Venation and its types
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Venation refers to the arrangement of veins and veinlets in a leaf lamina. There are two main types of venation: parallel venation and reticulate venation. Parallel venation involves many equally sized veins running parallel from the base to the apex of the leaf. It can be unicostate, with a single midrib, or multicostate, with multiple midribs. Multicostate parallel venation can be convergent, where the midribs converge at the apex, or divergent, where the midribs diverge toward the margins. Reticulate venation forms a network of veins, and can also be unicostate or multicostate, with the multicostate types again
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5leaf
The leaf has three main parts - the leaf base, petiole, and lamina. The leaf base attaches the leaf to the stem, the petiole holds the blade and provides support, and the lamina is the expanded green part of the leaf containing veins and veinlets. Leaves can have parallel or reticulate venation patterns depending on the arrangement of veins. Leaves are either simple, pinnately compound, or palmately compound. Phyllotaxy refers to the arrangement of leaves on stems, which can be alternate, opposite, or whorled. Leaves are sometimes modified to perform functions other than photosynthesis, such as for climbing, defense, food storage, or to act as
Leaf
Leaf: definition
Parts of leaf: petiole,veins,midrib,lamina
Venation
Types of venation: reticulate venation,parallel venation
Difference between reticulate and parallel venation
Examples of reticulate and parallel venation
image credit:
<a href="https://www.freeiconspng.com/img/44866">green leafs png</a>
<a href="https://www.freeiconspng.com/img/44866" title="Image from freeiconspng.com"><img src="https://www.freeiconspng.com/uploads/green-leafs-png-21.png" width="350" alt="green leafs png" /></a>
https://unsplash.com/photos/hX_hf2lPpUU
https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-view-of-green-leaf-and-leaf-veins-2563452/
http://pngimg.com/img/nature/green_leaves
References:
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
Morphology of flowering plants
this presentation contains real images, with all type of information of the chapter morphology of flowering plants. based on class-xi, NCERT
a. The arrangement of leaves on stems is called phyllotaxis. The fol.pdf
a. The arrangement of leaves on stems is called phyllotaxis. The following are the types of
arrangement:
* Alternate: Leaves are arranged alternate with one leaf per node. They are arranged alternate on
the side of stem or in a spiral fashion around the stem. Examples: Berberis thungergii, Cotinus
coggygria
* Opposite: A pair of leaves occur at each node. eg: Catalpa Sp., Cornus florida, Cornus mas
* Whorled: Three or more leaves arise form the same node to form whorls of leaves along the
stem. eg: Alstonia scholaris, Allamanda cathartica
b.
Pinnate venation: From a central main vein, leaf veins are produced on either side and extend
from the petiole to the leaf tip. Eg: Mangifera Indica
Palmate: The main veins radiate from a central point at the petiole, and each main vein extends
from the petiole to the tip of a lobe. Eg: Hibiscus rosa sinensis
Reticulate: it is also called net-venation in which leaves have many branches of major and minor
veins. Eg: Corainder, Rose
Parallel: The leaves extend parallel from the petiole to the tip of the leaf. It is characteristic of
monocots. Eg: Maize, Wheat
6.
Living organisms lock nutrients in their macromolecules. The dead and decaying organisms,
through microbial action, release these locked nutrients back into the soil. Certain components of
the organic matter cannot be degraded and remains as humus. This humus improves the
characteristics of soil, it improves the water retention capacity of the soil, makes it more fertile,
and prevents soil erosion.
Solution
a. The arrangement of leaves on stems is called phyllotaxis. The following are the types of
arrangement:
* Alternate: Leaves are arranged alternate with one leaf per node. They are arranged alternate on
the side of stem or in a spiral fashion around the stem. Examples: Berberis thungergii, Cotinus
coggygria
* Opposite: A pair of leaves occur at each node. eg: Catalpa Sp., Cornus florida, Cornus mas
* Whorled: Three or more leaves arise form the same node to form whorls of leaves along the
stem. eg: Alstonia scholaris, Allamanda cathartica
b.
Pinnate venation: From a central main vein, leaf veins are produced on either side and extend
from the petiole to the leaf tip. Eg: Mangifera Indica
Palmate: The main veins radiate from a central point at the petiole, and each main vein extends
from the petiole to the tip of a lobe. Eg: Hibiscus rosa sinensis
Reticulate: it is also called net-venation in which leaves have many branches of major and minor
veins. Eg: Corainder, Rose
Parallel: The leaves extend parallel from the petiole to the tip of the leaf. It is characteristic of
monocots. Eg: Maize, Wheat
6.
Living organisms lock nutrients in their macromolecules. The dead and decaying organisms,
through microbial action, release these locked nutrients back into the soil. Certain components of
the organic matter cannot be degraded and remains as humus. This humus improves the
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Venation and its types
- 2. What is Venation ? The arrangement of the veins and veinlets in the lamina of a leaf is called Venation. There are two types of Venation 1) Parallel Venation 2) Reticullate Venation
- 3. Parallel Venation : In this type of venation many veins , about equal in size , run parallel to each other from the base to the apex of the leaf or from the midrib outward to the margin of the leaf. Kinds of parallel venation a) Unicostate: If there is one midrib in the lamina it is called unicostate venation. b) Multicostate: If many midribs are present in the lamina of the leaf it is called Multicostate
- 4. Types of Multicostate Parallel Venation : Multicostate is further classified in to two types • Convergent: If in Multicostate parallel venation the midrib converge towards apex it is called as multicostate Convergent. • Divergent: If the midribs diverge towards the margin of the leaf as in Fan-Palms.
- 5. Types of Reticulate Venation : Reticulate Venation: In this type of venation there may be one or more midribs from which smaller veins branch off and form a conspicuous network. It has following kinds; a) Unicostate: If the leaf has single midrib from which lateral branches arise which run toward the margin of the leaf example , mango , peepal , guava.
- 6. Cont.… • b) Multicostae: If many midribs present all about equal in size arising from one point at the base of lamina.
- 7. Types of Multicostate Reticulate Venation : Multicostate has further two kinds; a) Convergent: when midrib arises from the base of the leaf and converge towards the apex is called convergent venation. b) Divergent: When midrib arises from the base of the leaf and diverge towards the margin of the leaf e.g. Castor oil plant.
- 8. Daigram: