurance scheme
where multiple stakeholders are
integrated on a single platform.
To provide the farmers a stable
source of income. Farmers need
not worry about income during
natural calamities.
Gramin Bhandaran Yojana Under this, scheme the
government aims to provide
storage facilities to the farmer in
rural areas.
Create modern storage facilities
in rural areas. Farmers are
encouraged to maximize their
output.
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maan-
Dhan Yojana (PM-KMY)
This scheme is especially for
farmers between the age of 18-
40 years. To avail of the benefit
of this scheme, the farmer has
to register under the pension
fund.
The Welfare of small and
marginal farmers. Provide
monthly income to farmers
above 60 years of age
PM Kisan Samman Nidhi
Yojana
The main objective of the
scheme is to transfer an amount
of Rupees 6000 to the account
of farmers annually. This
scheme is very helpful to all
those small and marginal
farmers who need to buy
various farm implements and
meet other agricultural
expenses.
The scheme is intended to make
the small and marginal farmers
strong.
The small and marginal farmer
is in a position to sustain his
activities.
To make the farmer attentive
and active.
Micro Irrigation Fund scheme The scheme is aimed to remove
the hurdles of irrigation. Most
farmers are depended on rain
for their crops. Through this
scheme, the government aims to
provide irrigation facilities to
the farmers.
Farmers can take up new and
upcoming irrigation projects. To
make the farmer self-reliant for
his irrigation needs. Farmers
are no longer dependent on rain
only.
E-NAM E-NAM is an electronic
National Agriculture Marketing
portal that pans India and
connects the existing mandis.
The purpose is to create a pan
India market for agricultural
produce.
Promote uniformity among
agriculture markets. Eliminate
the role of the middle man in
agriculture markets. Offer
competitive prices to farmers
for their produce.
Kisan Credit Card (KCC) This scheme was launched in
1998 to provide credit facilities
to farmers.
Farmers should not be cash-
starved. Farmers are not at the
mercy of money lenders for
agricultural expenses.
11. INTRODUCTION CLASS –(By Ram Swaroop Meena Sir) Day-1
Principle of the programme-Go to the people& live with them, learn from them, serve them, work &
plan with them, start with what they know.
Expected Outcomes of programme-Personality Development, Art of listening & Art of negotiation,
Confidence Building, Develop skills of joint effort(Community Management), Developing Art of
creative thinking, effective decision making, Life’s real experiences, time & relationship
management, observe problem & possible solution (crisis management).
ORGANIC PRODUCTIO SYSTEM (By Dr.Manoj kumar Singh Sir) Day-2
Tell about seed & seed treatment , different method (Seed Priming, Hardening, Seed treatment with
biofertilizers),Preparation of farm yard manure & compost, Vermicompost preparation etc.
Dr. NARENDRA RAGHUVANSHI (Head of KVK Vns)- Second shift
Father of kvk-Dr. AP Singh Sir
Motto-doubling the farmer income, fulfilling the requirement of farmer, producer, consumer.
Sir do trial & demonstration of technology. Sir promote SHG & FPO in farmer. Provide different
opportunity agronomy, horticulture, etc. & link all farmers with each others.
CHALLENGES-Hybrid are more demanded for export quality product we need.
90-95% depend on own water supplement as we do not have even 75% rainfall which is needed in
banaras. Drum Seeder is more benefitted as it has low herbicide & other requirement (like labour).
Success story of one farmer have more effective impact on other farmer.(By seeing beliefing).
IFS MODEL (Integrated Farming System) Day-3
Each system interlinked with each other. One waste use in other.
WHY IFS- Doubling farmer income, Climate Change , Recycling Nutrient , Water Management, From
crop based we are moving toward animal based enterprise. Year out Income generation,
Environment security, Employment, livelihood, food and nutrient security.
IFS Model
- 7 place in INDIA. 1ha area in
BHU, 7 Members of family
(include poultry, mushroom,
dairy, fisheries) Highest
income in dairy.
