4. CLASSIFICATION
PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE EMBOLI:
1. SOLID: THROMBOEMBOLI, ATHEROMATOUS MATERIAL,
TUMOR EMBOLI, TISSUE FRAGMENTS, BACTERIAL
CLUMPS OR PARASITES, FOREIGN BODIES.
2. LIQUID: FAT, BONE MARROW AND AMNIOTIC FLUID.
3. GASEOUS: AIR OR OTHER GASES.
6. SOURCE: THE EMBOLI MAY BE ENDOGENOUS (FORM WITHIN
THE BODY) OR EXOGENOUS (INTRODUCED FROM OUTSIDE).
1. CARDIAC EMBOLI: USUALLY THEY ARISE FROM LEFT SIDE
OF THE HEART. E.G:- VEGETATIONS ON THE VALVES IN
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS.
2. VASCULAR EMBOLI:
3. ARTERIAL EMBOLI (E.G:- ATHEROMATOUS PLAQUE,
ANEURYSMS).
4. VENOUS EMBOLI (E.G:- DEEP VEIN THROMBUS, TUMOR
EMBOLI).
5. LYMPHATIC EMBOLI (E.G:- TUMOR EMBOLI).
7. RETROGRADE EMBOLI
EMBOLI, WHICH TRAVEL AGAINST THE FLOW OF BLOOD ARE
KNOWN AS RETROGRADE EMBOLI.
EXAMPLE, PROSTATIC CARCINOMA METASTASIS TO THE SPINE.
8. PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM
• MOST FATAL FORM OF VENOUS EMBOLISM IN WHICH THERE IS
OCCLUSION OF THE PULMONARY ARTERIAL TREE.
• MORE THAN 95% OF THE CASES – VENOUS EMBOLI ORIGINATE – DVT
OF LOWERLIMB.
• THEY ARE CARRIED THROUGH LARGER CHANNELS & USUALLY PASS
THROUGH THE RIGHT SIDE OF HEART INTO THE PULMONARY
VASCULATURE.
9.
10. THE EFFECTS OF PE DEPEND ON:
• SIZE OF THE EMBOLI
• PRESENCE OF PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF PULMONARY
CONGESTION AT THE TIME OF IMPACTION.
11. SYSTEMIC THROMBOEMBOLISM
EMBOLI THAT TRAVELS THROUGH THE ARTERIAL
CIRCULATION .
THEY ORIGINATE IN THE LEFT HEART / AORTA / LARGE
ARTERIES & ARE CARRIED BY THEIR ARTERIAL BLOOD
INTO VARIOUS ORGANS SUCH AS BRAIN, KIDNEY &
SPLEEN.
EXAMPLE :
MURAL THROMBI IN THE HEART
CHAMBERS IN INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
15. FAT & MARROW EMBOLISM
• FRACTURE OF LONG BONES, SOFT TISSUE TRAUMA ,BURNS
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. AIR EMBOLISM
• AIR / GAS EMBOLUS GAIN ENTRY INTO THE CIRCULATION
DURING DELIVERY OR ABORTION
INJURY TO THE LUNG OR CHEST WALL
INJURY TO A LARGE NECK VEIN
DURING BLOOD / FLUID INFUSION
• MORE THAN 100 CC OF AIR.
.
21. BENDS –PAINFUL CONDITION IN SKELETAL MUSCLES AND JOINTS.
CHOKES –RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
PUL.EDEMA ,H’GE, EMPHYSEMA,ATELECTASIS
TREATMENT IN HIGH PRESSURE CHAMBER.
CAISSON DISEASE [CHRONIC FORM]
FOCI OF ISCHEMIC NECROSIS DUE TO GAS EMBOLI IN SKELETAL MUSCLE, FEMORAL HEAD, TIBIA,
HUMERUS