The webinar focused on the guideline differences associated with low voltage systems. Al Archambault, Director of Sales, used the installation of low voltage Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs) to demonstrate to owners, operators and consulting engineers how the differences between the 1992 guideline vs the 2014 version can affect their designs when specifying and installing low voltage ASDs.

1. Harmonic and Energy Saving Solutions
Power Quality You Can Trust | Real World Experience | A History of Innovation

2. Today’s
Presenter
Al
Archambault,
Director
of
Sales
MIRUS
Interna9onal
Inc.
• Over
45
years
of
VSD
applica9ons
experience
• Graduate
of
Ryerson
University
in
Electrical
Technology
• Worked
with
Canada
Wire
and
Cable,
Klockner
Moeller,
Canron,
Relcon
Drives,
Siemens,
Teco
Whes9nghouse
and
MIRUS
Interna9onal
Inc.
• Al
has
been
happily
married
to
Fran
for
48
years.
Fran
and
Al
have
5
children
and
9
grandchildren.
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
2
2014 IEEE Std. 519 Changes and the Impact
on Your Power System Design Consideration
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the correct file and location.

3. IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
2014 IEEE Std. 519 Changes and the Impact
on Your Power System Design Consideration
By:
Al
Archambault
3
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
This
presenta9on
is
not
an
extensive
analysis
of
the
differences
between
the
1992
version
and
the
2014
version
of
IEEE
519.
It
does
however
aXempt
to
provide
a
prac9cal
working
insight
on
the
differences
for
design
engineers
as
they
specify,
install
and
apply
low
voltage
Adjustable
Frequency
Drives
into
electrical
systems.
We
must
remember
that
IEEE
519
is
not
an
enforceable
code.
IEEE
519
is
a
guideline
to
be
used
by
engineers
for
power
system
design
considera9ons.
Designers
must
use
their
experience,
along
with
the
IEEE
519
guidance
and
a
liXle
common
sense
when
wri9ng
specifica9ons
involving
the
installa9on
of
Adjustable
Frequency
Drives
today.

4. Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
4
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
What
are
harmonics
Quick
Review

5. STANDARD
PWM
VFD
IGBT
‘S
=
FAST
KNIFE
SWITCHES
CONTROL
VOLTAGE
&
FREQUENCY
DIODE
BRIDGE
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
5
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
Converts
3
phase
AC
to
DC
Voltage

6. Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
6
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
480
Volts
3
Phase
60
HZ
640
Volts
DC

7. VFD
OUTPUT
LINE
TO
LINE
VOLTAGE
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
7
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
Control
PWM
paXern
to
control
voltage
out
To
the
motor
windings
Control
the
rate
of
posi9ve
and
nega9ve
half
cycles
to
control
frequency
Keep
the
ra9o
of
Volts/HZ
constant
over
the
opera9ng
speed
rang

8. HOW
DO
WE
VARY
THE
SPEED
OF
A
STANDARD
AC
MOTOR?
Speed = 120 x f
P
Where: P = number of stator poles
f = frequency of applied voltage
For example, a 4 pole, 480 Volt, 60 Hz, AC motor has a typical
rated speed of : 120 x 60 = 1800 RPM ?
4
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
8
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014

9. 640
Volts
DC
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800Volts
30°
Commutation
The
only
9me
the
instantaneous
line
voltage
(
)
is
above
the
drives’
DC
Bus
(640)
Volts
is
in
the
peak
region
of
the
sine
wave.
800
Volts
Time
90
º
640
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
9
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014

10. 640
Volts
DC
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800Volts
30°
Commutation
The
only
9me
the
instantaneous
line
voltage
(
)
is
above
the
drives’
DC
Bus
(660)
Volts
is
in
the
peak
region
of
the
sine
wave.
800
90
º
640
Volts
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
10
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014

11. CAR
BATTERY
+
-­‐
BATTERY
CHARGER
120
Volts
AC
INPUT
BATTERY
WITH
FULL
CHARGE
=
12.57
Volts
BATTERY
CHARGER
CHARGING
VOLTAGE
14.0
VOLTS
14.0
Volts
12.57
Volts
+
-­‐
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
11
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014

12. HIGH PEAK VFD INPUT
CURRENT CREATES
HIGHER I2R STRESSES ON
DIODE JUNCTIONS
Short time (2 msec) creates high peak
Currents.
DRIVE INPUT VOLTAGE
WITHOUT LINEATOR™
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
12
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014

13. Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
13
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
THD
=
35%
5%
AC
Line
Reactor
​ 𝐿 𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐼↑2 *R
Losses
in
conductors
And
windings
VFD
High
Eddy
current
losses
in
transformers
and
generators