12. CONCEPT OF NATURAL FARMING (BY Acharya Narendra Joint Director Institute of Ag. Science
Palampur)-Farming without damaging soil & environment.
Natural farming is an ecological farming approach established by Masanobu Fukuoka (1913-2008), a
japanese farmer & philosopher introduced in his 1975 book The One –Straw Revolution.
PRINCIPLES OF FUKUOKA’s NATURAL FARMING-
Human cultivation of soil, ploughing, or tilling are unnecessary, as in the use of powered
machines.
Fertilizers are not needed, as is the process of preparing composts.
Weeding by cultivation as use of chemical herbicides is unnecessary.
There is no need of applying pesticides or herbicides.
INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEMS-(By Dr. N Ravi Shankar Principal Scientist ICAR-INDIAN
INSTITUTE OF FARMING SYSTEM RESEARCH, Modipuram near Delhi)-
Some Project under Modipuram-All India Coordinated Project of Integrated Farming System, All
India Organic Project of IFS.
Why IFS? Key points-Balanced Nutrition can be achieved by IFS because it include(cereals, pulses,
fruit, oil etc.), Fuel Generation (Biogas can be achieved by IFS), 5F-(Fuel, Fooder, Food, Fertilizer,
Fibre). Covid case is best example of IFS.17 sustainable development goal that we have to achieve by
2030. This can be achieved by IFS. (Three angles- Economical, Social, Ecological).
Constant Income Generation, Reduced in expenditure, Increasing the self-employment, Reducing
the risk factor. 190Kg of biological oxygen fixation can be done by IFS. The problem of gas emission is
mainly by rice straw this can be solved by IFS.
Each and Every piece of land and waste product should be utilized efficiently in IFS. Choose two
component in IFS. This is seen to be more profitable one.
AGRO-TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (BY PROF MK SINGH)-
Scientists should focus more on water, energy and environment. –(C.N. Rao Bharat Ratan)
Why yield gaps exist-Economic Incentives, Lack of Information, Extension Services, Technical skills,
Poor Infrastructure, Weak Institutions, Discouraging farm policies, Available Technologies have not
been adapted to local conditions.
CROP PLANNING- Contingency planning, Cropping practices based on effective growing period,
Weather analysis.
SITE SPECIFIC CLIMATE SMART INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT (ISFM)- Judicious use of
fertilizers & soil amendments. Soil conservation to reduce erosion maintain soil organic matter and
enhance water and nutrient bio availability.
YIELD MONITORING- Yield Monitoring & mapping offers intensive measure of spatial yield variability
that exists in farm field.
13. CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE:-Current & Future Prospects in Eastern UP & BIHAR (BY PROF UP
SINGH)-
Challenges in Current Farming-Uncertain and irregular hydrology (Due to climate change), Under
utilized lands due to excess moisture/water logging, Delayed establishment of crops, Excssive tillage
and monoculture based production system, Inappropriate Nutrient Usage and Increasing Cost, ‘One
size fits all’ approach and untrained extension staff.
Increasing Production Cost, Unstable Production and Poor Soil Health.
DRY LAND AND FIELD LEARNING (By Sudhir Rajpoot)-Last Class
Dryland-19 centre in INDIA. 55% of Net cultivated area are dryland.
THREE POINTS OF DRYLAND AGRICULTURE- Collection, Conservation, and Utilization of Rainfall
Water.
Pendimethalin- Pre- Emergence Master herbicide for all crops. APPLICATION- 70-80 ml per pump.
CRIDA(1985) Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture
AICRPDA- All India Coordinated Research Project in Dryland Agriculture
NICRA- National Innovation in Climate Resilent Agriculture (2011)
Weed Management in Dryland Crops-
Chickpea- Topramezone, Pendimathelin
Maize- Halosulfuron, Atrazine
Paraquat- Fast to clear field in non-crop (2-3Hrs only) .
14. HORTICULTURE
Farmer Queries-
Q- What are the symptoms of black tip of mango & how to tackle it?
Symptom- Necrosis on tip of fruit tip become black and flat, Inner portion of tip become soft
rottened & secretion of dark brown liquid.
Cause-caused by SO2, CO2 and Acetylene gases released from bricks link.
Management- Spray Borax@ 3-4 kg/500 litre water 1st
& 2nd
Spray- Flowering Stage 3rd
Spray- Fruiting stage , Spray of Washing Soda(0.5%) & Caustic Soda(0.8%) .
Q- What are the symptom of mango malformation & how to tackle it?
Symptom- Three types of symptoms- Bunchy Top Phase, Floral Malformation, & Vegetative
Malformation. In bunchy top phases in nursery bunching of thickened small shoots, bearing
small rudimentally leaves. Shoots remain shorts and stunted giving a bunchy top appearance.
In Vegetative Malformation excessive vegetative branches of limited growth in seedlings.
They are swollen with short internode forming bunches of various size and the top of the
seedlings shows bunchy top appearance.
Management- Disease plant should be destroyed. Use of disease free planting material.
Incidence reduced by spraying 100-200 ppm NAA during October. Pruning of diseased parts
along the basal 15-20 cm appearing healthy portions.Spraying of Carbendazim (0.1%) or
Captafol(0.2%).
Q- What are the symptoms of Bark eating caterpillar & control?
Symptom- Young tree may succumb to the attack caterpillars bore into tank or junction of
branches. Presence of gallery out of silk & frass.
IDENTIFICATION OF PEST- Adult is stout yellowish-brown moth with brown wavy
markings on the forewings. Males are smaller than female.
Management-Apply carbofuran 3G5g per hole and plug with mud. Swab coal tar + kerosene
@12 or carbaryl 50 WP 20g/litre of water on the basal portion of the trunk up to 3 feet height.
Q- How to control the leaf curl disease in tomato & chilli?
Rogue out infected plant, Spray Dimetoate(0.05%)or monocrotophid(0.05) at 10 day interval.
Experience gained through field visit and farmer interaction-
As per the guidance given by the department of horticulture and task assigned by the KVK, I
visited few village and farmers.
From there I have gained a lot of information regarding farmer field, major problem they face
while cultivation. In my life I will contribute my best to this field.
15. ENTOMOLOGY
The Student Ready Program(SRP) is a golden opportunity for the students to practically
observe the field and identifying the insect attacking the crop.
Also the interaction with farmers give us an idea about how they interpret the disease or pest
attacking their field. The response of farmers was also worth analysing.
Observing the field, I was able to identify some borers, flies etc. but yet I have difficulty in
identifying many of them it is mainly due to I’m from cities that why I have less interaction
with them and lack of experience. The SRP has given me a chance to learn and some amount
of experience in this. While interacting with farmer I come across the local names used by
farmer.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT(IPM) FOR FARMERS:-
The most effective, long term way to manage pest by using combination of methods that
work better separately.
It includes- Biological Control- use of natural enemies-predators, parasite, pathogens,
and competitors invertebrates plant, pathogens, nematodes, weeds, and vertebrates
have many natural enemies.
Culture controls-It reduced pest establishment, reproduction, dispersal, and survival.
Ex- Changing irrigation practices reduce pest problems.
Mechanical and Physical control-Kills a pest directly, block pest out, make
environment unsuitable.
Ex- Traps for rodent, Mulch for weed, steam sterilization of soil for disease, screen to keep
bird or insect out.
Chemical control- Use of pesticides In IPM, pesticides are used only when needed &
in combination with other approaches for more effective, long term control. Most
selective pesticides are used.
Farmers generally practices IPM are-
The symptoms of attack of insects were identified and a
general insecticides was sprayed on recommendation of the
vendor or may be some other farmers. Most of them do not
even think about gaining income through beneficial insects. I
suggested two of them for apiculture & many of them show
there interest but they want protection kit from government
for initiation of honey production.
16. Deep ploughing in summer season- destroy egg chamber, egg pods or natural enemies
(birds, mammals, reptiles) eat them.
CROP ROTATION-Pest of one crop won’t be able to feed on another different crop.
Use of resistant varieties.
Ridge crop growing (increase yield)
To prevent from storage pest-
Sun dry after harvest, treat the storage house.
Use new rugbags or dip the bag in boiling water for 15-20 min then dry it. Destroy
heat spots during storage.
Store the yield below 13oC temperature.
APICULTURE- Apiculture is science and culture of honeybees and their management.
Honey bees is a beneficial insect. Apiculture is a subsidary occupation & is additional
source of income for farm family. It require low investment.
HONEYBEE SPECIES- Apis florae(Little bee), Apis dorsata(Rock bee), Apis
cerane(Indian bee), Apis mellifera(Western bee).
BEE KEEPING EQUIPMENT- Hives, Frames, Smoker, Gloves, Net, Beevil. Knife
17. PLANT PATHOLOGY
PROFITABLE BIOTECHNOLOGY BUSINESS IDEAS- Agri-clinic, Biodiesel
production, Biofertilizer manufacturing, Biopesticides manufacturing, Compost fertilizer
manufacturing, Food Processing, Hybrid seeds, Speciality medicine manufacturing,
Vaccine manufacturing, Vermicompost production etc.
S
V
COMMERCIAL VENTURE OF BHU GUIDED TECHNOLOGY & BRANDING-
Bhagirathi Sewa Sansthan,Varanasi
Vermicompost production from temple offering.
A
STARTUP
NEED
THINKING
INNOVATIVELY
NURTURING
THE IDEA
MAKE
SOMETHING
PEOPLE WANT
TIMING IS
IMPORTANT
HOW TO PROCEED WITH STARTUPS?
MODIFICATION
OF EXISTING
TECHNLOGIES
NEW
IDEAS
BIOFERTILIZER/BIOPESTICIDES BASED TECHNOLOGIES AT BHU
VERMICOMPOST
TECHNOLOGY
BIO-POT
DEVELOPMENT
SEED-
BIOPRIMINGTECH
NOLOGY
MICROBIAL
CONSORTIUM
DEVELOPMENT
18. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION-
Mushroom is a fungi producing a fleshy fruiting body, especially one consisting of a stalk with an
umbrella cap. It has two parts : cap like structure is known as PILEUS, attached with thread like
structure MYCELIA. Mycelia absorb nutrient from soil , it do not require sun light for their growth.
A mushroom typically consists of a stalk (stipe) and a cap (pileus). As the mushroom develops
from an underground mycelium and pushes upward, it is protected by a thin membrane which
eventually ruptures, leaving fragments on the cap. Another membrane, attaching the cap to the
stalk, also ruptures, allowing the cap to expand and leaving a remnant ring (annulus) on the
stalk. Radiating rows of gills are found on the cap's undersurface; these bear the club-shaped
reproductive structures (basidia) which form minute spores known as basidiospores, of which a
single mushroom may produce millions.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MUSHROOM-
Protein - Most mushrooms have a high protein content, usually around 20-30% by dry
weight.
Fiber - Helps lower cholesterol and is important for the digestive system.
Vitamin D - Essential for the absorption of calcium.
Copper - Aids in helping the body absorb oxygen and create red blood cells.
Selenium - An antioxidant that helps neutralize free radicals, thus preventing cell
damage and reducing the risk of cancer and other diseases. Mushrooms contain more
selenium than any other form of produce. Potassium - An extremely important mineral
that regulates blood pressure and keeps cells functioning properly Other important
minerals - Such as phosphorous, zinc, and magnesium. Low levels of fat, calories, and
sodium.
No cholesterol.
