History of Tourism

2. TOUR GUIDING
History of

3. Objectives:
1. To learn the history of tour
guiding through the years.
2. To know the importance of tour
guiding in the past.
3. To learn the functions of tour
guide.

5. HERODOTUS
• He was the first travel writer.
• Herodotus's eye-witness accounts
indicate that he travelled in Egypt in
Association with Athenians,
probably sometime after 454 BC or
possibly earlier, after an Athenian
fleet had assisted the uprising
against Persian rule in 460-454 BC.

6. ANCIENT
EMPIRE

7. THE ANCIENT EMPIRE
• The Era of the great empire from 3,000 BC to 500 AD
generated the travel. People traveled in an organized
manner during the ancient Persians, Assyrians, and
Egyptians.
• During the era of the Greek Empire, tourism flourished,
then the number of guides increased. Guides are
named "periegetai" which means leaders around or
"exegatai" which means explainer in the Greek
language. Another term given to them
was "proxemos" whose function was to help fellow
citizens in traveling abroad.
• During the era of the Great Empire, the first travelers
were the Greeks and the first tour guiding were the
Egyptians.
• The tour guides role were to share the findings of their
discoveries and observations with the rest of the world.

8. • People were influenced to travel because of
the festivals and shows, and also Olympic
Games which began in 776 BC.
• A large number of Roman visitors traveled to
Greece because of its fabled mythology, its
monument, and its Olympic games and other
festivals.
• Handrian, "the most widely travelled of the
Roman emperors" that was restored and
enlarge. These encouraged the people to
prefer travelling.
• In ancient Rome, travelers increased in
number, they were interested with the
beach shore where the Greek ships had
been pulled up.

9. MIDDLE AGE

10. MIDDLE AGE
• The period between Rome's fall
and the Renaissance is known as
the Dark Ages (500 AD
and 1508 AD).
• It is also called the dark ages. The
Rome's fall led to a decline in
trade and the economy in general
and a decline in travel desire
which delayed the travel of
people because of the economic
crisis.

11. • The most prevalent type of journey at this time was
the religious pilgrimage, a holiday primarily for the
upper and the middle classes to such places as
Canterbury, Wenchester and Walsingham.
• Encountering robbers along the way were very
common, so those made pilgrimages were very much
afraid to travel alone. For this reason, they hired a
vetturino a driver of the Italian for four-wheeled
carriages called vattura, was able to find things with
highway robbers to ensure the safe conduct of the
tourist.
• References to guides during this period emphasize
their roles as pathfinders, protectors, safety escorts
and even bridges to ensure safe passage.
• According to Casson, a historian, a guide was paid a
large fee because he not only led the way but also
generated safe conduct to travelers.

12. THE RENAISSANCE
AND THE GRAND TOUR

13. THE RENAISSANCE AND THE GRAND TOUR
• The beginning of the Middle Ages that would eventually lead to the period known as the
Renaissance, the perspective of tour guide was very much consolidated during this
stage.
• It was this period that young men of the upper classes traveled from Britain on the
Grand Tour, a prescribed route from England through France, Germany, Austria,
Switzerland to Italy which was the final destination.
• The fragmented feudal society of the Middle Ages was transformed into one increasingly
dominated by central political institutions, had an urban and commercial economy, and
had lay patronage of education, the arts, and music.
• Security was a major challenge yet as it was for travelers during the Middle Ages,
some of tour guides also failed to accomplish their expectation,
they also worry against robberies on the journey while they were impressed with job.
• Upper class people hired guides in traveling at the other destination, it is
believable that, they wanted to be safe against any dangerous factors that might
threat the visitors.
• The tour guides at this period had the role to show the travelers the
changes occurred since Middle Age based on Architectural and Urbanization.
• The Grand Tour was expected to return from his travel with a broadened mind, a good
command of foreign languages, self-reliance, a highly developed taste and graceful
manner.

14. THE RENAISSANCE AND THE GRAND TOUR
• Since these journeys were taken for educational
and cultural reasons, the individuals or groups
were usually assigned to a personal tutor, who was
called a bear leader, anti-quarii or cicerone, who
would remain with the traveler and his entourage
throughout the journey.
• Many of the tutors and guide of the era of the
Grand Tour are distinguished clergy, students,
teachers, writers and historians .
• Many references were made during the
Renaissance to British and European royalty and
rich individuals hiring guides.
• According to Francis Bacon, a
British writer remarked on the need for a
personal guide/courier when traveling specially one
who was a linguist and who knows the right people
to meet and the proper things to do.

15. THE MODERN AGE

16. THE MODERN AGE
• During the 17th and 18th century,
travelers to and within the New World were
explorers rather than pleasure/ leisure
travelers.
• The first travelers were ordinary and often
Indigent explorers who traveled a lot to
seek a new life. Few New World travelers
and guides are known to have existed
during the period.
• Due to the great distance and limitations of
transportation, time and money, pleasure
travel to and from the New World was
undertaken by few privileged and curious
Europeans.

17. THE MODERN AGE
• Three renowned European writers
who made visit to the New
World, during this period
includes Charles Dickens,
Frances Trollope and Alex de
Tocqueville, who traveled widely
and wrote comprehensive
accounts of their travels
mentioning some of their guides.

