Final presentation of Graduation 4th year in soil science under the course name Soils Plant Water Fertilizer analysis

1. SOIL S OF INDIA
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
COURSE- SSC-421 (Soil,Plant,Water &Fertilizer Analysis)
WATER ANALYSIS & SOILS OF INDIA
PRESENTERS-
Prakash kumar (ID-19212AGC101)
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
Prof. P K Sharma
Dr. YV Singh
4th Year 8th semester
STUDENT EXPERENTIAL LEARNING

2. Sample collected from Harnuat, Nalanda Bihar
WATER ANALYSIS
9 Water Sample are taken in which only 5 Water Sample consider for testing purpose.
S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 are used in testing purpose.

3. pH & EC-
pH is in the range of 7-8 means slightly alkaline pH, Low EC means
SAMPLE pH (27o) EC (dSm-1)
S1 7.67 0.562
S2 7.40 0.588
S3 7.29 0.802
S4 7.36 0.650
S5 7.22 0.057
low salt good for use.
Carbonate & bicarbonate &
Chloride
CO3- is absent in all sample, Water is moderately soft because
HCO3- Conc is in between 45-80 ppm. Cl- is in b/w 30-115 mg/L
SAMPLE HCO3- (ppm) Cl- (mg/L)
S1 45.75 113.44
S2 67.10 31.196
S3 54.90 59.566
S4 39.65 34.032
S5 51.85 95
Ca & Mg-
Ca+Mg is in between 150-210 ppm means it is hard water.
SAMPLE Ca + Mg (ppm)
S1 208
S2 179.2
S3 86.4
S4 150.4
S5 172.8
Na & K -
Na is in the range of 2-7 ppm & K is in the range1-2 ppm is good for use.
SAMPLE Na(ppm) K(ppm)
S1 6.8 2
S2 3.8 1
S3 4.2 1
S4 2.2 1
S5 4.2 1

4. SOILS OF INDIA-
 Loose material and uppermost layer of earth s crust.
Important natural resource.
 Formed due to weathering of rocks.
 Provides nutrients & water to plants.
Factors affecting soil formation:
 Climate
 Vegetation
 Age of rock
 Relief and
 Parent rock

5. Classification of Soils
1. In ancient times, Soil was classified into 2 Urvara(Fertile soils) and Usara( Infertile soils).
2. On the basis of colour, composition, characteristic and location, Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR):
I. Forest Soils
II. Alluvial Soil
III. Desert Soils
IV. Black Soils
V. Laterite Soil
VI. Saline Soils
VII. Red and Yellow Soils
VIII. Peaty Soils

6. Forest Soil
 This soil are found in areas with sufficient rainfall and thick forest
 They are loamy on valley sides have quality of humus.
 In Snow bound areas, soil is acidic and have low humus
 They are found in states like Jammu and Kashmir, Uttrakhand, Himachal
Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh.

7. Alluvial Soil -
•These are soil formed by depositional work of rivers. Example:
Ganga Plain is formed by deposition of alluvium brought by river.
• They are rich in potassium and humus but lack phosphorus and
nitrogen.
• The colour of soil varies from light grey to ash grey.
• They are the most fertile soil and they can be used for the growth
of crops like wheat,rice etc.
• They are found in areas like Indo- Gagnetic plains covering states
of Punjab , Haryana,Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, deltaic region of
Godavari, Krishna and Cauveri.

8. Desert Soil
• This soil is found in areas of high temperature and low rainfall. It is
because of these conditions, the salt get deposited on the top layer
of soil.
• The soil lack nitrogen and humus as it lack vegetation cover and
thus is not suitable for agriculture.
• The colour of the soil varies from red to light brown.
• In this type of soil, kankars are also present
• This soil is found in states like Rajasthan, parts of South-West
Punjab.

9. Black Soil -
1.They are formed by solidification of lava in
Deccan Plateau and therefore rich in minerals.
2.They are clayey in nature,
3.They have capability of storing moisture for a
long time.
4.During rainy season, it becomes sticky and it
becomes difficult to plough. During Summer
season, moisture gets evaporated and deep
cracks appear on the soil.
5.They contain Iron, Aluminum, Potash but lack
nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter.
6.They are suitable for the growth of cotton.
7.They are found in states like Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra
Pradesh.

10. Laterite Soil
• These soils are formed by the process of
leaching.
• Leaching is the process by which soil is being
removed due to high temperature and high
rainfall.
• Due to high rainfall, lime and silica are
removed from soil and it is left with iron oxide
and potash.
• The soil lacks organic matter, nitrogen and
calcium.
• The soil becomes hard like brick when dries
and thus is not suitable for agriculture.
• This is found in states like coastal areas of
Karnataka, Kerela ,Tamil Nadu and Assam.

11. SALINE & ALKALINE SOIL —
 Contains salts like Sodium, Magnesium, Calcium.
 Infertile, unfit for cultivation.
 Sandy to loamy in texture. —
 Areas: — Parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab,
Haryana, U.P & Maharashtra.

12. Red and Yellow Soil
• They are formed due to weathering of
metamorphic rocks.
• They are red in colour due to high iron
in them.
• These soils are rich in potash, iron but lack
lime, phosphate, nitrogen etc.
• With the application of fertilizers, they are
suitable for the growth of wheat and rice.
• They are found in states like parts of
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Odisha,
Jharkhand etc.

13. Peaty Soils
•They are found in areas of high rainfall and
high humidity.
• They are formed due to high vegetation
growth in that area.
• These soils are rich in humus and organic
content.
• They are brown in colour.
• They are found in states like coastal areas of
West Bengal, Odhisha, Tamilnadu.