19. FARM ENGINEERING
Statistics-Statistics may be defined as a science of collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of numerical data. This definition includes four terms: Collection of data,
Presentation of Data, Analysis of data and Interpretation of data.
Variable-A quantity which may take a different values i.e. rainfall, record, birth rate, death
rate.
CENTRAL TENDENCY-A value of the variant which thoroughly representative of the
series or the distribution as a whole is known as central tendency.
WATER RESOURCE IN INDIA-(By VK Tripathi Sir)-
Total annual rainfall of INDIA-1194 mm
Area of India 328.29mHa i.e. 328.29mHa * 1194mm =400M.Ham
SURFACE WATER RESOURCE-India has large and intricate network of river system.
CWC (Central Water Commission has divided India into 20 river basin, comprising
12 major basin.
Average annual potential flow in the river is 1,869BCM(Km^3).
Each of river basin has >20,000km^3 catchment area.
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
SURVEY BY EXPERIMENTS OBSERVATIONS
TYPE OF VARIABLE
Continuous Variable
Quantities which can take any
numerical values within certain
rang. Ex-Yield
Discrete Variable
Can take only integer value
20. TYPES OF FARM MACHINES-
Based on Power Source
Based on Mounting Arrangement
Based on operation it perform
Q-Cost of Tractor is Rs. 80000 & MB plough is Rs.70000,annual usage of tractor & MB
plough is 1000 & 600hr/yr respectively, useful life of tractor & MB plough is 10 yr & 13 yr
respectively, rate of insurance & tax w.r.t. total initial cost of tractor is 2%, rate of interest for
both tractor & MB plough is 10%, rate of repair & maintenance cost for both tractor and MB
plough is 5% of initial price, rate of housing for both tractor & MB plough is 2%, fuel
consumption of tractor with MB Plough 4L/hr, price f diesel fuel is 90Rs/L, Operator cost for
8hr/day is 200. Salvage value for tractor & MB Plough is 10% of capital investment. Field
Capacity of the tractor & MB Plough is 0.6ha/h
Q-Cost of combine harvester is Rs. 2000000,annual usage of combine harvestor 600hr/yr,
useful life of combine harvester is 15yr, rate of insurance & tax w.r.t. total initial cost of
combine harvester is 2%,rate of interest for combine harvester is 10%, rate of repair &
maintenance cost for combine harvester is 5% of initial price, rate of housing for combine
harvestor is 2%,fuel consumption of combine harvester is2%,fuel consumption of combine
harvester 5L/H,Price of diesel fuel is 90Rs/L,operator cost for 8h/dayis 200.Salvagefor
combine harvester is 10% of CI.Area covered by combine is 0.8/Ha/h.
21. DAIRY SCIENCE AND FOOD TECHNOLOGY
WHAT IS MILK?
The normal mammary secretion derived from complete milking of healthy milch
animals.
White secretion contain casein protein ,lactose sugar, whey protein.
WHAT IS COLOSTRUM?
The yellowish lacteal secretion from the mammary glands of cows or buffaloes,
obtained upto three to five days of parturition and preceding the production of milk.
It contain Immunoglobin like(IgA, IgE) provide immunity contain high amount of
minerals.
MACRO-NUTRIENT-Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein
MICRO-NUTRIENT- Vitamin, Minerals
Casein-Hydrophopic that why less soluble,low digestable.
GERBER TEST- Fat Determination
REAGENTS AND APPARATUS 1. Sulphuric acid (density- 1.812g/ml, concenration-90-
91%) 2. Iso-amyl alcohol (0.818g/ml, furfural free) 3. Gerber butyrometer- 6, 8 and 10
percent 4. Pipette- 10ml for sulphuric acid 5. Pipette- 10.75ml for milk 6. Pipette- 1ml for iso-
amyl alcohol 7. Lock stoppers for butyrometer 8. Lock stopper key 9. Water-bath 10.Gerber-
Centrifuge.