18. 19th Century
• Modern Tour Operators – companies
that organize group tours and
independent travel packages – date
back to the mid-nineteenth century,
and most likely have their roots as
ticket agents for steamship lines and
railroads. In addition to selling
passage, the agents were eventually
called upon to develop itineraries
and secure accommodations for their
wealthy clients.

19. • Through the 1930's tour wholesaling
continued to grow, but that happened
slowly, since comfortable and affordable
means of passenger transportation were not
widespread, and travel was costly. The post-
World war II period, beginning with the late
1940s and early 1950s, marked a dramatic
turning point for the tour operator industry.
The introduction of modern long-range
commercial aircraft and the development of
the interstate highway system both opened
long distance travel to millions of middle
class travelers. Add to that the growth of low
cost airlines, increased access to airports,
and the ability to travel more cheaply, and
the travel bug sent millions of people all over
the planet.

20. 21st Century Tour Guiding
In the last two decades, easy access to
information through globalization and
technological development allow the tourists to
deepen with just one click on the various
cultural themes related to heritage and tourist
attractions of each destinations. Therefore, the
figure of the professor tour guide is almost
irrelevant, except for tours which need
expertise in specific topics that require real
deepening. That's why in order to achieve tourist
satisfaction, it is necessary to stop filling the
hours of tour with a lot of unnecessary
information and must point out the data that
are worth remembering in each destinations.
Tour guides from 21st Century creates various
ways to in order to provide a magical experience
of interpretation where in all our senses can
participate, from the smell, the taste, the touch,
the sight and the hearing, which will give the
tourist a joyful and dynamic climate.

21. Compared to before official tour guide is no longer a university
professor but a cultural partner who will facilitate learning, giving you
the exact and precise information worth remembering, which has
been thoroughly selected. A tour guide knows how to point out really
important cultural information in order to make quality guided tour of
the 21st Century tourist.

22. The Tour Guide in Europe
• No evidence exist of organized training for guides before the
20th Century other than the company training given by the
Thomas Cook Travel Agency.
• England was one of the 1st countries to regulate and train
guest.
• The competitive, aggressive approach by tour guides
towards visitors and with each other prompted the
London Country Council and the Regent Street Polytechnic
to open a training course for guides in 1936 to 1939.
• European guides have been widely regarded as having the
most advance training and the highest guiding standards
in the world.

23. The Tour Guide in Europe
• Israel guides is the World's best trained, most highly
respected and best paid guides.
• After the 2nd World War the London Country Council re-
established its guide training program at Regent Street
Polytechnic in 1949 and the "Approved Guides" which
accredited guides with a badge and certificate.
• Guiding training and regulation in most European
countries served as model for the world where, until
recently, few advancement in the professional status have
been activated.

24. FOUNDED THE MODERN TOURIST INDUSTRY
-THOMAS COOK
• Thomas Cook (November 22,
1808 – July 18, 1892) of
Melbourne, Derbyshire,
England founded the
travel agency.
• Thomas Cook & Son
(popularly nicknamed Cook's
Tour) that became Thomas
Cook AG before eventually
becoming Thomas Cook
Group in 2007.

25. FOUNDED THE MODERN TOURIST INDUSTRY
-THOMAS COOK
• In 1805, he offered the Grand
Circular Tours of Europe.
• In 1866, he introduced the
Hotel Coupon.
• From 1847 to 1922, Thomas
Cook & Son published
Tourists handbooks for the
different countries & Europe.

26. THOMAS COOK EXCURSIONS PANELS

27. FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY A TOUR GUIDE
 Overseer – The guide is the representative of the tour operator in the
field. Tour guide is responsible to the tour operator for any unplanned
failure of other suppliers to deliver confirmed services.
 Coordinator - Tour guide act as the link between the various suppliers
and coordinates the delivery of services from each. The supervision of
luggage van handlers is coordinated by the tour guide and assisted by
the courier.
 Timekeeper - The tour guide makes sure that the services to provide in
timely fashion and within the schedule time.
 Interpreter - In certain instances, both tour guide and tour escort act as
interpreter in foreign languages for the clients.
 Presenter - The tour guide, more than the tour escorts, is also a
presenter for the clients as he/she provides relevant and interesting
commentaries on sights seen and places visited.
 Giver of care – Tour guide is also a care giver for the clients as he/she
provides relief unpleasant situations at most unholy hour.

28. THE IMPORTANCE OF GUIDES
 Tour guide is thoroughly knowledgeable about the cities, regions and
countries where they work. Tour guide help travelers to understand the
culture of the region and the way of life of its inhabitants. They promote
the cultural and natural heritage and at the same time impress on the
visitors the significance of the place they are visiting.
 Tour guides can lead groups of tourists around the town, and takes
them around to various tourist spots of importance and provides a
commentary on the history and special features of the location.
 Tour guides provide entertaining, relevant and organized heritage
information to tourists. The tour guide have the additional responsibility
to keep all the tourist happy, comfortable and satisfied visiting various
places.

29. Kapanngey!
Dios Mamajes du