14. Voltage Flat-­‐topping Caused by Nonlinear Loads
Ø Pulsed Current
§ Switch-mode draws current only while
capacitor is charging
Ø Voltage Flat-topping
§ Pulsed current creates voltage drop at
peak of voltage waveform
Voltage Current
Typical Circuit Diagram of Switch-mode
Power Supply
Load
Lls
vac
iac
Rectifier
Bridge
Switch-mode
dc-to-dc
converter
Smoothing
Capacitor
Cf
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
14
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014

15. Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
15
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
Torque
≈
​ 𝑉↑2
480
Volts
60
HZ
336
Volts
60
HZ
480
Volt,
3
Phase
60
HZ
Must
keep
the
V/HZ
ra9o
Constant
as
the
Frequency
is
change
to
maintain
the
toque
capability
of
the
AC
induc9on
motors
since
Torque
≈
​ 𝑉↑2
Full
Voltage
Across
The
Line
Motor
?
?

16. PWM
VFD’S
GENERATE
NONLINEAR
CURRENT
THD(I)
=
75%
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
16
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014

17. 3-­‐Phase, 6-­‐Pulse Rec?fier
120º
120º
0º
180º
360º
1
2
3
4
5
6
VAN
VBC
VBA
VCA
VCB
VBN
VCN
A
B
C
VAB
VAB
VAC
VAC
Average
DC
Bus
voltage
(1.414
x
VRMS
less
ripple)
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
17
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014

18. The Fourier Theorem, named after its discoverer, French mathematician
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), can be simply paraphrased as:
“Any waveform is made up of sine waves of different frequencies.”
Sine waves of different frequencies can be combined to make up any arbitrary waveform.
Of course, the big trick is knowing which frequencies and amplitudes to combine.
The
Fourier
Theorem
Distorted Waveform
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
18

19. 6-­‐PULSE
RECTIFIER
and
HARMONICS
h = np 1,
Ih = I
h
+_
For simple diode bridge rectifiers:
When, p = 6
h = -- 5,7,--,11,13,--,17,19...
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
harmonic
%Fund..
ia
Current Waveform and Spectrum
h = harmonic number
p = # of pulses in rectification scheme
n = any integer (1, 2, 3, etc.)
Ih = magnitude of harmonic current
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
19
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014

20. Distorted Waveform
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Harmonics -­‐ Components of a Distorted Waveform
Fourier Series
f(t) = Ao+A1sin(wt+θ1)+A2sin(2wt+θ2)+A3sin(3wt+θ3) ...
Fundamental - 60 Hz
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
5th Harmonic - 300 Hz
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
7th Harmonic - 420 Hz
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Resultant Waveform
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Resultant Waveform
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Resultant Waveform
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Harmonic Spectrum
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
Harmonic #
%ofFundamental
Harmonic Spectrum
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
Harmonic #
%ofFundamental
Harmonic Spectrum
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
Harmonic #
%ofFundamental
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014

21. Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
21
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
For
THD(V)
=
8%
HVF
=
0.08
Dera9ng
Factor
=
0.89
For
THD(V)
=
5%
HVF
=
0.05
Dera9ng
Factor
=
0.96
NEMA
MG1
Part
30
Page
18
11.2
Dera9ng
for
Harmonic
Content

22. Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
22
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
Submersible
Pump
Motor
Rotor
Damage
due
to
THD(V)
Slip
Losses

23. Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
23
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
HIGH
CURRENT
DISTORTION
CAUSES
PROBLEMS
1.)
Increases
Eddy
current
losses
in
transformers
and
generators.
2.)
Increases
I
*R
losses
in
conductors
transformer
and
generator
windings.
3.)
Causes
high
background
system
voltage
distor9on
(THD(V)).
HIGH
BACKGROUND
SYSTEM
VOLTAGE
DISTORTION
(THD(V))
CAUSES
PROBLEMS
1.)
Failures
of
switch
mode
power
supplies
on
PLC’s,
computers
and
instruments
2.)
Generator
automa9c
voltage
regulator
malfunc9oning.
3.)
Can
cause
false
readings
on
cri9cal
sensors
and
instrumenta9on
on
produc9on
lines.
4.)
Increases
opera9ng
temperature
of
AC
Induc9on
Motor
Windings
and
Rotor
Bars
leading
to
premature
motor
failures.

24. IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
2014 IEEE Std. 519 Changes and the Impact
on Your Power System Design Consideration
By:
Al
Archambault
24
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
A.)
LIMITS
FOR
Current
Total
Demand
Distor9on
(TDD)
NO
CHANGE
B1.)
LIMITS
FOR
THD(V)
For
Volts
1001
to
69KV
B2.)
For
Volts
=<
1000
C.)
Point
of
Common
Coupling
B3
)
Special
Loads
(
Hospitals
Airports)
and
Dedicated
Loads
(Eliminated)

25. NEW
IEEE
Std
519™
2014
Guideline
OLD
IEEE
Std
519™
1992
Guideline
ITEM
A.)
LIMITS
FOR
Current
Total
Demand
Distor9on
TDD
LIMITS
FOR
Current
Total
Demand
Distor9on
TDD
No
Change
Comments
B1.)
LIMITS
FOR
THD(V)
For
Volts
=<
1000
Ind
Max
5%
8%
For
Volts
1001
to
69KV
Ind
Max
3%
5%
For
Volts
120
to
69KV
LIMITS
FOR
HD(V)
Ind
Max
3%
5%
C.)
Point
of
Common
Coupling
Point
of
Common
Coupling
PCC
2
THD(V)
5%
PCC
1
THD(V)
5%
PCC
2
THD(V)
5%
PCC
1
THD(V)
8%
MV
MV
T1
1000KVA
T1
1000KVA
D.)
Special
Loads
(
Hospitals
Airports
Dedicated
Loads
Special
Loads
(
Hospitals
Airports
Dedicated
Loads
(Eliminated)
THD(V)
Special
Loads
3%
Dedicated
Transformer
Loads
10%
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
By:
Al
Archambault
25
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
B2.)

26. Old
IEEE
519™
1992
New
IEEE
519™
2014
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
By:
Al
Archambault
26
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
A.)
LIMITS
FOR
Total
Demand
Distor9on
(TDD)
Are
the
Same
SAME
SAME

27. NEW
IEEE
Std
519™
2014
Guideline
OLD
IEEE
Std
519™
1992
Guideline
ITEM
A.)
LIMITS
FOR
Total
Demand
Distor9on
LIMITS
FOR
Total
Demand
Distor9on
No
Change
Comments
B1.)
LIMITS
FOR
THD(V)
For
Volts
=<
1000
Ind
Max
5%
8%
For
Volts
1001
to
69KV
Ind
Max
3%
5%
For
Volts
120
to
69KV
LIMITS
FOR
HD(V)
Ind
Max
3%
5%
C.)
Point
of
Common
Coupling
Point
of
Common
Coupling
PCC
2
THD(V)
5%
PCC
1
THD(V)
5%
PCC
2
THD(V)
5%
PCC
1
THD(V)
8%
MV
MV
T1
1000KVA
T1
1000KVA
D.)
Special
Loads
(
Hospitals
Airports
Dedicated
Loads
Special
Loads
(
Hospitals
Airports
Dedicated
Loads
(Eliminated)
THD(V)
Special
Loads
3%
Dedicated
Transformer
Loads
10%
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
By:
Al
Archambault
27
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
B2.)
B3
)
Special
Loads
(
Hospitals
Airports)
and
Dedicated
Loads
*
Special
Applica9ons
were
Hospitals
and
Airports.
(Eliminated)

28. Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
28
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
LIMITS
FOR
THD(V)
Have
Changed
Significantly
B1.
&
B2.
)
New
IEEE
519™
2014
Special
Bus
Voltage
Range
added
V
≤
1000V
Which
increased
allowable
THD(V)
from
5%
to
8%
For
Bus
Voltages
above
1KV
up
to
to
69KV
THD(V)
is
s9ll
5%
Old
IEEE
519™
1992
Had
Voltage
Range
120
to
69
KV
Which
called
for
THD(V)
of
3%
for
special
applica9ons
and
5%
For
general
systems
with
10%
allowed
for
dedicated
systems
*
Special
Applica9ons
were
Hospitals
and
Airports.
B1.)
New
Limit
for
V
≤
1000
Volts
Individual
5%
and
Total
8%
B2.)
New
Limit
for
1001
to
69KV
Volts
Individual
3%
and
Total
5%

29. Old
IEEE
519™
1992
Special
Loads
and
Dedicated
Transformer
Load
THD(V)
Levels
New
IEEE
519™
2014
Special
Loads
and
Dedicated
Transformer
Load
THD(V)
Levels
Eliminated
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
By:
Al
Archambault
29
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
B3.)
LIMITS
FOR
THD(V)
Have
Changed
Significantly
B3
)
Special
Loads
(
Hospitals
Airports)
and
Dedicated
Loads
(Eliminated)

30. NEW
IEEE
Std
519™
2014
Guideline
OLD
IEEE
Std
519™
1992
Guideline
ITEM
A.)
LIMITS
FOR
Total
Demand
Distor9on
LIMITS
FOR
Total
Demand
Distor9on
No
Change
Comments
B1.)
LIMITS
FOR
THD(V)
For
Volts
=<
1000
Ind
Max
5%
8%
For
Volts
1001
to
69KV
Ind
Max
3%
5%
For
Volts
120
to
69KV
LIMITS
FOR
HD(V)
Ind
Max
3%
5%
C.)
Point
of
Common
Coupling
Point
of
Common
Coupling
PCC
2
THD(V)
5%
PCC
1
THD(V)
5%
PCC
2
THD(V)
5%
PCC
1
THD(V)
8%
MV
MV
T1
1000KVA
T1
1000KVA
B3.)
Special
Loads
(
Hospitals
Airports
Dedicated
Loads
Special
Loads
(
Hospitals
Airports
Dedicated
Loads
(Eliminated)
THD(V)
Special
Loads
3%
Dedicated
Transformer
Loads
10%
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
By:
Al
Archambault
30
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
B2.)

31. Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
31
Point
on
a
public
power
supply
system,
electrically
nearest
to
a
par9cular
load,
at
which
other
loads
are
or
could
be
connected.
The
PCC
is
a
point
located
upstream
of
the
considered
installa9on.
The
recommended
prac9ce
should
be
applied
at
interface
points
between
system
owners
or
operators
and
users
in
the
power
system.
The
PCC
is
usually
taken
to
be
a
point
between
the
system
owner
and
a
system
user
where
the
system
owner
or
operator
could
offer
service
to
another
user.
Frequently
for
large
industrial
plants
this
point
is
at
the
MV
side
of
a
distribu9on
transformer.
For
commercial
users
(office
parks,
shopping
malls,
etc.)
the
PCC
is
on
the
LV
secondary
side
of
the
service
transformer.
The
recommended
limits
should
be
applied
at
the
PCC
and
should
not
be
applied
to
either
individual
pieces
of
equipment
or
at
loca9ons
within
a
user’s
facility.
New
IEEE
519™
2014
Point
of
Common
Coupling
(PCC)
Old
IEEE
519™
1992
Point
of
Common
Coupling
(PCC)
A
point
of
metering,
or
any
point
as
long
as
both
the
u9lity
and
the
consumer
can
either
access
the
point
for
direct
measurement
of
the
harmonic
indices
meaningful
to
both
or
can
es9mate
the
harmonic
indices
at
point
of
interference.
Within
an
industrial
plant
the
PCC
is
the
point
between
the
nonlinear
load
and
the
other
loads.
.Defini9on:
Defini9on:
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
C.)
Point
of
Common
Coupling

32. Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
32
A

33. IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
2014 IEEE Std. 519 Changes and the Impact
on Your Power System Design Consideration
By:
Al
Archambault
33
Wed.,
June
24,
2015
1.)
The
current
distor9on
limits
have
not
changed.
Remember
it’s
the
current
distor9on
that
affects
the
level
of
THD(V)
at
various
points
in
a
given
system.
2.)
THD(V)
limits
were
relaxed
for
systems
rated
<1000
Volts
to:
Ind.
harmonics
to
be
<5%
from
<3%
and
to
be
<8%
from
<5%
for
THD(V).
Also
special
applica9on
limits
for
hospitals
and
airports
have
been
eliminated
meaning
IEEE
519
acceptable
limits
for
THD(V)
in
hospitals
or
airports
is
now
<8%
instead
of
<3%)
3.)
The
PCC
is
usually
taken
to
be
a
point
between
the
system
owner
and
a
system
user
where
the
system
owner
or
operator
could
offer
service
to
another
user.
Frequently
for
large
industrial
plants
this
point
is
at
the
MV
side
of
a
distribu9on
transformer.
For
commercial
users
(office
parks,
shopping
malls,
etc.)
the
PCC
is
on
the
LV
(<1000Volts)
secondary
side
of
the
service
transformer.
The
recommended
limits
should
be
applied
at
the
PCC
and
should
not
be
applied
to
either
individual
pieces
of
equipment
or
at
loca9ons
within
a
user’s
facility
4.)
Remember
IEEE
519
is
not
an
enforceable
code.
IEEE
519
is
a
guideline
to
be
used
by
engineers
for
power
system
design
considera9ons.
It
is
s9ll
up
to
the
individual
design
engineer
to
use
experience,
and
common
sense
when
wri9ng
specifica9ons
for
a
given
power
system.

34. Wed.,
June
24,
2015
By:
Al
Archambault
34
IEEE519
1992
vs
IEEE
519
2014
Thank
you
for
aXending.
Ques9ons?

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