METHOD • The milk is mixed with sulphuric acid and iso-amyl alcohol in a Gerber tube,
permitting dissolution of protein and release of fat • The tubes are centrifuged and the fat rising
into calibrated part of the tube is measured as percentage of fat content of milk sample • This
method is suitable as a routine or screening test
WATER-BATH -Water-bath shall be made of suitable material (stainless steel) Capable of
being maintained at 65 ± 2º C temperature Shall have sufficient depth to support butyrometer in
vertical position with their scale completely immersed The bath shall be fitted with horizontal
perforated plates to hold the butyrometers .Shall also carry suitable thermometers
GERBER-CENTRIFUGE -The centrifuge may be hand driven or electric driven Shall be
capable of producing within 2 min when fully loaded, a relative centrifugal acceleration of 350 ±
50 gm at the outer end of butyrometer stopper
PROCEDURE- Measure 10 ml of sulphuric acid in butyrometer tube without wetting the neck of
butyrometer
Run the milk sample into butyrometer tube along the side wall without wetting the neck.
Add 1 ml of iso-amyl alcohol, close with the lock stopper, shake until homogenous, invert it for
complete admixture of the acid.
Keep in a water bath for 5 minutes at 65 ± 2º C Centrifuge for 4 minutes at 1100 rpm
Allow the centrifuge to come to rest.
Remove the butyrometer tubes and place in water bath for 5 minutes.
Read the percentage of fat after adjusting the height in the tube as necessary by movements of
lock stopper with the key.
22. Note the scale reading corresponding to the lowest point of the fat meniscus and the surface of
separation of fat and acid .When readings are being taken, hold the butyrometer vertical, read
the butyrometer to the nearest half of the smallest scale division.
Butyrometer must always be emptied without delay and highly acidic waste dispose off
completely. Tubes must be cleaned with chromic acid. In homogenized milk, fat separates with
more difficulty and centrifuging more than once may be required. In case of old samples, the
concentration of sulphuric acid may be increased to facilitate better dissolution.
PROBIOTIC= Beneficial Bacteria for GI tract.
DIFFERENT VISIT UNDER IT-
PARAG DAIRY-We visited Varanasi, parag
This cooperative work on the basis of 3 Tier Structure
• BENEFIT OF 3-TIER STRUCTURE-
Profit generated flowing downwards UNION--------> FARMERS
UNION provide input services (Cattle feed, Animal Health support, etc.) to the farmers so
that their productivity will increase.
PARLE G- 6 STEPS ARE THERE IN BISCUIT MAKING-
1-Raw material testing are there for atta , gluten test for madda, admine oil melting point
testing
2- Mixing
3-Moulding (Give shapes) 12 cups,36 cups 29 times moves
TOTAL CALCULATION-In 23.5 hrs how many biscuits made come out.
4-Oven dipping(High Temperature to Low Temperature)
5-Cooling conveyor (in natural process as we do with roti in home).
6-Packing Machine(Manual & Automatic)
In this plant two types of parle biscuit are made- Parle glucose & Parle cream.
Today 140+ unit parle has.
Milk Production in India-
✓ India produced 198.4 MMT of milk in 2019-20 ✓ Per capita consumption is 406g/day ✓
22% of the Global Production.
✓ Milk is the largest agricultural commodity in India followed by rice, wheat and other food
grains .
✓ Transformation of Indian dairy sector through “White revolution” from milk deficient (17
MT in 1950’s) to top most producer (198.4 MMT-2019-2020) .
✓ Success story that involves 15 million farmers linked through a strong network of more
than 1 lakh village dairy cooperative societies spreading across 346 districts of the nation.
✓ Great role in Socio-economic development, generation of huge rural employment
opportunity and providing quality nutrition.
23. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS-
PROBLEM OF AGRICULTURE- 1.08 ha average size of land holding of farmers.
Penetration of transport (China material to village amazon, flipkart best example).
Milk is highly perishable but yet it is manageable, So We can think of crop mgmt too.
Agricultural Economics is an applied field of economics concerned with the application of
economic theory in optimizing the production of distribution of food and fibre.
In duration of my visit and my exposure to several institution places, village and interaction
to farmers. I observe that most of the farmers sell their produce to near market only some of
the farmers opt to transport their produce to bigger mandi or other places.
OTHER LERNING-
Marketing Mix-refers to the set of action or tactics that a company promote in brand or
product in the market. The 4Ps make up a typical marketing mix, price, product, promotion &
place.
Marketing Intelligence- is the everyday information reluctant a companymarkets, gathered
and analysed specifically for the purpose of accurate and confident decision making in
determining of market opportunities, market fluctuation strategy and market development
metrics.
Sales of all subsidised fertilizer to farmer/buyer is made through
Point of Sales (POS) devices installed at each retailer shop & the
beneficial identified through AADHAR CARD, KCC, Voter Card etc.
the info about the farmers quantity of produce they brought, all one
in that machine. The machine keeps record for longer time.
Hereafter transfer the details to centre. But most of farmer are not
aware of subsidies provided by farmer.
SHOP AT KALLIPUR
All economic
activity meets at
supply & demand.
Increase in
production lead to
less pricing.
Demand and
24. DIFFERENT VISITS DURING SRP
CROP RESIDUAL MANAGEMENT-Residual burning leads to CO2 increase Leads to
environment air pollution, disease causing.
CONTROL-Residual feeding to animals.
Dig a hole & fill it with residue & put decomposer over it.
70% of Residue come from paddy straw.
VERMICOMPOSTING-A natural process where earthworm convert waste material into
compost.
It takes 60-70 days
Identification Stage- Tea like stage
Shweta variety guava is creamy white epicarp with red spots or blush, snow-white
pulp.Yield-90kg per plant per annum at 6 year of age.
• They do protected cultivation. Advantage-Less incidence of disease and pest,
off-season crop can also be grown, Better quality produce, Round the year
income
BRIMATO –Brinjal hybrid- Kashi Sandesh & Tomato cultivar- Kashi Aman
grafted in brinjal rootstock
Two problem solved –Water lodging in tomato & Wilting in brinjal.
KICHEN GARDENING-5-6 Member
Considering the importance of vegetables, to produce our own vegetable
requirements in our backyards using the available fresh water as well as the
kitchen concept has emerged
This will only facilitate successful production of our own requirement of vegetables.
Moisture Meter is used to measure seed moisture content. It is quick & easy
method that can be used in field or processing unit.
PRINCIPLE- The device measures the resistance offered by seed to electricity.
The flow of electricity is measured by voltmeter & is converted into moisture
percent.
Major Activities of NSRTC:
Acts as a Referral laboratory for litigation matters
Provides Technical support to Seed testing labs
Collects data continually on the quality of seeds found in the market for the
central seed committee
50% of total rice of world come from IRRI.
3 Centre are there-
I. CERVA (Centre for Excellence in Rice Value Addition)
II. BPRP (Border Program of Research & Development)
III. IREP (IRRI Research & Education Program)
SPEED BREEDING-A new technology in which we shorten the breeding cycle &
accelerate crop improvement through rapid generation advancement.
25. THANK YOU
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the people who have
given me golden opportunities to learn new things via this program &
given their valuable guidance &
Encouragement in successful completion of this assignment.
My special thanks to Our SRP Coordinator Professor Kalyan
Ghadei Sir whose initiatives make it possible & Our Dean
&Director Prof Yashwant Singh who
supported all over the programs.
I would also like to thanks all the Department Professors whose
support make it true.
I would like to extend my thanks to the supporting staff of different
department who truly help me in learning practical component of
SRP & my friends who support me
in entire process of SRP.
Finally My Parents are the source of my motivation & inspiraton
throughout my work they act as backbone So I would like to thanks
them for their inner support.
